ASTM D7310-20
(Practice)Standard Practice for Defect Detection and Rating of Plastic Films Using Optical Sensors
Standard Practice for Defect Detection and Rating of Plastic Films Using Optical Sensors
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Defects in film are not acceptable to the end-user as there is a reduction in the fitness-for-use in many applications. This document is intended to be a practice to assist users in the inspection, quantification and observation of defects.
4.2 This practice is applicable in a laboratory environment, continuous inspection as a quality control or as a research tool. It is also appropriate for use in any commercial process used to produce film including extrusion, calendaring, etc.
4.3 This practice is also suitable for use as an evaluation or screening tool for materials intended to be used in other processes where defects of this nature are critical, such as fiber spinning non-woven, etc.
4.4 Results achieved by different equipment’s even from the same vendor in different laboratories are not directly comparable and may result in a bias that cannot be fully addressed through consistent operating conditions, and results may shift as analyzer components are upgraded for a given analyzer. Additionally, results may not be directly comparable between different product types. All results should be considered as relative values rather than absolute.
4.4.1 Therefore, it is not recommended to provide absolute results as part of a sales contract between the buyer and seller. For sales contracts, it is recommended to establish product grade designations based on the historical relationship of the absolute results reported, and fitness-for-use or based on a reference material agreed by both parties. This is attained by the collection of data over a time-period to establish acceptable control limits.
4.4.2 The defect size range of interest is usually different between resin supplier and converters. Total defect counts are not one to one comparable between small laboratory extrusion lines and commercial extrusion lines. Therefore, an individual correlation is the aim to get accepted results for fitness-for-use.
Note 2: This was tested on Brabender, Collin, Go...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice intends to provide standardized approaches and criteria for the observation and reporting of defects in various types of plastic film, by means of an optical scanning system. Scope includes the in situ inspection of defects in films fabricated for specific applications as well as preparation of a suitable film sample to characterize defects within plastic granules followed by inspection of the film sample.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: D7310 − 20
Standard Practice for
Defect Detection and Rating of Plastic Films Using Optical
1
Sensors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7310; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms that appear in this
1.1 This practice intends to provide standardized ap-
practice relating to plastics, refer to Terminology D883.
proaches and criteria for the observation and reporting of
defects in various types of plastic film, by means of an optical
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
scanning system. Scope includes the in situ inspection of
3.2.1 defect—for the purpose of this practice any entity in
defects in films fabricated for specific applications as well as
thefilmthatislargeenoughtobedetectedbyanopticalsensor
preparation of a suitable film sample to characterize defects
and is either polymeric in nature or caused by degradation,
within plastic granules followed by inspection of the film
external contamination, undispersed additives or pigments, or
sample.
similar sources.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.2.1.1 Discussion—In Appendix X1, some types of defects
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the are shown (cross-linked material, un-molten polymer, pin-
holes). The defects can be classified in three groups:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.2.1.1 gel—particle of plastic material in the film matrix
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
not blended with the matrix and often acting as a miniature
lens. Several types of gels exist.
NOTE 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
3.2.1.2 contamination—anyparticleinoronthefilmmatrix
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
affecting irradiated light differently than the matrix (dirt,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
insects, oxidized additives or material, catalyst residues, solid
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
particles,metallicparticles,undispersedpigmentsoradditives,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
etc.).
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.2.1.3 structural defect—visual deviation not caused by
gels or contaminations, for example, air bubbles, wrinkles, die
2. Referenced Documents
lines, film holes, sharkskin, arrowheads.
2
3.2.2 pixel
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D883Terminology Relating to Plastics 3.2.2.1 in a picture—smallest element of an image that can
E456Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics be individually processed by a video display system or a
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to physical point in a raster image.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3.2.2.1 Discussion—The greater the number of pixels per
E2587Practice for Use of Control Charts in Statistical
area, the higher the resolution.
Process Control
3.2.2.2 in a camera—smallest single photo-electrical detec-
tor element of the camera sensor.
3.2.3 effective pixel size—actualsizeoftheindividualpixels
1
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD20onPlasticsand
in the analyzed image.
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film, Sheeting, and Molded
Products. 3.2.3.1 Discussion—The effective pixel size of the optical
Current edition approved May 15, 2020. Published August 2020. Originally
system is determined by the physical pixel size of the sensor
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D7310-11.
and a magnification factor caused by the lens of the camera.
DOI:10.1520/D7310-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.2.4 resolution
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.2.4.1 image—the detail an image holds, also called pixel
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. density.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D7310 − 20
3.2.4.1 Discussion—Higher resolution means more image scenarios, the test is not usually stopped; therefore, a mean
detail, often expressed in pixels per inch or dots per inch. filter value should be used for reporting.Amean filter value is
reported every time a new parcel area is inspected.
3.2.4.2 camera—resolution o
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7310 − 11 D7310 − 20
Standard GuidePractice for
Defect Detection and Rating of Plastic Films Using Optical
1
Sensors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7310; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide is intended to provide suggested approaches and criteria for the observation and reporting of defects in various
types of plastic film, by means of an optical scanning system.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 defect—for the purpose of this guide any entity in the film that is large enough to be detected by an optical sensor and is
either polymeric in nature or caused by degradation, external contamination, undispersed additives or pigments, or similar sources.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Defects in film are not acceptable to the end-user as there is a reduction in the fitness-for-use in many applications. This
document is intended to be a guide to assist users in the inspection and observation of defects.
4.2 This guide is applicable in a laboratory environment as a quality control or as a research tool. It is also appropriate for use
in any commercial process used to produce film including calendering and solvent casting.
4.3 This guide is also suitable for use as an evaluation or screening tool for materials intended to be used in other processes where
defects of this nature are also critical, such as fiber spinning and non-wovens.
1
This guidepractice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film, Sheeting, and Molded
Products.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011May 15, 2020. Published January 2012August 2020. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 20072011 as
D7310 - 07.D7310 - 11. DOI:10.1520/D7310-11.DOI:10.1520/D7310-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D7310 − 20
4.4 The individual user must establish the relationship between the criteria and acceptance for fitness-for-use and the observed
defects, as it varies by polymer and application. This is attained by the collection of data over a time-period to establish acceptable
control limits.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Extruder—A device for melting polymer that produces a flat or blown (tubular) film with sizes varying from lab-scale to
production-scale.
NOTE 2—Although this technique is utilized for many different processes used for producing films, the extrusion systems described in the following
section represent the more prevalent process used. This is not to imply that the guidance provided for utilizing this type of instrumentation cannot be
applied to other processes or other applications.
5.1.1 Flat Film Extrusion—An extrusion system that produces a flat film that is quenched immediately after extrusion by means
of one or more cooling devices such as an air knife, chill roll or water bath.
5.1.2 Blown or tubular extrusion – An extrusion system that produces a tubular “bubble” of film from a circular die, usually
equipped with an air-ring to cool the polymer.
5.2 Screen Pack—Although commonly used in commercial or semi-commercial environments, screen packs are not generally used
in laboratory units intended for research or quality functions.
5.3 Defect Detection System—An optical scanning system with a light source, an analog or digital camera, and an image processor.
The optical characteristics of the camera are critical for detecting small (30 μm) defects and it is important that the inst
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