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ASTM D6461-99(2007)e1

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Silt Fence Materials

Standard Specification for Silt Fence Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements and test methods for geotextile fabrics and associated components used in temporary silt fence applications. This is a material purchasing specification based on AASHTO M288.
1.2 This specification is applicable to the use of a geotextile as a vertical permeable interceptor designed to remove suspended soil from overland, nonconcentrated water flow. The function of a temporary silt fence is to trap and allow settlement of soil particles from sediment laden water. The purpose is to greatly limit the transport of eroded soil from the a construction site by water runoff.
1.3 The tests used to characterize the silt fence are intended to ensure good workmanship and quality and are not necessarily adequate for design purposes in view of the wide variety of possible sediments and performance objectives.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in inch-pound units are provided for information only.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2007
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.25 - Erosion and Sediment Control Technology
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6461-99 - Standard Specification for Silt Fence Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Replaced By
ASTM D6461-99(2007)e2 - Standard Specification for Silt Fence Materials (Withdrawn 2016)
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007

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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
e1
Designation: D 6461 – 99 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Specification for
Silt Fence Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6461; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in November 2007.
1. Scope D 4751 Test Method for Determining Apparent Opening
Size of a Geotextile
1.1 This specification covers requirements and test methods
D 4759 Practice for Determining the Specification Con-
for geotextile fabrics and associated components used in
formance of Geosynthetics
temporary silt fence applications. This is a material purchasing
D 4873 Guide for Identification, Storage, and Handling of
specification based on AASHTO M288.
Geosynthetic Rolls and Samples
1.2 This specification is applicable to the use of a geotextile
D 5141 Test Method for Determining Filtering Efficiency
as a vertical permeable interceptor designed to remove sus-
and Flow Rate of a Geotextile for Silt Fence Application
pended soil from overland, nonconcentrated water flow. The
Using Site-Specific Soil
function of a temporary silt fence is to trap and allow
2.2 AASHTO Standard:
settlement of soil particles from sediment laden water. The
M288-96 Standard Specification for Geotextile Specifica-
purpose is to greatly limit the transport of eroded soil from the
tion for Highway Applications
a construction site by water runoff.
1.3 The tests used to characterize the silt fence are intended
3. Materials and Manufacture
to ensure good workmanship and quality and are not necessar-
3.1 Fibers used in the manufacture of geotextiles for silt
ily adequate for design purposes in view of the wide variety of
fence, and the threads used in joining geotextiles by sewing,
possible sediments and performance objectives.
shall consist of long-chain synthetic polymers composed of at
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
least 95 % by weight of polyolefins or polyester. They shall be
standard. The values in inch-pound units are provided for
formed into a stable network such that the filaments or yarns
information only.
retain their dimensional stability relative to each other, includ-
2. Referenced Documents ing selvages.
2 3.2 Geotextiles and related materials used for temporary silt
2.1 ASTM Standards:
fence shall conform with the physical requirements of Sections
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
7 and 8.
D 276 Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles
3.3 All property values, with the exception of apparent
D 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
opening size (AOS), in this specification represent minimum
D 4355 Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles by
average roll values (MARV) in the weakest principle direction
ExposuretoLight,MoistureandHeatinaXenonArcType
(that is, average test results of any roll in a lot sampled for
Apparatus
conformance or quality assurance testing shall meet or exceed
D 4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
theminimumvalueprovidedherein).ValuesforAOSrepresent
D 4491 Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles
maximum average roll values.
