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ASTM E505-01

(Specification)

Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings

Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings

SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate the categories and severity levels of discontinuities that may occur in aluminum-alloy and magnesium-alloy die castings. They are intended to provide:
1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level through radiographic examination.
1.1.2 Example radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications, and drawings.
1.1.3 The values stated in inch-pounds are to be regarded as standard. Note 1—The set of reference radiographs consists of five 8½ by 11-in. cardboard frames containing radiographs covering discontinuities in aluminum and magnesium alloy die castings. The first four frames each contain two sets of four graded levels of increasing severity, while the last frame contains two ungraded radiographs. The 5 frames are contained in a 10½ by 11½-in. ring binder.Note 2—Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magnesium castings up to 2 in. (50 mm) in thickness are contained in ASTM Reference Radiographs E 155, for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings, Volumes I and II.
1.2 Two kinds of illustration categories are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Graded—Three discontinuity categories for aluminum die castings and three discontinuity categories for magnesium die castings, each illustrated in four levels of progressively increasing severity. Category A discontinuities are illustrated for aluminum and magnesium die castings having thicknesses of 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) and 5/8 in. (15.9 mm); Category B discontinuities are illustrated for 1/ 8-in. thick aluminum and magnesium die castings; and Category C discontinuities are illustrated for 5/8-in. thick aluminum and magnesium die castings.
1.2.2 Ungraded—One illustration of one discontinuity for 0.20-in. (5.1-mm) thickness aluminum die casting; and one illustration of one discontinuity for 1/8-in. (3.2-mm) thickness magnesium die casting.
1.3 This document may be used for other materials, thicknesses, or with other energy levels for which it has been found to be applicable and agreement has been reached between the purchaser and manufacturer.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-2001
ICS
77.040.20 - Non-destructive testing of metals
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.02 - Reference Radiological Images
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E505-96 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Replaced By
ASTM E505-01(2006) - Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM B94-18 - Standard Specification for Magnesium-Alloy Die Castings
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM B969/B969M-18e1 - Standard Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Castings Produced by Squeeze Casting, and the Semi-Solid Thixocast and Rheocast Casting Processes
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM B85/B85M-18e1 - Standard Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Die Castings
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM E1030/E1030M-21 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001

