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ASTM D323-08(2014)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)

Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Vapor pressure is an important physical property of volatile liquids. This test method is used to determine the vapor pressure at 37.8°C (100°F) of petroleum products and crude oils with initial boiling point above 0°C (32°F).  
5.2 Vapor pressure is critically important for both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting, warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock with high operating temperatures or high altitudes. Maximum vapor pressure limits for gasoline are legally mandated in some areas as a measure of air pollution control.  
5.3 Vapor pressure of crude oils is of importance to the crude producer and the refiner for general handling and initial refinery treatment.  
5.4 Vapor pressure is also used as an indirect measure of the evaporation rate of volatile petroleum solvents.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determination of vapor pressure (see Note 1) of gasoline, volatile crude oil, and other volatile petroleum products.  
1.2 Procedure A is applicable to gasoline and other petroleum products with a vapor pressure of less than 180 kPa (26 psi).  
1.3 Procedure B may also be applicable to these other materials, but only gasoline was included in the interlaboratory test program to determine the precision of this test method.  
1.4 Procedure C is for materials with a vapor pressure of greater than 180 kPa (26 psi).  
1.5 Procedure D for aviation gasoline with a vapor pressure of approximately 50 kPa (7 psi).
Note 1: Because the external atmospheric pressure is counteracted by the atmospheric pressure initially present in the vapor chamber, the Reid vapor pressure is an absolute pressure at 37.8°C (100°F) in kilopascals (pounds-force per square inch). The Reid vapor pressure differs from the true vapor pressure of the sample due to some small sample vaporization and the presence of water vapor and air in the confined space.  
1.6 This test method is not applicable to liquefied petroleum gases or fuels containing oxygenated compounds other than methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE). For determination of the vapor pressure of liquefied petroleum gases, refer to Test Method D1267 or Test Method D6897. For determination of the vapor pressure of gasoline-oxygenate blends, refer to Test Method D4953. The precision for crude oil has not been determined since the early 1950s (see Note 3). Test Method D6377 has been approved as a method for determination of vapor pressure of crude oil. IP 481 is a test method for determination of the air-saturated vapor pressure of crude oil.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.8  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Sections 7 and 18, and 12.5.3, 15.5, 21.2, A1.1.2, A1.1.6, and A2.3.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2014
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.08 - Volatility
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D323-15 - Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015

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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D323 − 08(Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D323; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determina-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tion of vapor pressure (see Note 1) of gasoline, volatile crude
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
oil, and other volatile petroleum products.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning
1.2 Procedure A is applicable to gasoline and other petro-
statements are given in Sections 7 and 18, and 12.5.3, 15.5,
leum products with a vapor pressure of less than 180 kPa
21.2, A1.1.2, A1.1.6, and A2.3.
(26 psi).
2. Referenced Documents
1.3 Procedure B may also be applicable to these other
2.1 ASTM Standards:
materials, but only gasoline was included in the interlaboratory
D1267 Test Method for Gage Vapor Pressure of Liquefied
test program to determine the precision of this test method.
Petroleum (LP) Gases (LP-Gas Method)
1.4 Procedure C is for materials with a vapor pressure of
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
greater than 180 kPa (26 psi).
Petroleum Products
1.5 Procedure D for aviation gasoline with a vapor pressure
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum
of approximately 50 kPa (7 psi).
Products, and Lubricants
NOTE 1—Because the external atmospheric pressure is counteracted by
D4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and
the atmospheric pressure initially present in the vapor chamber, the Reid
Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)
vapor pressure is an absolute pressure at 37.8°C (100°F) in kilopascals
D6377 Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure of
(pounds-force per square inch). The Reid vapor pressure differs from the
Crude Oil: VPCR (Expansion Method)
true vapor pressure of the sample due to some small sample vaporization
x
and the presence of water vapor and air in the confined space. D6897 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Liquefied Petro-
leum Gases (LPG) (Expansion Method)
1.6 This test method is not applicable to liquefied petroleum
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
gases or fuels containing oxygenated compounds other than
2.2 Energy Institute Standards:
methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE). For determination of the vapor
IP 481 Test Method for Determination of the Air Saturated
pressure of liquefied petroleum gases, refer to Test Method
Vapour Pressure (ASVP) of Crude Oil
D1267 or Test Method D6897. For determination of the vapor
pressure of gasoline-oxygenate blends, refer to Test Method
3. Terminology
D4953. The precision for crude oil has not been determined
3.1 Definitions:
since the early 1950s (see Note 3). Test Method D6377 has
3.1.1 Bourdon spring gauge, n—pressure measuring device
been approved as a method for determination of vapor pressure
that employs a Bourdon tube connected to an indicator.
of crude oil. IP 481 is a test method for determination of the
air-saturated vapor pressure of crude oil.
