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ASTM D1435-99

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics

Standard Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics

SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to cover procedures for the exposure of plastic materials to weather.  Note 1-See Practice G24 for aging under glass.
1.2 This practice is limited to the method by which the material is to be exposed and the general procedure to be followed. It is intended for use with finished articles of commerce as well as with all sizes and shapes of test specimens.
1.3 Means of evaluation of the effects of weathering will depend on the intended use for the test material.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Note 2-This standard and ISO 877.2-1991, Method A, are technically equivalent.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-1999
ICS
83.080.01 - Plastics in general
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.50 - Durability of Plastics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D1435-05 - Standard Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D3679-21 - Standard Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Siding
Effective Date
10-Nov-1999
Referred By
ASTM D4101-17e1 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Polypropylene Injection and Extrusion Materials
Effective Date
10-Nov-1999
Referred By
ASTM D1670/D1670M-11(2023) - Standard Test Method for Failure End Point in Accelerated and Outdoor Weathering of Bituminous Materials
Effective Date
10-Nov-1999
Referred By
ASTM G178-16(2023) - Standard Practice for Determining the Activation Spectrum of a Material (Wavelength Sensitivity to an Exposure Source) Using the Sharp Cut-On Filter or Spectrographic Technique
Effective Date
10-Nov-1999
Referred By
ASTM G90-23 - Standard Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weathering of Materials Using Concentrated Natural Sunlight
Effective Date
10-Nov-1999
Referred By
ASTM D4000-23 - Standard Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
Effective Date
10-Nov-1999
Referred By
ASTM D4726-18 - Standard Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Exterior-Profile Extrusions Used for Assembled Windows and Doors
Effective Date
10-Nov-1999
Referred By
ASTM D3841-21 - Standard Specification for Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Plastic Panels
Effective Date
10-Nov-1999
Referred By
ASTM E881-92(2022) - Standard Practice for Exposure of Solar Collector Cover Materials to Natural Weathering Under Conditions Simulating Stagnation Mode
Effective Date
10-Nov-1999
Referred By
ASTM F2623-22 - Standard Specification for Polyethylene of Raised Temperature (PE-RT) Systems for Non-Potable Water Applications
Effective Date
10-Nov-1999
Referred By
ASTM F2657-21 - Standard Test Method for Outdoor Weathering Exposure of Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Tubing
Effective Date
10-Nov-1999
Referred By
ASTM D4216-22 - Standard Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) and Related PVC and Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Building Products Compounds
Effective Date
10-Nov-1999
Referred By
ASTM D7856-21 - Standard Specification for Color and Appearance Retention of Solid and Variegated Color Plastic Siding Products using CIELab Color Space
Effective Date
10-Nov-1999
Referred By
ASTM D5592-94(2018) - Standard Guide for Material Properties Needed in Engineering Design Using Plastics
Effective Date
10-Nov-1999

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ASTM D1435-99 - Standard Practice for Outdoor Weathering of PlasticsASTM D1435-99 - Standard Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics
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ASTM D1435-99 - Standard Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D1435–99
Standard Practice for
1
Outdoor Weathering of Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1435; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope E 913 Method for Calibration of Reference Pyranometers
5
with Axis Vertical by the Shading Method
1.1 This practice is intended to cover procedures for the
E 941 Test Method for Calibration of Reference Pyranom-
exposure of plastic materials to weather.
5
eters with Axis Tilted by the Shading Method
NOTE 1—See Practice G 24 for aging under glass.
G 7 Practice for Atmospheric Environmental Exposure
5
1.2 This practice is limited to the method by which the Testing of Nonmetallic Materials
material is to be exposed and the general procedure to be G 24 Practice for Conducting Exposures to Daylight Fil-
5
followed. It is intended for use with finished articles of tered Through Glass
commerce as well as with all sizes and shapes of test G 84 Practice for Measurement of Time-of Wetness on
specimens. SurfacesExposedtoWettingConditionsasinAtmospheric
6
1.3 Means of evaluation of the effects of weathering will Corrosion Testing
depend on the intended use for the test material. G 113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial
5
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information G 141 Guide forAddressingVariability in ExposureTesting
5
only. on Nonmetallic Materials
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the G 147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonme-
5
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the tallicMaterialsforNaturalandArtificialWeatheringTests
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 2.2 ISO Standard:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- ISO 877.2-1991 MethodA, Methods for Exposure to Direct
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Weathering, to Weathering Using Glass-Filtered Daylight,
7
and to Intensified Weathering Using Fresnel Mirrors
NOTE 2—This standard and ISO 877.2-1991, MethodA, are technically
equivalent.
3. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of technical terms pertain-
ing to plastics used in this practice, see Terminologies D 883,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2 D 1600, G 113, and E 772.
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to
4. Significance and Use
2
Plastics
3 4.1 Tests conducted in accordance with this practice are
D 1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics
4 used to evaluate the stability of plastic materials when they are
E 772 Terminology Relating to Solar Energy Conversion
exposed outdoors.The relative durability of plastics in outdoor
E 824 Test Method for Transfer of Calibration from Refer-
5
use can be very different depending on the location of the
ence to Field Radiometers
exposure because of differences in ultraviolet (UV) radiation,
time of wetness, temperature, pollutants, and other factors. It
cannot be assumed, therefore, that results from one exposure in
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-20 on Plastics
a single location will be useful for determining relative
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.50 on Permanence Properties.
durabilityinadifferentlocation.Exposuresinseverallocations
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1999. Published February 2000. Originally
published as D 1435 – 56 T. Last previous edition D 1435 – 94.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
3 6
Discontinued 1998. See 1998 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
4 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.02. Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.04. Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1435
with different climates that represent a broad range of antici- 5.3.1 Most specimens under test will not be of an exact size
pated service conditions are recommended. for mounting directly on the frame. Specimen holders should
4.1.1 Because of year-to-year climatological variations, re- beusedtosupportthemanysizesofspecimensinvolvedinthis
sults from a single exposure test cannot be used to predict the testing. In no case shall the specimen holder c
...

