ASTM D228/D228M-09(2014)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Sampling, Testing, and Analysis of Asphalt Roll Roofing, Cap Sheets, and Shingles Used in Roofing and Waterproofing
Standard Test Methods for Sampling, Testing, and Analysis of Asphalt Roll Roofing, Cap Sheets, and Shingles Used in Roofing and Waterproofing
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods include procedures for sampling, examination, physical testing, and analyses of asphalt roll roofing, cap sheets, and shingles used in roofing and waterproofing. Other components of these materials are allowed to include, but are not limited to, felts, mats, films, foils, mineral stabilizers, papers, and mineral surfacing.
4.2 These test methods include tests that are not required by every product standard that references Test Methods D228/D228M. The individual product standards are the authority for which tests are required for compliance. It is not prohibited to run tests in addition to those required in the product standards, but these test methods make no claim to their suitability or significance.
4.3 Five random samples are required from lots equal to or less than 1000 packages. The number of samples required for lots greater than 1000 packages is dependent on the variation in the unit mass within the lot and is determined by the two-step sampling plan in 7.4.
4.4 The results of a visual examination, physical testing, and compositional analysis are required for each sample. The analytical data are further used to compute the probable minimum and the probable range for the average mass of each of the components.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling, examination, physical testing, and analyses of asphalt-containing materials used in roofing and waterproofing. These materials include but are not limited to roll roofing, cap sheets, and shingles. Any of these materials are allowed to be partially or fully coated, surfaced, or laminated, or a combination thereof.
1.2 The test methods and procedures in this standard appear in the following order:
Section
Content
6
Types of Roofing
7
Sampling
8
Mass and Area Determination
9
Selection of Representative Specimens
10
Moisture
11
Pliability
12
Mass Loss and Behavior on Heating
13
Tear Strength
14
Fastener Pull-Through Resistance
15
Preparation and Selection of Small Test Specimens
for Analyses
16
Analysis of Glass Felt Products
17
Analysis of Roofing Products with Organic Felts
18
Ash of Desaturated Felt
19
Calculation
20
Adjusting Back Coating Fine Mineral Matter and
Back Surfacing
21
Report
22
Precision and Bias
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D228/D228M −09(Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Methods for
Sampling, Testing, and Analysis of Asphalt Roll Roofing,
Cap Sheets, and Shingles Used in Roofing and
Waterproofing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D228/D228M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
examination, physical testing, and analyses of asphalt-
containing materials used in roofing and waterproofing. These
2. Referenced Documents
materials include but are not limited to roll roofing, cap sheets,
and shingles.Any of these materials are allowed to be partially 2.1 ASTM Standards:
or fully coated, surfaced, or laminated, or a combination D95Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and
thereof. Bituminous Materials by Distillation
D146Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Bitumen-
1.2 The test methods and procedures in this standard appear
Saturated Felts and Woven Fabrics for Roofing and
in the following order:
Waterproofing
Section Content
D225Specification forAsphalt Shingles (Organic Felt) Sur-
6 Types of Roofing faced With Mineral Granules (Withdrawn 2012)
7 Sampling
D1079Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing
8 Mass and Area Determination
D1922Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance of
9 Selection of Representative Specimens
10 Moisture Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum Method
11 Pliability
D2178Specification forAsphalt Glass Felt Used in Roofing
12 Mass Loss and Behavior on Heating
and Waterproofing
13 Tear Strength
14 Fastener Pull-Through Resistance D2626Specification for Asphalt-Saturated and Coated Or-
15 Preparation and Selection of Small Test Specimens
ganic Felt Base Sheet Used in Roofing
for Analyses
D3462Specification for Asphalt Shingles Made from Glass
16 Analysis of Glass Felt Products
17 Analysis of Roofing Products with Organic Felts
Felt and Surfaced with Mineral Granules
18 Ash of Desaturated Felt
D3909Specification for Asphalt Roll Roofing (Glass Felt)
19 Calculation
Surfaced With Mineral Granules
20 Adjusting Back Coating Fine Mineral Matter and
Back Surfacing D4601Specification for Asphalt-Coated Glass Fiber Base
21 Report
Sheet Used in Roofing
22 Precision and Bias
D4897SpecificationforAsphalt-CoatedGlass-FiberVenting
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Base Sheet Used in Roofing
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
D4932Test Method for Fastener Rupture and Tear Resis-
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
tance of Roofing andWaterproofing Sheets, Roll Roofing,
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
and Shingles
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
D6380SpecificationforAsphaltRollRoofing(OrganicFelt)
with the standard.
