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ASTM D4693-07(2017)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel Bearings

Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel Bearings

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2017
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.G0 - Lubricating Grease
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D4693-07(2017) - Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel BearingsASTM D4693-07(2017) - Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel Bearings
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4693 − 07 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Test Method for
Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel
1
Bearings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4693; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the extent
D217Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
to which a test grease retards the rotation of a specially-
Grease
manufactured, spring-loaded, automotive-type wheel bearing
D1403Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
assembly when subjected to low temperatures. Torque values,
Grease Using One-Quarter and One-Half Scale Cone
calculatedfromrestraining-forcedeterminations,areameasure
Equipment
of the viscous resistance of the grease. This test method was
D3527Test Method for Life Performance of Automotive
developed with greases giving torques of less than 35N·m
at−40°C. Wheel Bearing Grease
D4175Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Fuels, and Lubricants
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
standard.
E77Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
mometers
regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause
E220Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or
Comparison Techniques
its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to
E230Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force
materials.Cautionshouldbetakenwhenhandlingmercuryand
(EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
mercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-
E563Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bath
terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s
as a Reference Temperature
website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for addi-
E585/E585M Specification for Compacted Mineral-
tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury
Insulated, Metal-Sheathed, Base Metal Thermocouple
and/or mercury containing products into your state or country
Cable
may be prohibited by law.
E608/E608MSpecification for Mineral-Insulated, Metal-
Sheathed Base Metal Thermocouples
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2.2 Military Standard:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
MIL-G-10924FSpecification for Automotive and Artillery
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 4
2.3 ABMA Standard:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Anti-Friction Bearing ManufacturerAssoc. (AFBMA) Stan-
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dard19, 1974 (ANSI B.3.19-1975)
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3. Terminology
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1 Definitions:
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- the ASTM website.
3
mittee D02.G0 on Lubricating Grease. AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
Current edition approved May 1, 2017. Published June 2017. Originally Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
4
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4693–07 (2012). Available from American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA), 2025
DOI: 10.1520/D4693-07R17. M St., NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036. www.americanbearings.org
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4693 − 07 (2017)
FIG. 1 Low-Temperature Torque Apparatus
3.1.1 automotive wheel bearing grease, n—a lubricating usedforspecificationpurposesandcorrelateswithitsprecursor
grease specifically formulated to lubricate automotive wheel
which has been used to predict the performance of greases in
5
bearings at relatively high grease temperatures and bearing automotive wheel
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4693 − 07 (Reapproved 2012) D4693 − 07 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Test Method for
Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel
1
Bearings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4693; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the extent to which a test grease retards the rotation of a specially-
manufactured, spring-loaded, automotive-type wheel bearing assembly when subjected to low temperatures. Torque values,
calculated from restraining-force determinations, are a measure of the viscous resistance of the grease. This test method was
developed with greases giving torques of less than 35 N·m at −40°C.35 N·m at −40 °C.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central
nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution
should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware
that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease
D1403 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease Using One-Quarter and One-Half Scale Cone Equipment
D3527 Test Method for Life Performance of Automotive Wheel Bearing Grease
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Thermometers
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
E230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
E563 Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bath as a Reference Temperature
E585/E585M Specification for Compacted Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed, Base Metal Thermocouple Cable
E608/E608M Specification for Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed Base Metal Thermocouples
3
2.2 Military Standard:
MIL-G-10924F Specification for Automotive and Artillery
4
2.3 ABMA Standard:
Anti-Friction Bearing Manufacturer Assoc. (AFBMA) Standard 19, 1974 (ANSI B.3.19-1975)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.G0
on Lubricating Grease.
Current edition approved April 15, 2012May 1, 2017. Published May 2012June 2017. Originally approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 20072012 as
D4693D4693 – 07 (2012).–07. DOI: 10.1520/D4693-07R12.10.1520/D4693-07R17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
4
Available from American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA), 2025 M St., NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036. www.americanbearings.org
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
...