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4.1 The test methods are intended to be rapid empirical tests which have been found to be useful in the relative comparison of materials having the same nominal thickness.
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of volatile loss from a plastic material under defined conditions of time and temperature, using activated carbon as the immersion medium.  
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1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
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ASTM D883-23(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics

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1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical terms used in the plastics industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.  
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1.3 Definitions that are identical to those published by another standards body are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization; for example, IUPAC is the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.  
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5.2 Dynamic mechanical testing provides a sensitive method for determining thermomechanical characteristics by measuring the elastic and loss moduli as a function of frequency, temperature, or time. Plots of moduli and tan delta of a material versus these variables can be used to provide graphical representation indicative of functional properties, effectiveness of cure (thermosetting resin system), and damping behavior under specified conditions.  
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5.3.9 The effect of fillers, additives on modulus and glass transition temperature.  
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1.3 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies, typically from 0.01 Hz to 100 Hz.  
1.4 Due to possible instrumentation compliance, the data generated are intended to indicate relative and not necessarily absolute property values.  
1.5 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides for the measuring of the minimum concentration of oxygen in a flowing mixture of oxygen and nitrogen that will just support flaming combustion of plastics. Correlation with burning characteristics under actual use conditions is not implied.  
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1.5 This test method also provides for testing flexible sheet or film materials, while supported vertically.  
1.6 This test method is also suitable, in some cases, for cellular materials having an apparent density of less than 15 kg/m3.
Note 1: Although this test method has been found applicable for testing some other materials, the precision of the test method has not been determined for these materials, or for specimen geometries and test conditions outside those recommended herein.  
1.7 This test method measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statement are given in Section 10.  
1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
Note 2: This test method and ISO 4589-2 are technically equivalent when using the gas measurement and control device described in 6.3.1, with direct oxygen concentration measurement.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D695-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Compression tests provide information about the compressive properties of plastics when employed under conditions approximating those under which the tests are made.  
4.2 Compressive properties include modulus of elasticity, yield stress, deformation beyond yield point, and compressive strength (unless the material merely flattens but does not fracture). Materials possessing a low order of ductility may not exhibit a yield point. In the case of a material that fails in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength has a very definite value. In the case of a material that does not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength is an arbitrary one depending upon the degree of distortion that is regarded as indicating complete failure of the material. Many plastic materials will continue to deform in compression until a flat disk is produced, the compressive stress (nominal) rising steadily in the process, without any well-defined fracture occurring. Compressive strength can have no real meaning in such cases.  
4.3 Compression tests provide a standard method of obtaining data for research and development, quality control, acceptance or rejection under specifications, and special purposes. The tests cannot be considered significant for engineering design in applications differing widely from the load-time scale of the standard test. Such applications require additional tests such as impact, creep, and fatigue.  
4.4 Before proceeding with this test method, reference should be made to the ASTM specification for the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, and testing parameters covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there is no material specification, then the default conditions apply. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mechanical properties of unreinforced and reinforced rigid plastics, including high-modulus composites, when loaded in compression at relatively low uniform rates of straining or loading. Test specimens of standard shape are employed. This procedure is applicable for a composite modulus up to and including 41,370 MPa (6,000,000 psi).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1: For compressive properties of resin-matrix composites reinforced with oriented continuous, discontinuous, or cross-ply reinforcements, tests may be made in accordance with Test Method D3410/D3410M or D6641/D6641M.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given in 13.1.
Note 2: This standard is equivalent to ISO 604.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1929-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tests made under conditions herein prescribed can be of considerable value in comparing the relative ignition characteristics of different materials. Values obtained represent the lowest ambient air temperature that will cause ignition of the material under the conditions of this test. Test values are expected to rank materials according to ignition susceptibility under actual use conditions.  
4.2 This test is not intended to be the sole criterion for fire hazard. In addition to ignition temperatures, fire hazards include other factors such as burning rate or flame spread, intensity of burning, fuel contribution, products of combustion, and others.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire test response test method2 covers a laboratory determination of the flash ignition temperature and spontaneous ignition temperature of plastics using a hot-air furnace.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Caution—During the course of combustion, gases or vapors, or both, are evolved that have the potential to be hazardous to personnel.  
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.3 and 1.4.
Note 1: This test method and ISO 871-2022 (Option 1) are similar in all technical details.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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