F1667SpecificationforDrivenFasteners:Nails,Spikes,and
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Staples
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Roofing and Waterproofing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
D08.02 on Steep Roofing Products and Assemblies. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published May 2014. Originally the ASTM website.
ε2 3
approved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D228/D228M–09 . The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D0228_D0228M-09R14. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D228/D228M − 09 (2014)
3. Terminology embossed shingles (where not all of the product has the same
thickness). See Fig. 1, Type 3.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.4 As referenced in 15.4, “Materials of Multiple Layer
3.1.1 Fordefinitionsoftermsusedinthesetestmethods,see
Composition” designates products that are fabricated in mul-
Terminology D1079.
tiple layers. See Fig. 1, Type 4.
3.1.2 As referenced in 15.1, “Materials of Uniform Compo-
3.1.5 As referenced in these test methods, “Machine Direc-
sition” designates products that are manufactured to be the
tion” (indicated as MD) is the direction running the long
same thickness, ply count, and mass per unit area in all areas
dimension of a roll product (before samples or specimens are
ofthematerial.Thiswouldincludetraditionalmineralsurfaced
cut) or the long dimension of a shingle, unless otherwise
rolls, “3 Tab” shingles, and other shingles that have areas of
known and agreed to between supplier and purchaser. “Cross
material removed for appearance purposes (cut-outs) but the
Direction” (indicated as CD) designates the direction perpen-
rest of the shingle is of uniform composition. See Fig. 1, Type
dicular to the MD.
1 or Type 2.
3.1.3 As referenced in 15.2, “Materials of Nonuniform 3.1.6 A production lot is defined as all material produced
Composition” designates products that are intentionally manu- within one production shift of the same type, composition, and
facturedtohavedifferentthicknessormassperunitareawithin color (where applicable). A delivery lot is defined as a
different areas of the product. Examples of materials of
shipmentorfractionthereofrepresentingaproductofthesame
nonuniform composition are selvage edge rolls and overlaid or type, composition, and color (where applicable).
NOTE 1—Not to scale.
NOTE 2—Type 3 has been illustrated without asphalt coating or fine mineral surfacing on the reverse side. It is not prohibited to fabricate this product
with asphalt coating or fine material surfacing on the reverse side.
FIG. 1 Types of Asphalt-Coated Roll Roofing and Shingles
D228/D228M − 09 (2014)
4. Significance and Use 6.1.4 Type 4—This material is comprised of multiple layers
bonded with a suitable adhesive, typically a bituminous mate-
4.1 These test methods include procedures for sampling,
rial. Evaluation of the nature of the adhesive or quality of the
examination, physical testing, and analyses of asphalt roll
bond, or both, is outside the scope of this test method. Fig. 1
roofing, cap sheets, and shingles used in roofing and water-
illustrates a typical configuration for Type 4. This “Type”
proofing. Other components of these materials are allowed to
description is provided to aid the user in understanding how to
include, but are not limited to, felts, mats, films, foils, mineral
match a given product composition and assembly to its
stabilizers, papers, and mineral surfacing.
corresponding Type. It is not intended to limit or exclude
4.2 Thesetestmethodsincludeteststhatarenotrequiredby
products with similar, but not identical constructions. Ex-
every product standard that references Test Methods D228/
amples of known variations, which shall not be prohibited
D228M. The individual product standards are the authority for
include (but are not limited to):
which tests are required for compliance. It is not prohibited to
6.1.4.1 Materials using other adhesives,
run tests in addition to those required in the product standards,
6.1.4.2 Materials fabricated with more than two layers,
but these test methods make no claim to their suitability or
6.1.4.3 Materials that use different relative proportions for
significance.
the layers, and
4.3 Five random samples are required from lots equal to or
6.1.4.4 Materials with other core compositions
less than 1000 packages. The number of samples required for
lotsgreaterthan1000packagesisdependentonthevariationin
7. Sampling
the unit mass within the lot and is determined by the two-step
7.1 The rolls or packages selected in accordance with this
sampling plan in 7.4.
section constitute the representative sample used in Sections 8
4.4 Theresultsofavisualexamination,physicaltesting,and
and 9.
compositional analysis are required for each sample. The
7.2 Select five rolls or packages from the lot at random. Do
analytical data are further used to compute the probable
notselectanymaterialthatshowsvisualindicationsofdamage
minimum and the probable range for the average mass of each
from shipping or handling. Determine the average net mass in
of the components.
