ASTM E2982-21
(Guide)Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Thin-Walled Metallic Liners in Filament-Wound Pressure Vessels Used in Aerospace Applications
Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Thin-Walled Metallic Liners in Filament-Wound Pressure Vessels Used in Aerospace Applications
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The goal of the NDT is to detect defects that have been implicated in the failure of the COPV metal liner, or have led to leakage, loss of contents, injury, death, or mission, or a combination thereof. Liner defects detected by NDT that require special attention by the cognizant engineering organization include through cracks, part-through cracks, liner buckling, pitting, thinning, and corrosion under the influence of cyclic loading, sustained loading, temperature cycling, mechanical impact and other intended or unintended service conditions.
Note 3: Liners made from stainless steel and nickel-based alloys exhibit a higher damage resistance to impact than those made from aluminum.
Note 4: Safe life is the goal for any COPV so that a through crack in the liner will not develop during the service life.
Note 5: The use a material with good fatigue and slow crack growth characteristics is important. For example, nickel-based alloys are better than precipitation-hardened stainless steel. Aluminum also has good ductility and crack resistance.
4.2 The COPVs covered in this guide consist of a metallic liner overwrapped with high-strength fibers embedded in polymeric matrix resin (typically a thermoset). Metallic liners may be spun formed from a deep drawn/extruded monolithic blank or may be fabricated by welding formed components. Designers often seek to minimize the liner thickness in the interest of weight reduction. COPV liner materials used can be aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, nickel-chromium alloys, and stainless steels, impermeable polymer liner such as high density polyethylene, or integrated composite materials. Fiber materials can be carbon, aramid, glass, PBO, metals, or hybrids (two or more types of fiber). Matrix resins include epoxies, cyanate esters, polyurethanes, phenolic resins, polyimides (including bismaleimides), polyamides and other high performance polymers. Common bond line adhesives are generally epoxies (FM-73, West 105, and Epon 86...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide discusses current and potential nondestructive testing (NDT) procedures for finding indications of discontinuities in thin-walled metallic liners in filament-wound pressure vessels, also known as composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs). In general, these vessels have metallic liner thicknesses less than 2.3 mm (0.090 in.), and fiber loadings in the composite overwrap greater than 60 percent by weight. In COPVs, the composite overwrap thickness will be of the order of 2.0 mm (0.080 in.) for smaller vessels, and up to 20 mm (0.80 in.) for larger ones.
1.2 This guide focuses on COPVs with nonload sharing metallic liners used at ambient temperature, which most closely represents a Compressed Gas Association (CGA) Type III metal-lined COPV. However, it also has relevance to (1) monolithic metallic pressure vessels (PVs) (CGA Type I), and (2) metal-lined hoop-wrapped COPVs (CGA Type II).
1.3 The vessels covered by this guide are used in aerospace applications; therefore, examination requirements for discontinuities and inspection points will in general be different and more stringent than for vessels used in non-aerospace applications.
1.4 This guide applies to (1) low pressure COPVs and PVs used for storing aerospace media at maximum allowable working pressures (MAWPs) up to 3.5 MPa (500 psia) and volumes up to 2000 L (70 ft3), and (2) high pressure COPVs used for storing compressed gases at MAWPs up to 70 MPa (10 000 psia) and volumes down to 8 L (500 in.3). Internal vacuum storage or exposure is not considered appropriate for any vessel size.
Note 1: Some vessels are evacuated during filling operations, requiring the tank to withstand external (atmospheric) pressure.
