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ASTM E2930-13

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Pressure Decay Leak Test Method

Standard Practice for Pressure Decay Leak Test Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The equipment, test duration, and technique should be determined before commencement of the test based on the required test sensitivity or accuracy (see Annex A1 and Annex A2). If the test is used to certify that the vessel has a minimum specified leakage rate, then the test equipment and test duration should be chosen to have a resolution ten times less than the specification and an accuracy which is four times less than the specification. The test should be designed so that the total pressure change is less than 10 % of the starting pressure. Leak test specifications should specify the vessel test pressure or differential pressure. If the test specification does not specify a test pressure, then a safe test pressure should be used that complies with the applicable safety standards7.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a method for determining the leakage rate of a vessel subject to a positive pressure difference. The technique is based upon evaluation of the change of mass within the test object based on a pressure decay measurement. The pressure decay measurement uses the ideal gas equation of state and the measured pressures, temperatures, and time to determine the mass loss from the vessel. This method does not apply to deformable vessels.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2013
ICS
23.020.30 - Pressure vessels, gas cylinders
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.08 - Leak Testing Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E2930-13 - Standard Practice for Pressure Decay Leak Test Method
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2930 − 13
Standard Practice for
1
Pressure Decay Leak Test Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2930; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
6
1. Scope 2.4 ASME Standards:
ASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCodeSectionVArticle10
1.1 This practice describes a method for determining the
(paragraph T-1044)
leakage rate of a vessel subject to a positive pressure differ-
7
2.5 ISO Standards:
ence. The technique is based upon evaluation of the change of
ISO/IEC Guide 98–3Uncertainty of Measurement — Part 3
masswithinthetestobjectbasedonapressuredecaymeasure-
ment. The pressure decay measurement uses the ideal gas
3. Terminology
equationofstateandthemeasuredpressures,temperatures,and
3.1 Definitions:
time to determine the mass loss from the vessel. This method
3.1.1 pressure decay test resolution—the resolution of the
does not apply to deformable vessels.
test that can be derived from the test equipment specifications
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and the volume of the test vessel. The test resolution is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
determined by evaluation of the individual resolutions of the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
pressure measurement, temperature measurement, and time
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
measurement for a known vessel volume. The method for
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
determining the test resolution is give in Annex A1.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.2 pressure decay test accuracy—the test accuracy is the
2
estimated accuracy of the test based on a combination of the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
measurement accuracies of contributing variables.The method
E479Guide for Preparation of a Leak Testing Specification
3 for determining the test accuracy is given in Annex A2.
(Withdrawn 2014)
E543Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
4. Summary of Test Method
Testing
4.1 This practice requires a known volume and the use of
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
4
the pressure rate of decay technique for quantitative measure-
2.2 ANSI/ASNT Standards:
ment of leakage rates.The practice is written to be usable over
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
a wide range of pressures and system volumes.This method is
cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
only applicable to the test of non-deformable volumes or
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive
devices. Test devices which may have significant changes in
Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
5
volume due to pressurization should not be tested with this
2.3 AIA Document:
method. The method requires the measurement of the system
NAS-410Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
pressure and temperature as a function of time and as such
Testing Personnel
requires that these measurements be made with calibrated
instrumentation. The range of the measurement technique can
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
vary significantly but is generally applicable in the range
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.08 on Leak
-8 -4
greater than1×10 mol/s (2.2 × 10 std cc/s)
Testing Method.
Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. DOI: 10.1520/
5. Significance and Use
E2930–13
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.1 The equipment, test duration, and technique should be
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
determined before commencement of the test based on the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
6
www.astm.org. Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
4
AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org. www.asme.org.
5 7
Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
WilsonBlvd.,Suite1700,Arlington,VA22209-3928,http://www.aia-aerospace.org. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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ASTM E2930-13(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Pressure Decay Leak Test Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The equipment, test duration, and technique should be determined before commencement of the test based on the required test sensitivity or accuracy (see Annex A1 and Annex A2). If the test is used to certify that the vessel has a minimum specified leakage rate, then the test equipment and test duration should be chosen to have a resolution ten times less than the specification and an accuracy which is four times less than the specification. The test should be designed so that the total pressure change is less than 10 % of the starting pressure. Leak test specifications should specify the vessel test pressure or differential pressure. If the test specification does not specify a test pressure, then a safe test pressure should be used that complies with the applicable safety standards8.