2 2
g/m [lb⁄100ft ]andthestandarddeviationinaccordancewith
8.1 – 8.8.
5. Materials
7.3 If the lot is 1000 or fewer rolls or packages, proceed to
5.1 Filter Paper—The extractions for analysis of glass felt
Section 8. If the lot is 1001 or greater in number, follow the
products (Section 16) and analysis of roofing products with
second part of the sampling plan in 7.4.
organic felt (Section 17) require the use of filter paper with a
particle retention of 2.7 µm (see Note 1), This filter paper is
7.4 Calculate the required number of samples based on the
dried for 60 min 6 10% in an 80°C [176°F] oven and stored
standard deviation (s) of the preliminary sampling by:
until needed in a desiccator.
2 2
t s
n 5 (1)
NOTE 1—Whitman No. 50 filter paper [185 mm] has been found
d
satisfactory for this use.
where:
6. Types of Roofing
n = total number of samples required (n−5 more rolls or
packages must be selected at random as samples),
6.1 Asphalt-coatedrollroofingandshinglesaredividedinto
t = test statistic for number of samples in the preliminary
the following types for the purposes of these test methods (see
test series for 4° and a 95% confidence that the
Fig. 1).
calculated average mass will not exceed d (t=2.776),
6.1.1 Type 1—A single thickness of glass felt, coated with
and
asphalt and mineral surfacing such as in Specifications D2178,
2 2
d = 100 g/m [2 lb/100 ft ] (the mean mass obtained from
D3462, D3909, D4601, and D4897. The backing material
the analysis should be within 6100 g/m of the true
(designated “Fine Mineral Surfacing” in Fig. 1) shall be
value, with 95% confidence).
permitted to be any suitable material that prevents these
products from sticking together while packaged.
7.5 See Fig. 2.
6.1.2 Type 2—A single thickness of asphalt-saturated felt
coated with asphalt and mineral surfacing such as in Specifi-
8. As Received Mass and Area Determinations, All Types
cations D225, D2626, and D6380, Class M. The backing
of Roofing
material (designated “Fine Mineral Surfacing” in Fig. 1) shall
8.1 Gross Mass—Determine and record the mass of each
be permitted to be any suitable material that prevents these
representative sample to the nearest 0.1 kg [0.2 lb].
products from sticking together while packaged.
6.1.3 Type 3—Similar to Type 2, but asphalt coated and 8.2 Net Mass—Disassemble each package or unroll each
surfaced with mineral granules for part of one side of the roll of the representative sample; shake off any loose surfacing
saturated felt such as in Specification D6380, Class WS. This anddetermineandrecordthenetmassofalltheshinglesorthe
type also includes products similar to Type 1 or Type 2 that entire roll to the nearest 0.1 kg [0.2 lb]. Where a product
have overlay or embossed areas. This does not include prod- standard requires it, the loose surfacing is to be collected and
ucts that are fabricated in multiple layers. the mass determined.
D228/D228M − 09 (2014)
In Section 7, initial “Representative Samples” are selected (typically five per lot). These are full bundles or rolls. These are the samples used in Section 8.
In Section 9, one large “Specimen” is taken from each representative sample (full shingles from 8.5 or a portion of each roll selected in Section 7). These are confirmed
to be within 1.5 % of the mass per area (from 8.6) for the corresponding representative sample.
In Section 10 (where product standards require measurement of water content perTest Method D95), 50-g small test specimens are taken from each “Large Specimen”
for determination of water.
In Section 11, five MD and five CD small test specimens are cut from one of the “Large Specimens” for evaluation of pliability.
12, two small test specimens are cut from one of the “Large Specimens” for evaluation of behavior on heating.
In Section
In Section 15, small test specimens (three for glass felt, four for organic felt) are cut from each of the “Large Specimens” for analysis by Section 16 (for glass felt) or
by Section 17 (for organic felt).
FIG. 2 Sample Selection Summary and Flow Diagram
(See Individual Sections for Sample Selection Details)
8.3 Packaging and Fixture Mass—Determineandrecordthe
(∑X) = the square of the sum of the individual mass
mass to the nearest 0.1 kg [0.2 lb] of the packaging and all
determinations, and
associated fixtures shipped with each roll or package of the
n = the number of rolls or packages in the representa-
representative sample, such as nails and adhesive.
tive sample.