1.5 The metallic liners under consideration include, but are not limited to, ones made from aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, nickel-based alloys, and stainless steels. In the case of COPVs, the composites through which the N...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2982 − 21
Standard Guide for
Nondestructive Examination of Thin-Walled Metallic Liners
in Filament-Wound Pressure Vessels Used in Aerospace
1
Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2982; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope alloys, nickel-based alloys, and stainless steels. In the case of
COPVs, the composites through which the NDT interrogation
1.1 This guide discusses current and potential nondestruc-
shouldbemadeafteroverwrappinginclude,butarenotlimited
tive testing (NDT) procedures for finding indications of dis-
to, various polymer matrix resins (for example, epoxies,
continuities in thin-walled metallic liners in filament-wound
cyanate esters, polyurethanes, phenolic resins, polyimides
pressure vessels, also known as composite overwrapped pres-
(including bismaleimides), polyamides) with continuous fiber
sure vessels (COPVs). In general, these vessels have metallic
reinforcement (for example, carbon, aramid, glass, or poly-
liner thicknesses less than 2.3 mm (0.090 in.), and fiber
(phenylenebenzobisoxazole) (PBO)).
loadings in the composite overwrap greater than 60 percent by
weight. In COPVs, the composite overwrap thickness will be
1.6 ThisguidedescribestheapplicationofestablishedNDT
of the order of 2.0 mm (0.080 in.) for smaller vessels, and up
procedures; namely,Acoustic Emission (AE, Section 7), Eddy
to 20 mm (0.80 in.) for larger ones.
Current Testing (ET, Section 8), Laser Profilometry (LP,
Section 9), Leak Testing (LT, Section 10), Penetrant Testing
1.2 This guide focuses on COPVs with nonload sharing
(PT, Section 11), and Radiographic Testing (RT, Section 12).
metallic liners used at ambient temperature, which most
These procedures can be used by cognizant engineering
closely represents a Compressed GasAssociation (CGA) Type
organizations for detecting and evaluating flaws, defects, and
III metal-lined COPV. However, it also has relevance to (1)
accumulateddamageinmetallicPVs,thebaremetalliclinerof
monolithic metallic pressure vessels (PVs) (CGAType I), and
COPVsbeforeoverwrapping,andthemetalliclinerofnewand
(2) metal-lined hoop-wrapped COPVs (CGAType II).
in-service COPVs.
1.3 The vessels covered by this guide are used in aerospace
applications; therefore, examination requirements for disconti- 1.7 Allmethodsdiscussedinthisguide(AE,ET,LP,LT,PT,
nuities and inspection points will in general be different and and RT) are performed on the metallic liner of COPVs before
more stringent than for vessels used in non-aerospace applica- or after overwrapping and structural cure. The same methods
tions. may also be performed on metal PVs. For NDTprocedures for
detectingdiscontinuitiesinthecompositeoverwrapinfilament
1.4 This guide applies to (1) low pressure COPVs and PVs
wound pressure vessels; namely, AE, ET, Shearography Test-
used for storing aerospace media at maximum allowable
ing(ST),RT,UltrasonicTesting(UT)andVisualTesting(VT);
working pressures (MAWPs) up to 3.5 MPa (500 psia) and
3 consult Guide E2981.
volumes up to 2000 L (70 ft ), and (2) high pressure COPVs
used for storing compressed gases at MAWPs up to 70 MPa
1.8 Due to difficulties associated with inspecting thin-
3
(10 000 psia) and volumes down to 8 L (500 in. ). Internal
walled metallic COPV liners through composite overwraps,
vacuum storage or exposure is not considered appropriate for
andtheavailabilityoftheNDEmethodslistedin1.6toinspect
any vessel size.
COPV liners before overwrapping and metal PVs, ultrasonic
NOTE 1—Some vessels are evacuated during filling operations, requir-
testing (UT) is not addressed in this standard. UT may still be
ing the tank to withstand external (atmospheric) pressure.
performed as agreed upon between the supplier and customer.
