ASTM E745-80(2009)

Standard Practices for Simulated Service Testing for Corrosion of Metallic Containment Materials for Use With Heat-Transfer Fluids in Solar Heating and Cooling Systems (Withdrawn 2018)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
At this time none of these practices have been demonstrated to correlate with field service.
Because these procedures do not restrict the selection of either the containment material or the fluid for testing, it is essential that consideration be given to the appropriate pairing of metal and fluid. Likewise, knowledge of the corrosion protection mechanism and the probable mode of failure of a particular metal is helpful in the selection of test conditions and the observation, interpretation, and reporting of test results.  
It is important that consideration be given to each of the permitted variables in test procedure so that the results will be meaningfully related to field performance. It is especially important that the time of testing selected be adequate to correctly measure the rate of corrosion of the containment material.
Note 1—Corrosion, whether general or localized, is a time-dependent phenomenon. This time dependence can show substantial nonlinearity. For example, formation of a protective oxide will diminish corrosion with time, while certain forms of localized attack accelerate corrosion with time. The minimum time required for a test to provide a corrosion rate that can be extrapolated for the prediction of long-term performance varies widely, depending on the selection of metal and fluid, and on the form of corrosion attack. Therefore, it is not possible to establish a single minimum length of test applicable to all materials and conditions. However, it is recommended that for the tests described in these practices, a test period of no less than 6 months be used. Furthermore, it is recommended that the effect of time of testing be evaluated to detect any significant time dependence of corrosion attack.
It is essential for the meaningful application of these procedures that the length of test be adequate to detect changes in the nature of the fluid that might significantly alter the corrosivity of the fluid. For example, exhaustion of chemica...
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover test procedures simulating field service for evaluating the performance under corrosive conditions of metallic containment materials in solar heating and cooling systems. All test results relate to the performance of the metallic containment material only as a part of a metal/fluid pair. Performance in these test procedures, taken by itself, does not necessarily constitute an adequate basis for acceptance or rejection of a particular metal/fluid pair in solar heating and cooling systems, either in general or in a particular design.
1.2 These practices describe test procedures used to evaluate the resistance to deterioration of metallic containment materials in the several conditions that may occur in operation of solar heating and cooling systems. These conditions include: (1) operating full flow; (2) stagnant empty vented; (3) stagnant, closed to atmosphere, non-draindown; and (4) stagnant, closed to atmosphere, draindown.
1.3 The recommended practices cover the following three tests:
1.3.1 Practice A—Laboratory Exposure Test for Coupon Specimens.
1.3.2 Practice B—Laboratory Exposure Test of Components or Subcomponents.
1.3.3 Practice C—Field Exposure Test of Components or Subcomponents.
1.4 Practice A provides a laboratory simulation of various operating conditions of solar heating and cooling systems. It utilizes coupon test specimens and does not provide for heating of the fluid by the containment material. Practice B provides a laboratory simulation of various operating conditions of a solar heating and cooling system utilizing a component or a simulated subcomponent construction, and does provide for heating of the fluid by the containment material. Practice C provides a field simulation of various operating conditions of solar heating and cooling systems utilizing a component or a simulated subcomponent construction. It utilizes controlled schedules of operation in a field tes...

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2009
• Withdrawal Date: 11-Jul-2018
• ICS: 77.060 - Corrosion of metals
• Technical Committee: E44 - Solar, Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E745-80(2003) - Standard Practices for Simulated Service Testing for Corrosion of Metallic Containment Materials for Use With Heat-Transfer Fluids in Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2009

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E745 − 80 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Practices for
Simulated Service Testing for Corrosion of Metallic
Containment Materials for Use With Heat-Transfer Fluids in
Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E745; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope fieldsimulationofvariousoperatingconditionsofsolarheating
and cooling systems utilizing a component or a simulated
1.1 These practices cover test procedures simulating field
subcomponent construction. It utilizes controlled schedules of
service for evaluating the performance under corrosive condi-
operation in a field test.