8.4 Dimensions of Roll Products—Measure and record the
8.9 Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the average
length and width of each roll of roofing and the selvage width
mass by:
to the nearest 3 mm [ ⁄8 in.].
X ts
(
8.5 Shingle Count and Dimensions—From each of the
6 (3)
n
=
n
representative sample packages generated in Section 7, count
and record the number of shingles in each package. Select one
where:
shingle randomly from each package. Measure the width,
∑X = sum of the individual mass determinations, and
length, and cutout dimensions for each of these selected
t = appropriate tstatisticfor95%confidenceand n−1dF
shingles to the nearest 1 mm [ ⁄32 in.]. Calculate and record the
(t=2.776 for n=5; consult standard reference table
average for each of these measurements.
for other values of n).
8.6 Calculate the area of the roofing and the net mass per
unit area of the roofing. Report the net mass per unit area in
9. Selection of Representative Specimens, All Roofing
2 2
g/m [lb⁄100 ft ] for each representative sample (without
Types
packaging, cut outs or loose surfacing).
9.1 Several product standards reference sampling as desig-
8.7 Calculate and record the average net mass per unit area
nated in Test Methods D228/D228M for tests that are not
for the combined representative samples (without packaging,
2 2 specifically covered by Test Methods D228/D228M. Unless
cut outs, or loose surfacing) in g/m [lb/100 ft ].
otherwise specified in these test methods, the large spe
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´2
Designation: D228/D228M − 09 D228/D228M − 09 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Methods for
Sampling, Testing, and Analysis of Asphalt Roll Roofing,
Cap Sheets, and Shingles Used in Roofing and
Waterproofing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D228/D228M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Former Figs. 5–8 were editorially corrected to become Tables 1–4 in September 2011.
ε NOTE—Editorial changes were made to Sections 7 and 8 in September 2012.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling, examination, physical testing, and analyses of asphalt-containing
materials used in roofing and waterproofing. These materials include but are not limited to roll roofing, cap sheets, and shingles.
Any of these materials are allowed to be partially or fully coated, surfaced, or laminated, or a combination thereof.
1.2 The test methods and procedures in this standard appear in the following order:
Section Content
6 Types of Roofing
7 Sampling
8 Mass and Area Determination
9 Selection of Representative Specimens
10 Moisture
11 Pliability
12 Mass Loss and Behavior on Heating
13 Tear Strength
14 Fastener Pull-Through Resistance
15 Preparation and Selection of Small Test Specimens
for Analyses
16 Analysis of Glass Felt Products
17 Analysis of Roofing Products with Organic Felts
18 Ash of Desaturated Felt
19 Calculation
20 Adjusting Back Coating Fine Mineral Matter and
Back Surfacing
21 Report
22 Precision and Bias
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and Bituminous Materials by Distillation
D146 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Bitumen-Saturated Felts and Woven Fabrics for Roofing and Waterproofing
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing and Waterproofing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.02 on Steep
Roofing Products and Assemblies.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2009May 1, 2014. Published January 2010May 2014. Originally approved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 20082009 as
ε2
D228 – 08.D228/D228M – 09 . DOI: 10.1520/D0228_D0228M-09E01.10.1520/D0228_D0228M-09R14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D228/D228M − 09 (2014)
D225 Specification for Asphalt Shingles (Organic Felt) Surfaced With Mineral Granules (Withdrawn 2012)
D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing
D1922 Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum Method
D2178 Specification for Asphalt Glass Felt Used in Roofing and Waterproofing
D2626 Specification for Asphalt-Saturated and Coated Organic Felt Base Sheet Used in Roofing
D3462 Specification for Asphalt Shingles Made from Glass Felt and Surfaced with Mineral Granules
D3909 Specification for Asphalt Roll Roofing (Glass Felt) Surfaced With Mineral Granules
D4601 Specification for Asphalt-Coated Glass Fiber Base Sheet Used in Roofing
D4897 Specification for Asphalt-Coated Glass-Fiber Venting Base Sheet Used in Roofing
D4932 Test Method for Fastener Rupture and Tear Resistance of Roofing and Waterproofing Sheets, Roll Roofing, and Shingles
D6380 Specification for Asphalt Roll Roofing (Organic Felt)
F1667 Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, and Staples
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in these test methods, see Terminology D1079.