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1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.  
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1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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Standard Test Method for Determining Automotive Engine Oil Compatibility with Typical Seal Elastomers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some engine oil formulations have been shown to lack compatibility with certain elastomers used for seals in automotive engines. These deleterious effects on the elastomer are greatest with new engine oils (that is, oils that have not been exposed to an engine’s operating environment) and when the exposure is at elevated temperatures.  
5.2 This test method requires that non-reference oil(s) be tested in parallel with a reference oil known to be aggressive for some parameters under service conditions. This relative  compatibility permits decisions on the anticipated or predicted performance of the non-reference oil in service.  
5.3 Elastomer materials can show significant variation in physical properties, not only from batch to batch but also within a sheet and from sheet to sheet. Results obtained with the reference oil are submitted by the test laboratories to the TMC to allow it to update continually the total and within-laboratory standard deviation estimates. These estimates, therefore, incorporate effects of variations in the properties of the reference elastomers on the test variability.  
5.4 This test method is suitable for specification compliance testing, quality control, referee testing, and research and development.  
5.5 The reference elastomers, reference oil, and the physical properties involved in this test method address the specific requirements of engine oils. Although other tests exist for compatibility of elastomers with liquids, these are considered too generalized for engine oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers quantitative procedures for the evaluation of the compatibility of automotive engine oils with several reference elastomers typical of those used in the sealing materials in contact with these oils. Compatibility is evaluated by determining the changes in volume, Durometer A hardness, and tensile properties when the elastomer specimens are immersed in the oil for a specified time and temperature.  
1.2 Effective sealing action requires that the physical properties of elastomers used for any seal have a high level of resistance to the liquid or oil in which they are immersed. When such a high level of resistance exists, the elastomer is said to be compatible with the liquid or oil.
Note 1: The user of this test method should be proficient in the use of Test Methods D412 (tensile properties), D471 (effect of rubber immersion in liquids), D2240 (Durometer hardness), and D5662 (gear oil compatibility with typical oil seal elastomers), all of which are involved in the execution of the operations of this test method.  
1.3 This test method provides a preliminary or first order evaluation of oil/elastomer compatibility only. Because seals might be subjected to static or dynamic loads, or both, and they can operate over a range of conditions, a complete evaluation of the potential sealing performance of any elastomer-oil combination in any service condition usually requires tests additional to those described in this test method.  
1.4 The several reference elastomer formulations specified in this test method were chosen to be representative of those used in both heavy-duty diesel engines (detailed in Annex A1) and passenger-car spark-ignition engines (the latter are covered in Annex A2). The procedures described in this test method can, however, also be used to evaluate the compatibility of automotive engine oils with different elastomer types/formulations or different test durations and temperatures to those employed in this test method.
Note 2: In such cases, the precision and bias statement in Section 12 does not apply. In addition to agreeing acceptable limits of precision, where relevant, the user and supplier should also agree:  (1) test temperatures and immersion times to be used; (2) the formulations and typical properties of the elastomers; and (3) the sourcing and quality control of the elastomer sheets.
Note 3: The TMC may also issue In...

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ASTM
ASTM D7918-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear, Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating Grease by Die Extrusion Method and Preparation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Trending the wear, contamination, consistency, and oxidative properties of a lubricating grease is a crucial part of condition-monitoring programs. Changes in these properties or deviations from the new grease can be indicative of problems within the lubricated component, such as the mixing of incompatible thickener types, excessive wear or contaminant levels, or significant depletion of antioxidant levels. These test methods also makes it possible to develop trends that can be used to predict failures before they occur and allow for corrective action to be taken.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination and evaluation of flow properties, wear levels, contaminants, and oxidative condition of new and in-service lubricating grease.  
1.2 This test method provides guidance on evaluating in-service grease samples, NLGI grades 00 to 3, for wear, consistency, contamination, and oxidation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3.1 Exception—The exception to this will be where units of references were developed by the developers of the test equipment and necessary to report the results of the test.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7922-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Glycol for In-Service Engine Oils by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some glycol/antifreeze dilution of in-service engine oil is normal under typical operating conditions. However, excessive glycol dilution can lead to decreased performance, premature wear, or sudden engine failure. This test method provides a means of quantifying the level of glycol based antifreeze dilution, allowing the user to take necessary action.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of glycol based antifreeze for in-service engine oil by derivative headspace/gas chromatography.  
1.2 Sample is derivatized in-situ directly in a headspace sampling vial prior to vapor phase extraction and injection into a gas chromatograph.  
1.3 The chemistry of the derivatization is unique to the detection of the molecules of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol. 1,3-propylene glycol could also be detected but is not used in any known anti-freeze at this time. Other coolant analyses are beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.4 The derivatization process does not affect glycol breakdown products such as glycolate and formate and hence the presence of these compounds in the oil will not be quantified.  
1.5 The test method concentration range is from 50 µg/g to 1000 µg/g. Lower levels are possible by method modifications. Higher levels are possible through sample dilution.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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