3.1.2 Bourdon tube, n—flattened metal tube bent to a curve
that straightens under internal pressure.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.1.3 gasoline-oxygenate blend, n—spark-ignition engine
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only. fuel consisting primarily of gasoline with one or more oxygen-
ates.
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D02.08 on Volatility. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2014.PublishedJuly2014.Originallyapproved the ASTM website.
in 1930. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D323–08. DOI: 10.1520/D0323- Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
08R14. U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D323 − 08 (2014)
3.1.4 oxygenate, n—oxygen-containing ashless organic following list emphasizes the importance of strict adherence to
compound, such as an alcohol or ether, which may be used as the precautions given in the procedure:
a fuel or fuel supplement. D4175 7.1.1 Checking the Pressure Gauge—Check all gauges
against a pressure measuring device (see A1.6) after each test
3.1.5 Reid vapor pressure (RVP), n—resultant total pressure
to ensure higher precision of results (see 12.4). Read the gauge
reading, corrected for measuring error, of a specific empirical
while in a vertical position and after tapping it lightly.
test method (Test Method D323) for measuring the vapor
7.1.2 Checking for Leaks—Check all apparatus before and
pressure of gasoline and other volatile products.
during each test for both liquid and vapor leaks (see Note 5).
3.1.6 vapor pressure, n—pressure exerted by the vapor of a
7.1.3 Sampling—Because initial sampling and the handling
liquid when in equilibrium with the liquid. D4175
of samples will greatly affect the final results, employ the
3.2 Abbreviations:
utmost precaution and the most meticulous care to avoid losses
3.2.1 ASVP, n—air saturated vapor pressure.
through evaporation and even slight changes in composition
(see Section 8 and 12.1). In no case shall any part of the Reid
3.2.2 LPG, n—liquefied petroleum gases.
apparatus itself be used as the sample container prior to
3.2.3 MTBE, n—methyl t-butyl ether.
actually conducting the test.
3.2.4 RVP, n—Reid Vapor Pressure.
7.1.4 Purging the Apparatus—Thoroughly purge the pres-
sure gauge, the liquid chamber, and the vapor chamber to be
4. Summary of Test Method
sure that they are free of residual sample. This is most
4.1 The liquid chamber of the vapor pressure apparatus is
conveniently done at the end of the test in preparation for the
filled with the chilled sample and connected to the vapor
next test (see 12.5 and 15.5).
chamber that has been heated to 37.8°C (100°F) in a bath. The
7.1.5 Coupling the Apparatus—Carefully observe the re-
assembled apparatus is immersed in a bath at 37.8°C (100°F)
quirements of 12.2.
until a constant pressure is observed. The reading, suitably
7.1.6 Shaking the Apparatus—Shake the apparatus vigor-
corrected, is reported as the Reid vapor pressure.
ously as directed to ensure equilibrium.
4.2 All four procedures utilize liquid and vapor chambers of
the same internal volume. Procedure B utilizes a semiauto-
8. Sampling
matic apparatus immersed in a horizontal bath and rotated
8.1 The extreme sensitivity of vapor pressure measurements
while attaining equilibrium. Either a Bourdon gauge or pres-
to losses through evaporation and the resulting changes in
sure transducer may be used with this procedure. Procedure C
composition is such as to require the utmost precaution and the
utilizes a liquid chamber with two valved openings. Procedure
most meticulous care in the handling of samples. The provi-
D requires more stringent limits on the ratio of the liquid and
sions of this section shall apply to all samples for vapor
vapor chambers.
pressure determinations, except as specifically excluded for
samples having vapor pressures above 180 kPa (26 psi); see
5. Significance and Use
Section 19.
5.1 Vapor pressure is an important physical property of
8.2 Sampling shall be done in accordance with Practice
volatileliquids.Thistestmethodisusedtodeterminethevapor
D4057.
pressure at 37.8°C (100°F) of petroleum products and crude
oils with initial boiling point above 0°C (32°F).