tions of metallic containment materials in solar heating and
coolingsystems.Alltestresultsrelatetotheperformanceofthe 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
metallic containment material only as a part of a metal/fluid as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
pair.Performanceinthesetestprocedures,takenbyitself,does conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
not necessarily constitute an adequate basis for acceptance or and are not considered standard.
rejection of a particular metal/fluid pair in solar heating and
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
cooling systems, either in general or in a particular design.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.2 These practices describe test procedures used to evalu-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ate the resistance to deterioration of metallic containment
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.Foraspecificsafety
materials in the several conditions that may occur in operation
precaution statement see Section 6.
ofsolarheatingandcoolingsystems.Theseconditionsinclude:
(1)operatingfullflow;(2)stagnantemptyvented;(3)stagnant,
2. Referenced Documents
closed to atmosphere, non-draindown; and (4) stagnant, closed
to atmosphere, draindown. 2.1 ASTM Standards:
E712PracticeforLaboratoryScreeningofMetallicContain-
1.3 The recommended practices cover the following three
ment Materials for UseWith Liquids in Solar Heating and
tests:
Cooling Systems
1.3.1 Practice A—Laboratory Exposure Test for Coupon
Specimens.
3. Terminology
1.3.2 Practice B—LaboratoryExposureTestofComponents
3.1 Definitions:
or Subcomponents.
3.1.1 collector, n—a device designed to absorb incident
1.3.3 Practice C—Field Exposure Test of Components or
solar radiation and transfer the energy to a heat-transfer fluid.
Subcomponents.
Acollector has an absorber surface, a containment membrane,
1.4 Practice A provides a laboratory simulation of various
and may or may not have insulation and glazing.
operating conditions of solar heating and cooling systems. It
3.1.2 component, n—an individually distinguishable prod-
utilizescoupontestspecimensanddoesnotprovideforheating
uct that forms part of a more complex product, that is, a
of the fluid by the containment material. Practice B provides a
subsystem or system. The panel and collector are each com-
laboratorysimulationofvariousoperatingconditionsofasolar
ponents.
heating and cooling system utilizing a component or a simu-
3.1.3 panel, n—the absorber surface and containment mem-
lated subcomponent construction, and does provide for heating
of the fluid by the containment material. Practice C provides a brane within the collector.
3.1.4 simulated subcomponent, n—a specimen fabricated in
such a manner as to embody the major characteristics of a
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar,
GeothermalandOtherAlternativeEnergySourcesandisthedirectresponsibilityof
Subcommittee E44.05 on Solar Heating and Cooling Systems and Materials. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Origianlly contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E745–80(2003). DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E0745-80R09. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E745 − 80 (2009)
component with regard to material selection, design, forming, 6. Safety Precautions
joining, and surface condition.
6.1 Particular attention must be directed to avoidance of
materials, fluids, or metal/fluid pairs that can be hazardous to
4. Significance and Use
the operator. The flammability, vapor pressure, and toxicity of
4.1 At this time none of these practices have been demon-
the heat transfer fluid shall be known prior to initiation of
strated to correlate with field service.
testing and appropriate precautionary measures shall be taken
to ensure the safety of all test personnel.
4.2 Because these procedures do not restrict the selection of
either the containment material or the fluid for testing, it is
7. Calculations and Interpretation of Results
essential that consideration be given to the appropriate pairing
7.1 Determine the deterioration of the containment material
of metal and fluid. Likewise, knowledge of the corrosion
by measurement of weight loss when possible, by measure-
protection mechanism and the probable mode of failure of a
ment of metal thinning, and by examination at 10× magnifi-
particularmetalishelpfulintheselectionoftestconditionsand
cation for incidence of localized attack.
the observation, interpretation, and reporting of test results.