by Permittivity
D 4632 Test Method for Grab Breaking Load and Elonga-
4. Sampling, Testing, and Acceptance
tion of Geotextiles
4.1 Silt fence shall be subject to sampling and testing to
verify conformance with this specification. Sampling for test-
ing shall be in accordance with Practice D 4354. Acceptance
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil
shall be based on testing of either conformance samples
and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.25 on Erosion and
obtained using Procedure A of Practice D 4354, or based on
Sediment Control Technology.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published November 2007. Originally
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 6461 – 99.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,
the ASTM website. http://www.transportation.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
e1
D 6461 – 99 (2007)
TABLE 1 Temporary Silt Fence Material Property Requirements
A A
Supported Unsupported
Test Methods Units Silt Fence Silt Fence Type of Value
Grab Strength ASTM D 4632 N (lbs)
Machine Direction 400 550 MARV
(90) (90)
X-Machine Direction 400 450 MARV
(90) (90)
B
Permittivity ASTM D 4491 sec-1 0.05 0.05 MARV
B C
Apparent Opening Size ASTM D 4751 mm 0.60 0.60 Max. ARV
(US Sieve #) (30) (30)
Ultraviolet Stability ASTM D 4355 % 70 % after 70 % after Typical
Retained 500hof 500hof
Strength exposure exposure
A
Silt fence support shall consist of 14 gage steel wire with a mesh spacing of 150 mm (6 in.) or prefabricated polymer mesh of equivalent strength.
B
These default values are based on empirical evidence with a variety of sediments. For environmentally sensitive areas, a review of previous experience and/or site
or regionally specific geotextile tests in accordance with Test Method D 5141 should be performed by the agency to confirm suitability of these requirements.
C
As measured in accordance with Test Method D 4632.
manufacturer’s certifications and testing of quality assurance 6.2 Each silt fence roll shall be wrapped with a material that
samples obtained using Procedure B of Practice D 4354. A lot willprotectthegeotextilefrom
...


This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
e1
Designation:D6461–99 Designation: D 6461 – 99 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Specification for
Silt Fence Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6461; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in November 2007.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers requirements and test methods for geotextile fabrics and associated components used in temporary
silt fence applications. This is a material purchasing specification based on AASHTO M288.
1.2 This specification is applicable to the use of a geotextile as a vertical permeable interceptor designed to remove suspended
soil from overland, nonconcentrated water flow. The function of a temporary silt fence is to trap and allow settlement of soil
particlesfromsedimentladenwater.Thepurposeistogreatlylimitthetransportoferodedsoilfromtheaconstructionsitebywater
runoff.
1.3 The tests used to characterize the silt fence are intended to ensure good workmanship and quality and are not necessarily
adequate for design purposes in view of the wide variety of possible sediments and performance objectives.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.The values in inch-pound units are provided for information
only.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D 276 Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles
D 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
D 4355Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles from Exposure to Ultraviolet Light and Water (Xenon-Arc Type
Apparatus) Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles by Exposure to Light, Moisture and Heat in a Xenon Arc Type
Apparatus
D 4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D 4491 Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by Permittivity
D 4632 Test Method for Grab Breaking Load and Elongation of Geotextiles
D 4751 Test Method for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile
D 4759 Practice for Determining the Specification Conformance of Geosynthetics
D 4873Guide for Identification, Storage and Handling of Geotextiles Guide for Identification, Storage, and Handling of
Geosynthetic Rolls and Samples
D 5141TestMethodtoDetermineFilteringEfficiencyandFlowRateforSiltFenceApplicationsUsingSiteSpecificSoils Test
Method for Determining Filtering Efficiency and Flow Rate of a Geotextile for Silt FenceApplication Using Site-Specific Soil
2.2 AASHTO Standard:
M288-96 Standard Specification for Geotextile Specification for Highway Applications
3. Materials and Manufacture
3.1 Fibers used in the manufacture of geotextiles for silt fence, and the threads used in joining geotextiles by sewing, shall
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D-18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.25 on Erosion and Sediment
Control Technology.
Current edition approved Oct, 10, 1999. Published January 2000.
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.25 on Erosion and Sediment
Control Technology.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published November 2007. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 6461 – 99.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For AnnualBookofASTM Standards
, Vol 07.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.13.
Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,
http://www.transportation.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
e1
D 6461 – 99 (2007)
consist of long-chain synthetic polymers composed of at least 95 % by weight of polyolefins or polyester. They shall be formed
into a stable network such that the filaments or yarns retain their dimensional stability relative to each other, including selvages.
3.2 Geotextiles and related materials used for temporary silt fence shall conform with the physical requirements of Sections 7
and 8.