8.3 Sample Container Size—The size of the sample con-
tainer from which the vapor pressure sample is taken shall be
5.2 Vapor pressure is critically important for both automo-
1 L (1 qt). It shall be 70 to 80 % filled with sample.
tive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting, warm-up, and
8.3.1 The present precision statement has been derived
tendency to vapor lock with high operating temperatures or
using samples in 1-L (1-qt) containers. However, samples
high altitudes. Maximum vapor pressure limits for gasoline are
taken in containers of other sizes as prescribed in Practice
legally mandated in some areas as a measure of air pollution
D4057 can be used if it is recognized that the precision could
control.
be affected. In the case of referee testing, the 1-L(1-qt) sample
5.3 Vapor pressure of crude oils is of importance to the
container shall be mandatory.
crude producer and the refiner for general handling and initial
8.4 The Reid vapor pressure determination shall be per-
refinery treatment.
formed on the first test specimen withdrawn from the sample
5.4 Vapor pressure is also used as an indirect measure of the
container. The remaining sample in the container cannot be
evaporation rate of volatile petroleum solvents.
used for a second vapor pressure determination. If necessary,
obtain a new sample.
6. Apparatus
8.4.1 Protect samples from excessive heat prior to testing.
6.1 The required apparatus for Procedures A, C, and D is
8.4.2 Do not test samples in leaky containers. They should
describedinAnnexA1.ApparatusforProcedureBisdescribed
be discarded and new samples obtained.
in Annex A2.
8.5 Sampling Handling Temperature—In all cases, cool the
7. Hazards
sample container and contents to 0 to 1°C (32 to 34°F) before
7.1 Gross errors can be obtained in vapor pressure measure- the container is opened. Sufficient time to reach this tempera-
mentsiftheprescribedprocedureisnotfollowedcarefully.The ture shall be ensured by direct measurement of the temperature
D323 − 08 (2014)
of a similar liquid in a like container placed in the cooling bath PROCEDURE A
at the same time as the sample.
FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS HAVING REID
VAPOR PRESSURES BELOW 180 kPa (26 psi)
9. Report
9.1 Report the result observed in 12.4 or 15.4, after correct-
11. Preparation for Test
ing for any difference between the gauge and the pressure
11.1 Verification of Sample Container Filling—With the
measuring device (see A1.6), to the nearest 0.25 kPa (0.05 psi)
sampleatatemperatureof0to1°C,takethecontainerfromthe
as the Reid vapor pressure.
cooling bath or refrigerator and wipe dry with absorbent
material. If the container is not transparent, unseal it, and using
10. Precison and Bias
a suitable gauge, confirm that the sample volume equals 70 to
10.1 The following criteria are to be used for judging the
80 % of the container capacity (see Note 4). If the sample is
acceptability of results (95 % confidence):
contained in a transparent glass container, verify that the
10.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive
container is 70 to 80 % full by suitable means (see Note 4).
test results obtained by the same operator with the same
NOTE 4—For nontransparent containers, one way to confirm that the
apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test
sample volume equals 70 to 80 % of the container capacity is to use a
material would, in the long run, in the normal and correct
dipstick that has been pre-marked to indicate the 70 and 80 % container
operation of the test method, exceed the following value only
capacities. The dipstick should be of such material that it shows wetting
in one case in twenty.
after being immersed and withdrawn from the sample. To confirm the
sample volume, insert the dipstick into the sample container so that it
Range Repeatability
Procedure kPa psi kPa psi touches the bottom of the container at a perpendicular angle, before
A Gasoline 35–100 5–15 3.2 0.46 Note 2 removing the dipstick. For transparent containers, using a marked ruler or
B Gasoline 35–100 5–15 1.2 0.17 Note 2
by comparing the sample container to a like container that has the 70 and
A 0–35 0–5 0.7 0.10 Note 3
80 % levels clearly marked, has been found suitable.
A 110–180 16–26 2.1 0.3 Note 3
C >180 >26 2.8 0.4 Note 3 11.1.1 Discard the sample if its volume is less than 70 % of
D Aviation
the container capacity.
Gasoline 50 7 0.7 0.1 Note 3
11.1.2 If the container is more than 80 % full, pour out
10.1.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two, single
enough sample to bring the container contents within the 70 to
and independent results, obtained by different operators work-
80 % range. Under no circumstances shall any sample poured
ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, in
out be returned to the container.
the long run, in the normal and correct operation of the test
11.1.3 Reseal the container, if necessary, and return the
method, exceed the following value only in one case in twenty.
sample container to the cooling bath.