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1.1 This practice describes a method for determining the leakage rate of a vessel subject to a positive pressure difference. The technique is based upon evaluation of the change of mass within the test object based on a pressure decay measurement. The pressure decay measurement uses the ideal gas equation of state and the measured pressures, temperatures, and time to determine the mass loss from the vessel. This method does not apply to deformable vessels.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2982-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Thin-Walled Metallic Liners in Filament-Wound Pressure Vessels Used in Aerospace Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The goal of the NDT is to detect defects that have been implicated in the failure of the COPV metal liner, or have led to leakage, loss of contents, injury, death, or mission, or a combination thereof. Liner defects detected by NDT that require special attention by the cognizant engineering organization include through cracks, part-through cracks, liner buckling, pitting, thinning, and corrosion under the influence of cyclic loading, sustained loading, temperature cycling, mechanical impact and other intended or unintended service conditions.
Note 3: Liners made from stainless steel and nickel-based alloys exhibit a higher damage resistance to impact than those made from aluminum.
Note 4: Safe life is the goal for any COPV so that a through crack in the liner will not develop during the service life.
Note 5: The use a material with good fatigue and slow crack growth characteristics is important. For example, nickel-based alloys are better than precipitation-hardened stainless steel. Aluminum also has good ductility and crack resistance.  
4.2 The COPVs covered in this guide consist of a metallic liner overwrapped with high-strength fibers embedded in polymeric matrix resin (typically a thermoset). Metallic liners may be spun formed from a deep drawn/extruded monolithic blank or may be fabricated by welding formed components. Designers often seek to minimize the liner thickness in the interest of weight reduction. COPV liner materials used can be aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, nickel-chromium alloys, and stainless steels, impermeable polymer liner such as high density polyethylene, or integrated composite materials. Fiber materials can be carbon, aramid, glass, PBO, metals, or hybrids (two or more types of fiber). Matrix resins include epoxies, cyanate esters, polyurethanes, phenolic resins, polyimides (including bismaleimides), polyamides and other high performance polymers. Common bond line adhesives are generally epoxies (FM-73, West 105, and Epon 86...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide discusses current and potential nondestructive testing (NDT) procedures for finding indications of discontinuities in thin-walled metallic liners in filament-wound pressure vessels, also known as composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs). In general, these vessels have metallic liner thicknesses less than 2.3 mm (0.090 in.), and fiber loadings in the composite overwrap greater than 60 percent by weight. In COPVs, the composite overwrap thickness will be of the order of 2.0 mm (0.080 in.) for smaller vessels, and up to 20 mm (0.80 in.) for larger ones.  
1.2 This guide focuses on COPVs with nonload sharing metallic liners used at ambient temperature, which most closely represents a Compressed Gas Association (CGA) Type III metal-lined COPV. However, it also has relevance to (1) monolithic metallic pressure vessels (PVs) (CGA Type I), and (2) metal-lined hoop-wrapped COPVs (CGA Type II).  
1.3 The vessels covered by this guide are used in aerospace applications; therefore, examination requirements for discontinuities and inspection points will in general be different and more stringent than for vessels used in non-aerospace applications.  
1.4 This guide applies to (1) low pressure COPVs and PVs used for storing aerospace media at maximum allowable working pressures (MAWPs) up to 3.5 MPa (500 psia) and volumes up to 2000 L (70 ft3), and (2) high pressure COPVs used for storing compressed gases at MAWPs up to 70 MPa (10 000 psia) and volumes down to 8 L (500 in.3). Internal vacuum storage or exposure is not considered appropriate for any vessel size.
Note 1: Some vessels are evacuated during filling operations, requiring the tank to withstand external (atmospheric) pressure.  
1.5 The metallic liners under consideration include, but are not limited to, ones made from aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, nickel-based alloys, and stainless steels. In the case of COPVs, the composites through which the N...

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ASTM E2981-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Composite Overwraps in Filament Wound Pressure Vessels Used in Aerospace Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The COPVs covered in this guide consist of a metallic liner overwrapped with high-strength fibers embedded in polymeric matrix resin (typically a thermoset) (Fig. 1). Metallic liners may be spun-formed from a deep drawn/extruded monolithic blank or may be fabricated by welding formed components. Designers often seek to minimize the liner thickness in the interest of weight reduction. COPV liner materials used can be aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, nickel-chromium alloys, and stainless steels, impermeable polymer liner such as high density polyethylene, or integrated composite materials. Fiber materials can be carbon, aramid, glass, PBO, metals, or hybrids (two or more types of fibers). Matrix resins include epoxies, cyanate esters, polyurethanes, phenolic resins, polyimides (including bismaleimides), polyamides, and other high performance polymers. Common bond line adhesives are FM-73, urethane, West 105, and Epon 862 with thicknesses ranging from 0.13 mm (0.005 in.) to 0.38 mm (0.015 in.). Metallic liner and composite overwrap materials requirements are found in ANSI/AIAA S-080 and ANSI/AIAA S-081, respectively.  