3.1.2 As referenced in 15.1, “Materials of Uniform Composition” designates products that are manufactured to be the same
thickness, ply count, and mass per unit area in all areas of the material. This would include traditional mineral surfaced rolls, “3
Tab” shingles, and other shingles that have areas of material removed for appearance purposes (cut-outs) but the rest of the shingle
is of uniform composition. See Fig. 1, Type 1 or Type 2.
3.1.3 As referenced in 15.2, “Materials of Nonuniform Composition” designates products that are intentionally manufactured
to have different thickness or mass per unit area within different areas of the product. Examples of materials of nonuniform
composition are selvage edge rolls and overlaid or embossed shingles (where not all of the product has the same thickness). See
Fig. 1, Type 3.
3.1.4 As referenced in 15.4, “Materials of Multiple Layer Composition” designates products that are fabricated in multiple
layers. See Fig. 1, Type 4.
3.1.5 As referenced in these test methods, “Machine Direction” (indicated as MD) is the direction running the long dimension
of a roll product (before samples or specimens are cut) or the long dimension of a shingle, unless otherwise known and agreed
to between supplier and purchaser. “Cross Direction” (indicated as CD) designates the direction perpendicular to the MD.
3.1.6 A production lot is defined as all material produced within one production shift of the same type, composition, and color
(where applicable). A delivery lot is defined as a shipment or fraction thereof representing a product of the same type, composition,
and color (where applicable).
4. Significance and Use
4.1 These test methods include procedures for sampling, examination, physical testing, and analyses of asphalt roll roofing, cap
sheets, and shingles used in roofing and waterproofing. Other components of these materials are allowed to include, but are not
limited to, felts, mats, films, foils, mineral stabilizers, papers, and mineral surfacing.
4.2 These test methods include tests that are not required by every product standard that references Test Methods
D228D228/D228M. The individual product standards are the authority for which tests are required for compliance. It is not
prohibited to run tests in addition to those required in the product standards, but these test methods make no claim to their
suitability or significance.
4.3 Five random samples are required from lots equal to or less than 1000 packages. The number of samples required for lots
greater than 1000 packages is dependent on the variation in the unit mass within the lot and is determined by the two-step sampling
plan in 7.4.
4.4 The results of a visual examination, physical testing, and compositional analysis are required for each sample. The analytical
data are further used to compute the probable minimum and the probable range for the average mass of each of the components.
5. Materials
5.1 Filter Paper—The extractions for analysis of glass felt products (Section 16) and analysis of roofing products with organic
felt (Section 17) require the use of filter paper with a particle retention of 2.7 μm (see Note 1), This filter paper is dried for 60 min
6 10 % in an 80°C [176°F] oven and stored until needed in a desiccator.
NOTE 1—Whitman No. 50 filter paper [185 mm] has been found satisfactory for this use.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
D228/D228M − 09 (2014)
NOTE 1—Not to scale.
NOTE 2—Type 3 has been illustrated without asphalt coating or fine mineral surfacing on the reverse side. It is not prohibited to fabricate this product
with asphalt coating or fine material surfacing on the reverse side.
FIG. 1 Types of Asphalt-Coated Roll Roofing and Shingles
6. Types of Roofing
6.1 Asphalt-coated roll roofing and shingles are divided into the following types for the purposes of these test methods (see Fig.
1).
6.1.1 Type 1—A single thickness of glass felt, coated with asphalt and mineral surfacing such as in Specifications D2178,
D3462, D3909, D4601, and D4897. The backing material (designated “Fine Mineral Surfacing” in Fig. 1) shall be permitted to
be any suitable material that prevents these products from sticking together while packaged.
6.1.2 Type 2—A single thickness of asphalt-saturated felt coated with asphalt and mineral surfacing such as in Specifications
D225, D2626, and D6380, Class M. The backing material (designated “Fine Mineral Surfacing” in Fig. 1) shall be permitted to
be any suitable material that prevents these products from sticking together while packaged.
6.1.3 Type 3—Similar to Type 2, but asphalt coated and surfaced with mineral granules for part of one side of the saturated felt
such as in Specification D6380, Class WS. This type also includes products similar to Type 1 or Type 2 that have overlay or
embossed areas. This does not include products that are fabricated in multiple layers.