Range Reproducibility
11.2 Air Saturation of Sample in Sample Container:
Procedure kPa psi kPa psi
A Gasoline 35–100 5–15 5.2 0.75 Note 2 11.2.1 Nontransparent Containers—With the sample again
B Gasoline 35–100 5–15 4.5 0.66 Note 2
at a temperature between 0 and 1°C, take the container from
A 0–35 0–5 2.4 0.35 Note 3
the cooling bath, wipe it dry with an absorbent material,
A 110–180 16–26 2.8 0.4 Note 3
C >180 >26 4.9 0.7 Note 3 remove the cap momentarily taking care that no water enters,
D Aviation
reseal, and shake vigorously. Return it to the cooling bath for
Gasoline 50 7 1.0 0.15 Note 3
a minimum of 2 min.
NOTE 2—These precision values are derived from a 1987 cooperative
11.2.2 Transparent Containers—Since 11.1 does not require
program and the current Committee D02 Statistical Method RR:D02-
that the sample container be opened to verify the sample
1007.
capacity, it is necessary to unseal the cap momentarily before
NOTE 3—These precision values were developed in the early 1950’s,
resealing it so that samples in transparent containers are treated
prior to the current statistical evaluation method.
the same as samples in nontransparent containers. After per-
10.2 Bias:
forming this task, proceed with 11.2.1.
10.2.1 Absolute Bias—Since there is no accepted reference
11.2.3 Repeat 11.2.1 twice more. Return the sample to the
material suitable for determining the bias for this test method,
bath until the begin
...


This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D323 − 08 D323 − 08 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D323; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*Scope
1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determination of vapor pressure (see Note 1) of gasoline, volatile crude oil, and
other volatile petroleum products.
1.2 Procedure A is applicable to gasoline and other petroleum products with a vapor pressure of less than 180 kPa (26
psi).180 kPa (26 psi).
1.3 Procedure B may also be applicable to these other materials, but only gasoline was included in the interlaboratory test
program to determine the precision of this test method.
1.4 Procedure C is for materials with a vapor pressure of greater than 180 kPa (26 psi).
1.5 Procedure D for aviation gasoline with a vapor pressure of approximately 50 kPa (7 psi).
NOTE 1—Because the external atmospheric pressure is counteracted by the atmospheric pressure initially present in the vapor chamber, the Reid vapor
pressure is an absolute pressure at 37.8°C (100°F) in kilopascals (pounds-force per square inch). The Reid vapor pressure differs from the true vapor
pressure of the sample due to some small sample vaporization and the presence of water vapor and air in the confined space.
1.6 This test method is not applicable to liquefied petroleum gases or fuels containing oxygenated compounds other than methyl
t-butyl ether (MTBE). For determination of the vapor pressure of liquefied petroleum gases, refer to Test Method D1267 or Test
Method D6897. For determination of the vapor pressure of gasoline-oxygenate blends, refer to Test Method D4953. The precision
for crude oil has not been determined since the early 1950s (see Note 3). Test Method D6377 has been approved as a method for
determination of vapor pressure of crude oil. IP 481 is a test method for determination of the air-saturated vapor pressure of crude
oil.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Sections 7 and 18, and 12.5.3, 15.5, 21.2, A1.1.2, A1.1.6, and
A2.3.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1267 Test Method for Gage Vapor Pressure of Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases (LP-Gas Method)
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and Lubricants
D4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)
D6377 Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil: VPCR (Expansion Method)
x
D6897 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) (Expansion Method)
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.08 on Volatility.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2008June 1, 2014. Published February 2009July 2014. Originally approved in 1930. Last previous edition approved in 20062008 as
D323–06.–08. DOI: 10.1520/D0323-08.10.1520/D0323-08R14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D323 − 08 (2014)
2.2 Energy Institute Standards:
IP 481 Test Method for Determination of the Air Saturated Vapour Pressure (ASVP) of Crude Oil
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Bourdon spring gauge, n—pressure measuring device that employs a Bourdon tube connected to an indicator.
3.1.2 Bourdon tube, n—flattened metal tube bent to a curve that straightens under internal pressure.
3.1.3 gasoline-oxygenate blend, n—spark-ignition engine fuel consisting primarily of gasoline with one or more oxygenates.
3.1.4 oxygenate, n—oxygen-containing ashless organic compound, such as an alcohol or ether, which may be used as a fuel or
fuel supplement.D4175 D4175
3.1.5 Reid vapor pressure (RVP), n—resultant total pressure reading, corrected for measuring error, of a specific empirical test
method (Test Method D323) for measuring the vapor pressure of gasoline and other volatile products.