Note 6: When carbon fiber is used, galvanic protection should be provided for the metallic liner using a physical barrier such as glass cloth in a resin matrix, or similarly, a bond line adhesive.
Note 7: Per the discretion of the cognizant engineering organization, composite materials not developed and qualified in accordance with the guidelines in MIL-HDBK-17, Volumes 1 and 3 should have an approved material usage agreement.
FIG. 1 Typical Carbon Fiber Reinforced COPVs (NASA)  
4.2 The as-wound COPV is then cured and an autofrettage/proof cycle is performed to evaluate performance and increase fatigue characteristics.  
4.3 The strong drive to reduce weight and spatial needs in aerospace applications has pushed designers to adopt COPVs constructed with high modulus carbon fibers embedded in an epoxy matrix. Unfortunately, high modulus fiber...
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1.1 This guide discusses current and potential nondestructive testing (NDT) procedures for finding indications of discontinuities and accumulated damage in the composite overwrap of filament wound pressure vessels, also known as composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs). In general, these vessels have metallic liner thicknesses less than 2.3 mm (0.090 in.), and fiber loadings in the composite overwrap greater than 60 % by weight. In COPVs, the composite overwrap thickness will be of the order of 2.0 mm (0.080 in.) for smaller vessels and up to 20 mm (0.80 in.) for larger ones.  
1.2 This guide focuses on COPVs with nonload-sharing metallic liners used at ambient temperature, which most closely represents a Compressed Gas Association (CGA) Type III metal-lined composite tank. However, it also has relevance to (1) monolithic metallic pressure vessels (PVs) (CGA Type I), (2) metal-lined hoop-wrapped COPVs (CGA Type II), (3) plastic-lined composite pressure vessels (CPVs) with a nonload-sharing liner (CGA Type IV), and (4) an all-composite, linerless COPV (undefined Type). This guide also has relevance to COPVs used at cryogenic temperatures.  
1.3 The vessels covered by this guide are used in aerospace applications; therefore, the inspection requirements for discontinuities and inspection points will in general be different and more stringent than for vessels used in non aerospace applications.  
1.4 This guide applies to (1) low pressure COPVs used for storing aerospace media at maximum allowable working pressures (MAWPs) up to 3.5 MPa (500 psia) and volumes up to 2 L (70 ft3), and (2) high pressure COPVs used for storing compressed gases at MAWPs up to 70 MPa (10 000 psia) and volumes down to 8 L (500 in.3). Internal vacuum storage or exposure is not considered appropriate for any vessel size.
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Standard Practice for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled, Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Because of safety considerations, regulatory agencies (for example, U.S. Department of Transportation) require periodic examinations of vessels used in transportation of industrial gases (see Section 49, Code of Federal Regulations). The AE examination has become accepted as an alternative to the common hydrostatic proof test. In the common hydrostatic test, volumetric expansion of vessels is measured.  
5.2 An AE examination should not be performed for a period of one year after a common hydrostatic test. See Note 2.
Note 2: The Kaiser effect relates to decreased emission that is expected during a second pressurization. Common hydrostatic tests use a relatively high pressure (167 % of normal service pressure). (See Section 49, Code of Federal Regulations.) If an AE examination is performed too soon after such a pressurization, the AE results will be insensitive to a lower examination pressure (that is, the lower pressure that is associated with an AE examination).  
5.3 Pressurization:  
5.3.1 General practice in the gas industry is to use low pressurization rates. This practice promotes safety and reduces equipment investment. The AE examinations should be performed with pressurization rates that allow vessel deformation to be in equilibrium with the applied load. Typical current practice is to use rates that approximate 3.45 MPa/h [500 psi/h].  
5.3.2 Gas compressors heat the pressurizing medium. After pressurization, vessel pressure may decay as gas temperature equilibrates with ambient conditions.  
5.3.3 Emission from flaws is caused by flaw growth and secondary sources (for example, crack surface contact and contained mill scale). Secondary sources can produce emission throughout vessel pressurization.  
5.3.4 When pressure within a vessel is low, and gas is the pressurizing medium, flow velocities are relatively high. Flowing gas (turbulence) and impact by entrained particles can produce measurable emission. Considering this, acquisition of AE d...
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1.1 This practice provides guidelines for acoustic emission (AE) examinations of seamless pressure vessels (tubes) of the type used for distribution or storage of industrial gases.  
1.2 This practice requires pressurization to a level greater than normal use. Pressurization medium may be gas or liquid.  