3.3 All property values, with the exception of apparent opening size (AOS), in this specification represent minimum average
roll values (MARV) in the weakest principle direction (that is, average test results of any roll in a lot sampled for conformance
orqualityassurancetestingshallmeetorexceedtheminimumvalueprovidedherein).ValuesforAOSrepresentmaximumaverage
roll values.
4. Sampling, Testing, and Acceptance
4.1 Silt fence shall be subject to sampling and testing to verify conformance with this specification. Sampling for testing shall
be in accordance with Practice D 4354. Acceptance shall be based on testing of either conformance samples obtained using
ProcedureAof Practice D 4354, or based on manufacturer’s certifications and testing of quality assurance samples obtained using
Procedure B of Practice D 4354.Alot size for conformance or quality assurance sampling shall be considered to be the shipment
quantity of the given product or a truckload of the given product, whichever is smaller.
4.2 Testing shall be performed in accordance with the test methods referenced in this specification for the indicated application.
The number of specimens to test per sample is specified by each test method. Geotextile product acceptance shall be based on
Practice D 4759. Product acceptance is determined by comparing the average test results of all specimens within a given sample
to the specification MARV. Refer to Practice D 4759 for more details regarding geotextile acceptance procedures.
5. Certification
5.1 The contra
...

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5.1 The determination of the tensile force-elongation values of geogrids provides index property values. This test method shall be used for quality control and acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geogrids.  
5.2 In cases of dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.3 All geogrids can be tested by any of these methods. Some modification of techniques may be necessary for a given geogrid depending upon its physical makeup. Special adaptations may be necessary with strong geogrids, multiple layered geogrids, or geogrids that tend to slip in the clamps or those which tend to be damaged by the clamps.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile strength properties of geogrids by subjecting strips of varying width to tensile loading.  
1.2 Three alternative procedures are provided to determine the tensile strength, as follows:  
1.2.1 Method A—Testing a single geogrid rib in tension (N or lbf).  
1.2.2 Method B—Testing multiple geogrid ribs in tension (kN/m or lbf/ft).  
1.2.3 Method C—Testing multiple layers of multiple geogrid ribs in tension (kN/m or lbf/ft).  
1.3 This test method is intended for quality control and conformance testing of geogrids.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7747/D7747M-11(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seams Produced Using Thermo-Fusion Methods for Reinforced Geomembranes by the Strip Tensile Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The use of reinforced geomembranes as barrier materials has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the quality of seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. This test method is used for quality control purposes and is intended to provide quality control and quality assurance personnel with data to evaluate seam quality.  
4.2 This standard arose from the need for a destructive test method for evaluating seams of reinforced geomembranes. Standards written for destructive testing of nonreinforced geomembranes do not include all break codes (Fig. 1) applicable to reinforced geomembranes.
FIG. 1 Break Codes for Dual Hot Wedge and Hot Air Seams of Reinforced Geomembranes Tested for Seam Strength in Shear and Peel Modes  
4.3 When reinforcement occurs in directions other than machine and cross-machine, scrim are cut at specimen edges, generally lowering results. To partially compensate for this, testing can be performed according to Test Method D7749 or the 2 in. wide strip specimen specified in this method can be utilized. Testing of 1 in. and 2 in. specimens is Method A and Method B, respectively.  
4.4 The shear test outlined in this method correlates to strength of parent material measured according to Test Method D7003/D7003M only if reinforcement is parallel to TD. For other materials, seam strength and parent material strength can be compared through Test Methods D7749 and D7004/D7004M. Values obtained with the strip methods shall not be compared to values obtained with grab methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes destructive quality control tests used to determine the integrity of thermo-fusion seams made with reinforced geomembranes. Test procedures are described for seam tests for peel and shear properties using strip specimens.  
1.2 The types of thermal field and factory seaming techniques used to construct geomembrane seams include the following:  
1.2.1 Hot Air—This technique introduces high-temperature air between two geomembrane surfaces to facilitate melting. Pressure is applied to the top or bottom geomembrane, forcing together the two surfaces to form a continuous bond.  