3.1.6 vapor pressure, n—pressure exerted by the vapor of a liquid when in equilibrium with the liquid.D4175 D4175
3.2 Abbreviations:
3.2.1 ASVP, n—air saturated vapor pressure.
3.2.2 LPG, n—liquefied petroleum gases.
3.2.3 MTBE, n—methyl t-butyl ether.
3.2.4 RVP, n—Reid Vapor Pressure.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The liquid chamber of the vapor pressure apparatus is filled with the chilled sample and connected to the vapor chamber
that has been heated to 37.8°C (100°F) in a bath. The assembled apparatus is immersed in a bath at 37.8°C (100°F) until a constant
pressure is observed. The reading, suitably corrected, is reported as the Reid vapor pressure.
4.2 All four procedures utilize liquid and vapor chambers of the same internal volume. Procedure B utilizes a semiautomatic
apparatus immersed in a horizontal bath and rotated while attaining equilibrium. Either a Bourdon gauge or pressure transducer
may be used with this procedure. Procedure C utilizes a liquid chamber with two valved openings. Procedure D requires more
stringent limits on the ratio of the liquid and vapor chambers.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Vapor pressure is an important physical property of volatile liquids. This test method is used to determine the vapor pressure
at 37.8°C (100°F) of petroleum products and crude oils with initial boiling point above 0°C (32°F).
5.2 Vapor pressure is critically important for both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting, warm-up, and tendency
to vapor lock with high operating temperatures or high altitudes. Maximum vapor pressure limits for gasoline are legally mandated
in some areas as a measure of air pollution control.
5.3 Vapor pressure of crude oils is of importance to the crude producer and the refiner for general handling and initial refinery
treatment.
5.4 Vapor pressure is also used as an indirect measure of the evaporation rate of volatile petroleum solvents.
6. Apparatus
6.1 The required apparatus for Procedures A, C, and D is described in Annex A1. Apparatus for Procedure B is described in
Annex A2.
7. Hazards
7.1 Gross errors can be obtained in vapor pressure measurements if the prescribed procedure is not followed carefully. The
following list emphasizes the importance of strict adherence to the precautions given in the procedure:
7.1.1 Checking the Pressure Gauge—Check all gauges against a pressure measuring device (see A1.6) after each test to ensure
higher precision of results (see 12.4). Read the gauge while in a vertical position and after tapping it lightly.
7.1.2 Checking for Leaks—Check all apparatus before and during each test for both liquid and vapor leaks (see Note 5).
7.1.3 Sampling—Because initial sampling and the handling of samples will greatly affect the final results, employ the utmost
precaution and the most meticulous care to avoid losses through evaporation and even slight changes in composition (see Section
8 and 12.1). In no case shall any part of the Reid apparatus itself be used as the sample container prior to actually conducting the
test.
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
D323 − 08 (2014)
7.1.4 Purging the Apparatus—Thoroughly purge the pressure gauge, the liquid chamber, and the vapor chamber to be sure that
they are free of residual sample. This is most conveniently done at the end of the test in preparation for the next test (see 12.5 and
15.5).
7.1.5 Coupling the Apparatus—Carefully observe the requirements of 12.2.
7.1.6 Shaking the Apparatus—Shake the apparatus vigorously as directed to ensure equilibrium.
8. Sampling
8.1 The extreme sensitivity of vapor pressure measurements to losses through evaporation and the resulting changes in
composition is such as to require the utmost precaution and the most meticulous care in the handling of samples. The provisions
of this section shall apply to all samples for vapor pressure determinations, except as specifically excluded for samples having
vapor pressures above 180 kPa (26 psi); see Section 19.
8.2 Sampling shall be done in accordance with Practice D4057.
8.3 Sample Container Size—The size of the sample container from which the vapor pressure sample is taken shall be 1 L (1 qt).
It shall be 70 to 80 % filled with sample.
8.3.1 The present precision statement has been derived using samples in 1-L (1-qt) containers. However, samples taken in
containers of other sizes as prescribed in Practice D4057 can be used if it is recognized that the precision could be affected. In the
case of referee testing, the 1-L (1-qt) sample container shall be mandatory.
8.4 The Reid vapor pressure determination shall be performed on the first test specimen withdrawn from the sample container.