1.3 This practice does not apply to vessels in cryogenic service.  
1.4 The AE measurements are used to detect and locate emission sources. Other nondestructive test (NDT) methods must be used to evaluate the significance of AE sources. Procedures for other NDT techniques are beyond the scope of this practice. See Note 1.  
Note 1: Shear wave, angle beam ultrasonic examination is commonly used to establish circumferential position and dimensions of flaws that produce AE. Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD), ultrasonic examination is also commonly used for flaw sizing.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2863-17(Practice)
Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Welded Steel Sphere Pressure Vessels Using Thermal Pressurization

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Because of safety considerations, regulatory agencies (for example, U.S. Department of Transportation) require periodic tests of pressurized vessels used in commercial aviation. (see Section 49, Code of Federal Regulations). AE testing has become accepted as an alternative to the common hydrostatic proof test.  
5.2 An AE test should not be conducted for a period of one year after a common hydrostatic test. See Note 1.
Note 1: The Kaiser effect relates to the irreversibility of acoustic emission which results in decreased emission during a second pressurization. Common hydrostatic tests use a relatively high test pressure (200 % of normal service pressure). (See Section 49, Code of Federal Regulations.) If an AE test is performed too soon after such a hydrostatic pressurization, the AE results will be insensitive below the previous maximum test pressure.  
5.3 Acoustic Emission is produced when an increasing stress level in a material causes crack growth in the material or stress related effects in a corroded surface (for example, crack growth in or between metal crystallites or spalling and cracking of oxides and other corrosion products).  
5.4 While background noise may distort AE data or render it useless, heating the vessels inside an industrial oven is an almost noise free method of pressurization. Further, source location algorithms using over-determined data sets will often allow valid tests in the presence of otherwise interfering noise sources. Background noise should be reduced or controlled but the sudden occurrence of such noise does not necessarily invalidate a test.
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1.1 This practice is commonly used for periodic inspection and testing of welded steel gaseous spheres (bottles) is the acoustic emission (AE) method. AE is used in place of hydrostatic volumetric expansion testing. The periodic inspection and testing of bottles by AE testing is achieved without depressurization or contamination as is required for hydrostatic volumetric expansion testing.  
1.2 The required test pressurization is achieved by heating the bottle in an industrial oven designed for this purpose. The maximum temperature needed to achieve the AE test pressure is ≤250°F (121°C).  
1.3 AE monitoring of the bottle is performed with multiple sensors during the thermal pressurization.  
1.4 This practice was developed for periodic inspection and testing of pressure vessels containing Halon (UN 1044), which is commonly used aboard commercial aircraft for fire suppression. In commercial aircraft, these bottles are hermetically sealed by welding in the fill port. Exit ports are opened by explosively activated burst disks. The usage of these pressure vessels in transportation is regulated under US Department of Transportation (DOT), Code of Federal Regulations CFR 49. A DOT special permit authorizes the use of AE testing for periodic inspection and testing in place of volumetric expansion and visual inspection. These bottles are spherical with diameters ranging from 5 to 16 in. (127 to 406 mm).  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Practice for Handling, Transportation, and Storage of IG-100 (Nitrogen)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides requirements for the handling, transportation, and storage of IG-100 encountered in distribution through both commercial and military channels. It is intended to ensure that IG-100 is handled, transported, and stored in such a way that its physical property virtues are not degraded. Transport may be by various means, such as, but not limited to, highway, rail and water.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidance and direction to suppliers, purchasers, and users in the handling, transportation, and storage of IG-100 (nitrogen).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2930-13(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Pressure Decay Leak Test Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The equipment, test duration, and technique should be determined before commencement of the test based on the required test sensitivity or accuracy (see Annex A1 and Annex A2). If the test is used to certify that the vessel has a minimum specified leakage rate, then the test equipment and test duration should be chosen to have a resolution ten times less than the specification and an accuracy which is four times less than the specification. The test should be designed so that the total pressure change is less than 10 % of the starting pressure. Leak test specifications should specify the vessel test pressure or differential pressure. If the test specification does not specify a test pressure, then a safe test pressure should be used that complies with the applicable safety standards8.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a method for determining the leakage rate of a vessel subject to a positive pressure difference. The technique is based upon evaluation of the change of mass within the test object based on a pressure decay measurement. The pressure decay measurement uses the ideal gas equation of state and the measured pressures, temperatures, and time to determine the mass loss from the vessel. This method does not apply to deformable vessels.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides requirements for the handling, transportation, and storage of IG-541 encountered in distribution through both commercial and military channels. It is intended to ensure that IG-541 is handled, transported, and stored in such a way that its physical property virtues are not degraded. Transport may be by various means, such as, but not limited to, highway, rail, and water.