1.5 The metallic liners under consideration include, but are
Ultrasonic requirements may utilize Practice E2375 as appli-
not limited to, ones made from aluminum alloys, titanium
cable based upon the specific liner application and metal
thickness. Alternate ultrasonic inspection methods such as
1
Lambwave,surfacewave,shearwave,reflectorplate,etc.may
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
tiveTesting and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on Specialized
be established and documented per agreed upon contractual
NDT Methods.
requirements. The test requirements should be developed in
Current edition approved March 15, 20
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: E2982 − 14 E2982 − 21
Standard Guide for
Nondestructive TestingExamination of Thin-Walled Metallic
Liners in Filament-Wound Pressure Vessels Used in
1
Aerospace Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2982; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—The definition in 3.5.3 was updated editorially in April 2019.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide discusses current and potential nondestructive testing (NDT) procedures for finding indications of discontinuities
in thin-walled metallic liners in filament-wound pressure vessels, also known as composite overwrapped pressure vessels
(COPVs). In general, these vessels have metallic liner thicknesses less than 2.3 mm (0.090 in.), and fiber loadings in the composite
overwrap greater than 60 percent by weight. In COPVs, the composite overwrap thickness will be of the order of 2.0 mm (0.080
in.) for smaller vessels, and up to 20 mm (0.80 in.) for larger ones.
1.2 This guide focuses on COPVs with nonload sharing metallic liners used at ambient temperature, which most closely represents
a Compressed Gas Association (CGA) Type III metal-lined COPV. However, it also has relevance to (1) monolithic metallic
pressure vessels (PVs) (CGA Type I), and (2) metal-lined hoop-wrapped COPVs (CGA Type II).
1.3 The vessels covered by this guide are used in aerospace applications; therefore, the examination requirements for
discontinuities and inspection points will in general be different and more stringent than for vessels used in non-aerospace
applications.
1.4 This guide applies to (1) low pressure COPVs and PVs used for storing aerospace media at maximum allowable working
3 3
pressures (MAWPs) up to 3.5 MPa (500 psia) and volumes up to 2 m2000 L (70 ft ), and (2) high pressure COPVs used for storing
3 3
compressed gases at MAWPs up to 70 MPa (10,000(10 000 psia) and volumes down to 8000 cm8 L (500 in. ). Internal vacuum
storage or exposure is not considered appropriate for any vessel size.
NOTE 1—Some vessels are evacuated during filling operations, requiring the tank to withstand external (atmospheric) pressure.
1.5 The metallic liners under consideration include, but are not limited to, ones made from aluminum alloys, titanium alloys,
nickel-based alloys, and stainless steels. In the case of COPVs, the composites through which the NDT interrogation mustshould
be made after overwrapping include, but are not limited to, various polymer matrix resins (for example, epoxies, cyanate esters,
polyurethanes, phenolic resins, polyimides (including bismaleimides), polyamides) with continuous fiber reinforcement (for
example, carbon, aramid, glass, or poly-(phenylenebenzobisoxazole) (PBO)).
1.6 This guide describes the application of established NDT procedures; namely, Acoustic Emission (AE, Section 7), Eddy Current
1
This test method guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on
Specialized NDT Methods.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014March 15, 2021. Published November 2014April 2021. Originally approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as
ε1
E2982 – 14 . DOI: 10.1520/E2982-14E01.10.1520/E2982-21.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E2982 − 21
Testing (ECT,(ET, Section 8), Laser Profilometry (LP, Section 9), Leak Testing (LT, Section 10), Penetrant Testing (PT, Section
11), and RadiologicRadiographic Testing (RT, Section 12). These procedures can be used by cognizant engineering organizations
for detecting and evaluating flaws, defects, and accumulated damage in metallic PVs, the bare metallic liner of COPVs before
overwrapping, and the metallic liner of new and in-service COPVs.
1.7 All methods discussed in this guide (AE, ET, LP, LT, PT, and RT) are performed on the metallic liner of COPVs before or
after overwrapping and structural cure. The same methods may also be performed on metal PVs. For NDT procedures for detecting
discontinuities in the composite overwrap in filament wound pressure vessels; namely, AE, ET, Shearography Testing (ST), RT,
Ultrasonic Testing (UT) and Visual Testing (VT); consult Guide E2981.
1.8 Du
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