The remaining sample in the container cannot be used for a second vapor pressure determination. If necessary, obtain a new
sample.
8.4.1 Protect samples from excessive heat prior to testing.
8.4.2 Do not test samples in leaky containers. They should be discarded and new samples obtained.
8.5 Sampling Handling Temperature —Temperature—In all cases, cool the sample container and contents to 0 to 1°C (32 to
34°F) before the container is opened. Sufficient time to reach this temperature shall be ensured by direct measurement of the
temperature of a similar liquid in a like container placed in the cooling bath at the same time as the sample.
9. Report
9.1 Report the result observed in 12.4 or 15.4, after correcting for any difference between the gauge and the pressure measuring
device (see A1.6), to the nearest 0.25 kPa (0.05 psi) as the Reid vapor pressure.
10. Precison and Bias
10.1 The following criteria are to be used for judging the acceptability of results (95 % confidence):
10.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive test results obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus
under constant operating conditions on identical test material would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of the
test method, exceed the following value only in one case in twenty.
Range Repeatability
Procedure kPa psi kPa psi
A Gasoline 35–100 5–15 3.2 0.46 Note 2
B Gasoline 35–100 5–15 1.2 0.17 Note 2
A 0–35 0–5 0.7 0.10 Note 3
A 110–180 16–26 2.1 0.3 Note 3
C >180 >26 2.8 0.4 Note 3
D Aviation
Gasoline 50 7 0.7 0.1 Note 3
10.1.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two, single and independent results, obtained by different operators working in
different laboratories on identical test material would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of the test method,
exceed the following value only in one case in twenty.
Range Reproducibility
Procedure kPa psi kPa psi
A Gasoline 35–100 5–15 5.2 0.75 Note 2
B Gasoline 35–100 5–15 4.5 0.66 Note 2
A 0–35 0–5 2.4 0.35 Note 3
A 110–180 16–26 2.8 0.4 Note 3
C >180 >26 4.9 0.7 Note 3
D Aviation
Gasoline 50 7 1.0 0.15 Note 3
NOTE 2—These precision values are derived from a 1987 cooperative program and the current Committee D02 Statistical Method RR:D02-1007.
NOTE 3—These precision values were developed in the early 1950’s, prior to the current statistical evaluation method.
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1245.
D323 − 08 (2014)
10.2 Bias:
10.2.1 Absolute Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material suitable for determining the bias for this test method, bias
cannot be determined. The amount of bias between this test vapor pressure and true vapor pressure is unknown.
10.2.2 Relative Bias—There is no statistically significant bias between Procedures A and B for gasolines as determined in the
last cooperative test program.
PROCEDURE A
FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS HAVING REID VAPOR PRESSURES BELOW 180 kPa (26 psi)
PROCEDURE A
FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS HAVING REID VAPOR PRESSURES BELOW 180 kPa (26 psi)
11. Preparation for Test
11.1 Verification of Sample Container Filling—With the sample at a temperature of 0 to 1°C, take the container from the cooling
bath or refrigerator and wipe dry with absorbent material. If the container is not transparent, unseal it, and using a suitable gauge,
confirm that the sample volume equals 70 to 80 % of the container capacity (see Note 4). If the sample is contained in a transparent
glass container, verify that the container is 70 to 80 % full by suitable means (see Note 4).
NOTE 4—For nontransparent containers, one way to confirm that the sample volume equals 70 to 80 % of the container capacity is to use a dipstick
that has been pre-marked to indicate the 70 and 80 % container capacities. The dipstick should be of such material that it shows wetting after being
immersed and withdrawn from the sample. To confirm the sample volume, insert the dipstick into the sample container so that it touches the bottom of
the container at a perpendicular angle, before removing the dipstick. For transparent containers, using a marked ruler or by comparing the sample
container to a like container that has the 70 and 80 % levels clearly marked, has been found suitable.
11.1.1 Discard the sample if its volume is less than 70 % of the container capacity.
11.1.2 If the container is more than 80 % full, pour out enough sample to
...

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ASTM D189-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products

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5.1 The carbon residue value of burner fuel serves as a rough approximation of the tendency of the fuel to form deposits in vaporizing pot-type and sleeve-type burners. Similarly, provided alkyl nitrates are absent (or if present, provided the test is performed on the base fuel without additive) the carbon residue of diesel fuel correlates approximately with combustion chamber deposits.  