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ABSTRACT
This practice details the basic procedures for the safe handling and transfilling of small (not bulk) paintball compressed air cylinders commonly used with a paintball marker for propulsion of a paintball. It does not address issues related to the transfilling, storage, and handling of supply cylinders that may be used in transfilling smaller cylinders. Included herein are general safety considerations, requirements for fill stations, and compressed air/nitrogen fill procedures for the pressure cylinder transfilling method most commonly used by paintball fields or store operators, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to satisfy the demand for information on the basic procedures for the safe handling and transfilling of small (not bulk) paintball compressed air cylinders commonly used with a paintball marker for propulsion of a paintball. This standard does not address issues dealing with the transfilling, storage, and handling of supply cylinders that may be used in transfilling smaller cylinders.  
1.2 The compressed air fill procedures are written for the pressure cylinder transfilling method most commonly used by paintball field or store operators, or both.  
1.3 This document should not be confused with federal, state, provincial, or municipal specifications or regulations; insurance requirements; or national safety codes.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations, such as and not limited to DOT, CGA, and OSHA, prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2982-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Thin-Walled Metallic Liners in Filament-Wound Pressure Vessels Used in Aerospace Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The goal of the NDT is to detect defects that have been implicated in the failure of the COPV metal liner, or have led to leakage, loss of contents, injury, death, or mission, or a combination thereof. Liner defects detected by NDT that require special attention by the cognizant engineering organization include through cracks, part-through cracks, liner buckling, pitting, thinning, and corrosion under the influence of cyclic loading, sustained loading, temperature cycling, mechanical impact and other intended or unintended service conditions.
Note 3: Liners made from stainless steel and nickel-based alloys exhibit a higher damage resistance to impact than those made from aluminum.
Note 4: Safe life is the goal for any COPV so that a through crack in the liner will not develop during the service life.
Note 5: The use a material with good fatigue and slow crack growth characteristics is important. For example, nickel-based alloys are better than precipitation-hardened stainless steel. Aluminum also has good ductility and crack resistance.  
4.2 The COPVs covered in this guide consist of a metallic liner overwrapped with high-strength fibers embedded in polymeric matrix resin (typically a thermoset). Metallic liners may be spun formed from a deep drawn/extruded monolithic blank or may be fabricated by welding formed components. Designers often seek to minimize the liner thickness in the interest of weight reduction. COPV liner materials used can be aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, nickel-chromium alloys, and stainless steels, impermeable polymer liner such as high density polyethylene, or integrated composite materials. Fiber materials can be carbon, aramid, glass, PBO, metals, or hybrids (two or more types of fiber). Matrix resins include epoxies, cyanate esters, polyurethanes, phenolic resins, polyimides (including bismaleimides), polyamides and other high performance polymers. Common bond line adhesives are generally epoxies (FM-73, West 105, and Epon 86...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide discusses current and potential nondestructive testing (NDT) procedures for finding indications of discontinuities in thin-walled metallic liners in filament-wound pressure vessels, also known as composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs). In general, these vessels have metallic liner thicknesses less than 2.3 mm (0.090 in.), and fiber loadings in the composite overwrap greater than 60 percent by weight. In COPVs, the composite overwrap thickness will be of the order of 2.0 mm (0.080 in.) for smaller vessels, and up to 20 mm (0.80 in.) for larger ones.  
1.2 This guide focuses on COPVs with nonload sharing metallic liners used at ambient temperature, which most closely represents a Compressed Gas Association (CGA) Type III metal-lined COPV. However, it also has relevance to (1) monolithic metallic pressure vessels (PVs) (CGA Type I), and (2) metal-lined hoop-wrapped COPVs (CGA Type II).  
1.3 The vessels covered by this guide are used in aerospace applications; therefore, examination requirements for discontinuities and inspection points will in general be different and more stringent than for vessels used in non-aerospace applications.  
1.4 This guide applies to (1) low pressure COPVs and PVs used for storing aerospace media at maximum allowable working pressures (MAWPs) up to 3.5 MPa (500 psia) and volumes up to 2000 L (70 ft3), and (2) high pressure COPVs used for storing compressed gases at MAWPs up to 70 MPa (10 000 psia) and volumes down to 8 L (500 in.3). Internal vacuum storage or exposure is not considered appropriate for any vessel size.
Note 1: Some vessels are evacuated during filling operations, requiring the tank to withstand external (atmospheric) pressure.  
1.5 The metallic liners under consideration include, but are not limited to, ones made from aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, nickel-based alloys, and stainless steels. In the case of COPVs, the composites through which the N...

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  • Guide
    29 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off