6.1.4 Type 4—This material is comprised of multiple layers bonded with a suitable adhesive, typically a bituminous material.
Evaluation of the nature of the adhesive or quality of the bond, or both, is outside the scope of this test method. Fig. 1 illustrates
a typical configuration for Type 4. This “Type” description is provided to aid the user in understanding how to match a given
D228/D228M − 09 (2014)
product composition and assembly to its corresponding Type. It is not intended to limit or exclude products with similar, but not
identical constructions. Examples of known variations, which shall not be prohibited include (but are not limited to):
6.1.4.1 Materials using other adhesives,
6.1.4.2 Materials fabricated with more than two layers,
6.1.4.3 Materials that use different relative proportions for the layers, and
6.1.4.4 Materials with other core compositions
7. Sampling
7.1 The rolls or packages selected in accordance with this section constitute the representative sample used in Sections 8 and
9.
7.2 Select five rolls or packages from the lot at random. Do not select any material that shows visual indications of damage from
2 2
shipping or handling. Determine the average net mass in g/m [lb/100 ft ] and the standard deviation in accordance with 8.1 – 8.8.
7.3 If the lot is 1000 or fewer rolls or packages, proceed to Section 8. If the lot is 1001 or greater in number, follow the second
part of the sampling plan in 7.4.
7.4 Calculate the required number of samples based on the standard deviation (s) of the preliminary sampling by:
2 2
t s
n 5 (1)
d
where:
n = total number of samples required (n − 5 more rolls or packages must be selected at random as samples),
t = test statistic for number of samples in the preliminary test series for 4° and a 95 % confidence that the calculated average
mass will not exceed d (t = 2.776), and
2 2 2
d = 100 g/m [2 lb/100 ft ] (the mean mass obtained from the analysis should be within 6100 g/m of the true value, with 95 %
confidence).
7.5 See Fig. 2.
8. As Received Mass and Area Determinations, All Types of Roofing
8.1 Gross Mass—Determine and record the mass of each representative sample to the nearest 0.1 kg [0.2 lb].
In Section 7, initial “Representative Samples” are selected (typically five per lot). These are full bundles or rolls. These are the samples used in Section 8.
In Section 9, one large “Specimen” is taken from each representative sample (full shingles from 8.5 or a portion of each roll selected in Section 7). These are confirmed
to be within 1.5 % of the mass per area (from 8.6) for the corresponding representative sample.
In Section 10 (where product standards require measurement of water content per Test Method D95), 50-g small test specimens are taken from each “Large Specimen”
for determination of water.
In Section 11, five MD and five CD small test specimens are cut from one of the “Large Specimens” for evaluation of pliability.
In Section 12, two small test specimens are cut from one of the “Large Specimens” for evaluation of behavior on heating.
In Section 15, small test specimens (three for glass felt, four for organic felt) are cut from each of the “Large Specimens” for analysis by Section 16 (for glass felt) or
by Section 17 (for organic felt).
FIG. 2 Sample Selection Summary and Flow Diagram
(See Individual Sections for Sample Selection Details)
D228/D228M − 09 (2014)
8.2 Net Mass—Disassemble each package or unroll each roll of the representative sample; shake off any loose surfacing and
determine and record the net mass of all the shingles or the entire roll to the nearest 0.1 kg [0.2 lb]. Where a product standard
requires it, the loose surfacing is to be collected and the mass determined.
8.3 Packaging and Fixture Mass—Determine and record the mass to the nearest 0.1 kg [0.2 lb] of the packaging and all
associated fixtures shipped with each roll or package of the representative sample, such as nails and adhesive.
8.4 Dimensions of Roll Products—Measure and record the length and width of each roll of roofing and the selvage width to the
nearest 3 mm [ ⁄8 in.].
8.5 Shingle Count and Dimensions —Dimensions—From each of the representative sample packages generated in Section 7,
count and record the number of shingles in each package. Select one shingle randomly from each package. Measure the width,
length, and cutout dimensions for each of these selected shingles to the nearest 1 mm [ ⁄32 in.]. Calculate and record the average
for each of these measurements.
8.6 Calculate the area of the roofing and the net mass per unit area of the roofing. Report the net mass per unit area in
2 2
g/m [lb/100 ft ] for each representative sample (without packaging, cut outs or loose surfacing).
8.7 Calculate and record the average net mass per unit area for the combined representative samples (without packaging, cut
...
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