5.2 The carbon residue value of motor oil, while at one time regarded as indicative of the amount of carbonaceous deposits a motor oil would form in the combustion chamber of an engine, is now considered to be of doubtful significance due to the presence of additives in many oils. For example, an ash-forming detergent additive may increase the carbon residue value of an oil yet will generally reduce its tendency to form deposits.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of carbon residue (Note 1) left after evaporation and pyrolysis of an oil, and is intended to provide some indication of relative coke-forming propensities. This test method is generally applicable to relatively nonvolatile petroleum products which partially decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure. Petroleum products containing ash-forming constituents as determined by Test Method D482 or IP Method 4 will have an erroneously high carbon residue, depending upon the amount of ash formed (Note 2 and Note 4).  
Note 1: The term carbon residue is used throughout this test method to designate the carbonaceous residue formed after evaporation and pyrolysis of a petroleum product under the conditions specified in this test method. The residue is not composed entirely of carbon, but is a coke which can be further changed by pyrolysis. The term carbon residue is continued in this test method only in deference to its wide common usage.
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Note 3: The test results are equivalent to Test Method D4530, (see Fig. X1.2).
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM D445-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)

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5.1 Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination of viscosity is essential to many product specifications.
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1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η, can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν, by the density, ρ, of the liquid.  
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Note 2: ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445 – 03.  
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ASTM D6300-24(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants

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5.1 ASTM test methods are frequently intended for use in the manufacture, selling, and buying of materials in accordance with specifications and therefore should provide such precision that when the test is properly performed by a competent operator, the results will be found satisfactory for judging the compliance of the material with the specification. Statements addressing precision and bias are required in ASTM test methods. These then give the user an idea of the precision of the resulting data and its relationship to an accepted reference material or source (if available). Statements addressing determinability are sometimes required as part of the test method procedure in order to provide early warning of a significant degradation of testing quality while processing any series of samples.  
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5.4 This practice is intended for use by D02 subcommittees in determining precision estimates and bias statements to be used in D02 test methods. Its procedures correspond with ISO 4259 and are the basis for the Committee D02 computer software, Calculation of Precision Data: Petroleum Test Methods. The use of this practice replaces that of Re...
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1.1 This practice covers the necessary preparations and planning for the conduct of interlaboratory programs for the development of estimates of precision (determinability, repeatability, and reproducibility) and of bias (absolute and relative), and further presents the standard phraseology for incorporating such information into standard test methods.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of pour point of petroleum products by an automatic apparatus that applies a slightly positive air pressure onto the specimen surface while the specimen is being cooled.  
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Note 1: The applicability of this test method on residual fuel samples has not been verified. For further information on the applicability, refer to 13.4.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM D1500-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products (ASTM Color Scale)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Determination of the color of petroleum products is used mainly for manufacturing control purposes and is an important quality characteristic, since color is readily observed by the user of the product. In some cases, the color may serve as an indication of the degree of refinement of the material. When the color range of a particular product is known, a variation outside the established range may indicate possible contamination with another product. However, color is not always a reliable guide to product quality and should not be used indiscriminately in product specifications.
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1.1 This test method covers the visual determination of the color of a wide variety of petroleum products, such as lubricating oils, heating oils, diesel fuel oils, and petroleum waxes.  
Note 1: Test Method D156 is applicable to refined products that have an ASTM color lighter than 0.5.
Note 2: The color of some dyed products may extend outside color range defined by the glass reference standards employed in the testing procedure. Furthermore, samples used to determine the precision and bias did not include dyed products.
Note 3: It is up to the user to determine the suitability of this test method for their dyed products.  
1.2 This test method reports results specific to the test method and recorded as “ASTM Color.”  
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ASTM D6708-24(Practice)
Standard Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvement of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice can be used to determine if a constant, proportional, or linear bias correction can improve the degree of agreement between two methods that purport to measure the same property of a material.  
5.2 The bias correction developed in this practice can be applied to a single result (X) obtained from one test method (method X) to obtain a predicted result ( Y^) for the other test method (method Y).
Note 5: Users are cautioned to ensure that  Y^ is within the scope of method Y before its use.  
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5.4 This practice can be used to guide commercial agreements and product disposition decisions involving test methods that have been evaluated relative to each other in accordance with this practice.  
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Note 6: It should be noted that the determination of this minimum bias of no practical concern is not a statistical decision, but rather, a subjective decision that is directly dependent on the application requirements of the users.