1.2.2 Hot Wedge—This technique melts the two geomembrane surfaces to be seamed by running a hot metal wedge between them. Pressure is applied to the top and bottom geomembrane to form a continuous bond. Some seams of this kind are made with dual tracks separated by a non-bonded gap. These seams are sometimes referred to as dual hot wedge seams or double-track seams.  
1.2.3 Extrusion—This technique encompasses extruding molten resin between two geomembranes or at the edge of two overlapped geomembranes to effect a continuous bond.  
1.2.4 Radio Frequency (RF) or Dielectric—High-frequency dielectric equipment is used to generate heat and pressure to form an overlap seam in factory fabrication.  
1.2.5 Impulse—Clamping bars heated by wires or a ribbon melt the sheets clamped between them. A cooling period while still clamped allows the polymer to solidify before being released.  
1.3 The types of materials covered by this test method include, but are not limited to, reinforced geomembranes made from the following polymers:  
1.3.1 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE).  
1.3.2 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).  
1.3.3 Flexible polypropylene (fPP).  
1.3.4 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).  
1.3.5 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE).  
1.3.6 Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA).  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish ap...

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ASTM D5820-95(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation of Dual-Seamed Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The increased use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict liquid or gas movement, and the common use of dual-track seams in joining these sheets, has created a need for a standard nondestructive test by which the quality of the seams can be assessed for continuity and watertightness. The test is not intended to provide any indication of the physical strength of the seam.  
5.2 This practice recommends an air pressure test within the channel created between dual-seamed tracks whereby the presence of unbonded sections or channels, voids, nonhomogenities, discontinuities, foreign objects, and the like, in the seamed region can be identified.  
5.3 This technique is intended for use on seams between geomembrane sheets formulated from the appropriate polymers and compounding ingredients to form a plastic or elastomer sheet material that meets all specified requirements for the end use of the product.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a nondestructive evaluation of the continuity of parallel geomembrane seams separated by an unwelded air channel. The unwelded air channel between the two distinct seamed regions is sealed and inflated with air to a predetermined pressure. Long lengths of seam can be evaluated by this practice more quickly than by other common nondestructive tests.  
1.2 This practice should not be used as a substitute for destructive testing. Used in conjunction with destructive testing, this method can provide additional information regarding the seams undergoing testing.  
1.3 This practice supercedes Practice D4437/D4437M for geomembrane seams that include an air channel. Practice D4437/D4437M may continue to be used for other types of seams. The user is referred to the referenced standards or to EPA/530/SW-91/051 for additional information regarding geomembrane seaming techniques and construction quality assurance.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D5101-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compatibility of Soil-Geotextile Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is recommended for the evaluation of the performance of water-saturated soil-geotextile systems under unidirectional flow conditions. The results obtained may be used as an indication of the compatibility of the soil-geotextile system with respect to both particle retention and flow capacity.  
5.2 This test method is intended to evaluate the performance of specific on-site soils and geotextiles at the design stage of a project, or to provide qualitative data that may help identify causes of failure (for example, clogging, particle loss). It is not appropriate for acceptance testing of geotextiles. It is also improper to utilize the results from this test for job specifications or manufacturers' certifications.  
5.3 This test method is intended for site-specific investigation therefore is not an index property of the geotextile, and thus is not intended to be requested of the manufacturer or supplier of the geotextile.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers performance tests applicable for determining the compatibility of geotextiles with various types of water-saturated soils under unidirectional flow conditions.  
1.2 Two evaluation methods may be used to investigate soil-geotextile filtration behavior, depending on the soil type:  
1.2.1 For soils with a plasticity index lower than 5, the systems compatibility shall be evaluated per this standard.  
1.2.2 For soils with a plasticity index of 5 or more, it is recommended to use Test Method D5567 (‘HCR,’ Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio) instead of this test method.  
1.2.3 If the plasticity index of the soil is close to 5, the involved parties shall agree on the selection of the appropriate method prior to conducting the test. This task may require comparison of the permeability of the soil-geotextile system to the detection limits of the HCR and Gradient Ratio Test (GRT) test apparatus being used.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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