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ASTM E505-01 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die CastingsASTM E505-01 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings
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ASTM E505-01 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E505–01
Standard Reference Radiographs for
1
Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 505; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.3 This document may be used for other materials, thick-
nesses, or with other energy levels for which it has been found
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate the categories and
to be applicable and agreement has been reached between the
severity levels of discontinuities that may occur in aluminum-
purchaser and manufacturer.
alloy and magnesium-alloy die castings. They are intended to
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
provide:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of discontinuities and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
their differentiation both as to type and severity level through
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
radiographic examination.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1.2 Example radiographic illustrations of discontinuities
and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards,
2. Referenced Documents
specifications, and drawings.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1.3 The values stated in inch-pounds are to be regarded as
2
E 94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
standard.
E 155 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum
1
2
NOTE 1—The set of reference radiographs consists of five 8 ⁄2 by 11-in.
and Magnesium Castings
cardboard frames containing radiographs covering discontinuities in
2
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
aluminum and magnesium alloy die castings. The first four frames each
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
contain two sets of four graded levels of increasing severity, while the last
Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and
frame contains two ungraded radiographs. The 5 frames are contained in
3
1 1
Magnesium Die Castings
a10 ⁄2 by 11 ⁄2 -in. ring binder.
NOTE 2—Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magne-
3. Terminology
sium castings up to 2 in. (50 mm) in thickness are contained in ASTM
Reference Radiographs E 155, for Inspection of Aluminum and Magne-
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this docu-
sium Castings, Volumes I and II.
ment, see Terminology E 1316.
1.2 Two kinds of illustration categories are covered as
4. Appearance of Radiographic Indications
follows:
1.2.1 Graded—Three discontinuity categories for alumi- 4.1 The following descriptions are for use in discontinuity
num die castings and three discontinuity categories for mag-
identification and classification. These descriptions apply to
nesium die castings, each illustrated in four levels of progres- these reference radiographs only.
sively increasing severity. Category A discontinuities are
4.1.1 Category A (Porosity)—Round or elongated, smooth-
illustrated for aluminum and magnesium die castings having edged dark spots occurring individually distributed or in
1 5
thicknesses of ⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) and ⁄8 in. (15.9 mm); Category
clusters.
1
B discontinuities are illustrated for ⁄8 -in. thick aluminum and 4.1.2 Category B (Cold Fill)—A distinct darkened line or
magnesium die castings; and Category C discontinuities are
band of variable length and definite smooth outline, usually
5
illustrated for ⁄8 -in. thick aluminum and magnesium die continuous or interconnected.
castings.
4.1.3 Category C (Shrinkage)—Filamentary or jagged dark-
1.2.2 Ungraded—One illustration of one discontinuity for ened areas, usually continuous or interconnected.
0.20-in. (5.1-mm) thickness aluminum die casting; and one
4.1.4 Category D (Foreign Material)— Isolated irregular
1
illustration of one discontinuity for ⁄8 -in. (3.2-mm) thickness variation in film density, either lighter or darker than surround-
magnesium die casting.
ing areas. They may indicate the inclusion of oxide or dross or
metallic compounds of different density. Illustration shows a
more dense material.
1
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E07.02 on Reference Radiological Images.
2
Current edition approved June 10, 2001. Published August 2001. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
3
published as E 505 – 74. Last previous edition E 505 – 96. Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order RRE0505.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The examination is performed by passing the tube lengthwise through or near an eddy current sensor energized with alternating current of one or more frequencies. The electrical impedance of the eddy current sensor is modified by the proximity of the tube. The extent of this modification is determined by the distance between the eddy current sensor and the tube, the dimensions, and electrical conductivity of the tube. The presence of metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities in the tube will alter the apparent impedance of the eddy current sensor. During passage of the tube, the changes in eddy current sensor characteristics caused by localized differences in the tube produce electrical signals which are amplified and modified to actuate either an audio or visual signaling device or a mechanical marker to indicate the position of discontinuities in the tube length. Signals can be produced by discontinuities located either on the external or internal surface of the tube or by discontinuities totally contained within the tube wall.  
4.2 The depth of penetration of eddy currents in the tube wall is influenced by the conductivity (alloy) of the material being examined and the excitation frequency employed. As defined by the standard depth of penetration equation, the eddy current penetration depth is inversely related to conductivity and excitation frequency (Note 2). Beyond one standard depth of penetration (SDP), the capacity to detect discontinuities by eddy currents is reduced. Electromagnetic examination of seamless aluminum alloy tube is most effective when the wall thickness does not exceed the SDP or in heavier tube walls when discontinuities of interest are within one SDP. The limit for detecting metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities by way of conventional eddy current sensors is generally accepted to be approximately three times the SDP point and is referred to as the effective depth of penetration (EDP).
Note 2: The standard depth of penetratio...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 is for standardizing eddy current equipment employed in the examination of seamless aluminum-alloy tube. Artificial discontinuities consisting of flat-bottomed or through holes, or both, are employed as the means of standardizing the eddy current system. General requirements for eddy current examination procedures are included.  
1.2 Procedures for fabrication of reference standards are given in X1.1 and X2.1.  
1.3 This practice is intended for the examination of tubular products having nominal diameters up to 4 in. (101.6 mm) and wall thicknesses up to the standard depth of penetration (SDP) of eddy currents for the particular alloy (conductivity) being examined and the examination frequency being used.  
Note 1: This practice may also be used for larger diameters or heavier walls up to the effective depth of penetration (EDP) of eddy currents as long as adequate resolution is obtained and as specified by the using party or parties.  
1.4 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria. They must be established by the using party or parties.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3024/E3024M-22a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing for General Industry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Description of Process—Magnetic particle testing consists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applying suitably prepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, and subsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particle accumulations. Maximum detectability occurs when the discontinuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to the direction of magnetic flux in the part.  
4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for controlling the application of the magnetic particle testing method. This practice is written so that it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the examination personnel and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed written procedure that conforms to the requirements of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for magnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. This practice is intended for industrial applications. Refer to Practice E1444/E1444M for aerospace applications. Guide E709 may be used in conjunction with this practice as a tutorial.  
1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detect cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be applied to raw material, billets, finished and semi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magnetic particle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metals and alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1 for additional information.  
1.3 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the Level III or the cognizant engineering organization, as applicable, and the supplier.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4.1 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTM standard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units are included in the same standard, with each system of units to be regarded separately as standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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