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1.1 This practice covers statistical methodology for assessing the expected agreement between two different standard test methods that purport to measure the same property of a material, and for the purpose of deciding if a simple linear bias correction can further improve the expected agreement. It is intended for use with results obtained from interlaboratory studies meeting the requirement of Practice D6300 or equivalent (for example, ISO 4259). The interlaboratory studies shall be conducted on at least ten materials in common that among them span the intersecting scopes of the test methods, and results shall be obtained from at least six laboratories using each method. Requirements in this practice shall be met in order for the assessment to be considered suitable for publication in either method, if such publication includes claim to have been carried out in compliance with this practice. Any such publication shall include mandatory information regarding certain details of the assessment outcome as specified in the Report section of this practice.  
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ASTM D4175-23a(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants

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1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation of terminology developed by Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, except that it does not include terms/definitions specific only to the standards in which they appear.  
1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to petroleum, petroleum products, lubricants, and certain products from biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the same terms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum products, and lubricants can be found in other compilations and in dictionaries of general usage.  
1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places:  (1) in the standards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D86-23ae1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The basic test method of determining the boiling range of a petroleum product by performing a simple batch distillation has been in use as long as the petroleum industry has existed. It is one of the oldest test methods under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02, dating from the time when it was still referred to as the Engler distillation. Since the test method has been in use for such an extended period, a tremendous number of historical data bases exist for estimating end-use sensitivity on products and processes.  
5.2 The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocarbons have an important effect on their safety and performance, especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The boiling range gives information on the composition, the properties, and the behavior of the fuel during storage and use. Volatility is the major determinant of the tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture to produce potentially explosive vapors.  
5.3 The distillation characteristics are critically important for both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting, warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock at high operating temperature or at high altitude, or both. The presence of high boiling point components in these and other fuels can significantly affect the degree of formation of solid combustion deposits.  
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1.1 This test method covers the atmospheric distillation of petroleum products and liquid fuels using a laboratory batch distillation unit to determine quantitatively the boiling range characteristics of such products as light and middle distillates, automotive spark-ignition engine fuels with or without oxygenates (see Note 1), aviation gasolines, aviation turbine fuels, diesel fuels, biodiesel blends up to 30 % volume, marine fuels, special petroleum spirits, naphthas, white spirits, kerosines, and Grades 1 and 2 burner fuels.
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1.3 This test method covers both manual and automated instruments.  
1.4 Unless otherwise noted, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
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ASTM D2425-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates by Mass Spectrometry

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5.1 A knowledge of the hydrocarbon composition of process streams and petroleum products boiling within the range of 160 °C to 343 °C (320 °F to 650 °F) is useful in following the effect of changes in process variables, diagnosing the source of plant upsets, and in evaluating the effect of changes in composition on product performance properties.  
5.2 A test method to determine total cycloparafins and low level aromatic content is necessary to meet specifications for aviation turbine fuel containing synthesized hydrocarbons.
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Note 1: This test method was developed on Consolidated Electrodynamics Corporation Type 103 Mass Spectrometers. Operating parameters for users with a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer are provided.  
1.2 This test method is intended for use with full boiling range products that contain no significant olefin content.
Biodiesel (FAME components) could interfere with the separation of the sample and the characteristic mass fragments of FAME compounds are not defined in the procedure.
Hydrocarbons containing tertiary carbon fragments, sometimes found in synthetic aviation fuels, will interfere with the characteristic mass fragments of paraffins and result in a false, elevated cycloparaffin content.
Note 2: “No significant olefin content” for this method means D1319.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific warning statement, see 11.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D665-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In many instances, such as in the gears of a steam turbine, water can become mixed with the lubricant, and rusting of ferrous parts can occur. This test indicates how well inhibited mineral oils aid in preventing this type of rusting. This test method is also used for testing hydraulic and circulating oils, including heavier-than-water fluids. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.
Note 3: This test method was used as a basis for Test Method D3603. Test Method D3603 is used to test the oil on separate horizontal and vertical test rod surfaces, and can provide a more discriminating evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the ability of inhibited mineral oils, particularly steam-turbine oils, to aid in preventing the rusting of ferrous parts should water become mixed with the oil. This test method is also used for testing other oils, such as hydraulic oils and circulating oils. Provision is made in the procedure for testing heavier-than-water fluids.
Note 1: For synthetic fluids, such as phosphate ester types, the plastic holder and beaker cover should be made of chemically resistant material suitable for the type of fluid tested.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.4 – 7.6.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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