7.1.1 Whatever cleaning method is used, the possibility of
4.3 It is important that consideration be given to each of the
removal of solid metal is present; this results in error in the
permitted variables in test procedure so that the results will be
determination of the corrosion rate. One or more cleaned and
meaningfully related to field performance. It is especially
examined specimens should be recleaned by the same method
important that the time of testing selected be adequate to
and reexamined. Loss due to this second cleaning may be used
correctly measure the rate of corrosion of the containment
as a correction to the first one.
material.
7.1.2 Todeterminethecorrosionratesbasedonweightloss,
calculate the total surface area (making allowance for the
NOTE 1—Corrosion, whether general or localized, is a time-dependent
phenomenon.Thistimedependencecanshowsubstantialnonlinearity.For
change in surface area due to mounting holes) and divide the
example, formation of a protective oxide will diminish corrosion with
weight loss by the area to obtain the weight loss per unit area.
time, while certain forms of localized attack accelerate corrosion with
This result may be divided by the duration of the test to obtain
time.Theminimumtimerequiredforatesttoprovideacorrosionratethat
the corrosion rate in weight loss per unit area per unit time
can be extrapolated for the prediction of long-term performance varies
widely, depending on the selection of metal and fluid, and on the form of (suchasmg/dm ·day=mdd).Thisresultmaybedividedbythe
corrosion attack. Therefore, it is not possible to establish a single
densityofthemetaltoobtainarateoflossintermsofthickness
minimum length of test applicable to all materials and conditions.
of the specimen (mils per year=mpy), for instance:
However,itisrecommendedthatforthetestsdescribedinthesepractices,
a test period of no less than 6 months be used. Furthermore, it is R 5 100 000 ~W 2 W !/AT) (1)
mdd o t
recommended that the effect of time of testing be evaluated to detect any
significant time dependence of corrosion attack. where:
R = the corrosion rate, mdd,
4.4 It is essential for the meaningful application of these
mdd
W = original weight, g,
proceduresthatthelengthoftestbeadequatetodetectchanges o
W = final weight, g,
t
in the nature of the fluid that might significantly alter the
A = area, cm , and
corrosivity of the fluid. For example, exhaustion of chemical
T = duration, days.
inhibitor or chemical breakdown of the fluid may occur after
or
periods of months in selected cycles of operation.
R 5 393.7 W 2 W /ATD (2)
~ !
mpy o t
NOTE 2—Many fluids that may be considered for solar applications
contain additives to minimize the corrosivity of the fluid. Many such
where:
additives are useful only within a specific concentration range, and some
additives may actually accelerate corrosion if the concentration falls R = corrosion rate, mpy,
mpy
below a critical level. Depletion kinetics can be a strong function of the
W = original weight, g,
o
exposed metal surface area.Therefore, for tests involving fluids with such
W = final weight, g,
t
additives, consideration must be given to the ratio of metal surface area to
A = area, cm ,
fluid volume as it may relate to an operating system.
T = duration, years, and
D = density, g/cm .
5. Materials
7.1.3 Identify any incidence of localized corrosion, whether
5.1 Any metallic material may be selected for evaluation.
pitting, crevice attack, intergranular attack, cracking, or any
Thematerialmustbecapableofbeingdescribedwithsufficient
other form of localized attack, rate under at least 10×
accuracy to permit reproduction of the test.
magnification,andreport.Reportthelocation,distribution,and
5.2 Any heat-transfer fluid may be selected for evaluation.
maximum depth of attack for any localized attack.
However, it is expected that the fluid will be selected with
7.2 Report any changes of the heat-transfer fluid, for
consideration given to possible interactions of material and
example, appearance or odor, and include the results. Describe
fluid under the conditions of testing. The fluid should be
any changes in the appearance or condition of the test
capable of being described chemically, as to its basic compo-
apparatus indicative of interaction with the metal specimen or
nents and as to the presence or absence of minor components
fluid.
that affect the interaction with the metal. It is permitted to
precondition the fluid before testing.Any such preconditioning 7.3 In the event of film formation and buildup, report the
treatment shall be described in the report. nature of the film and its degree of buildup.
E745 − 80 (2009)
7.4 For the evaluation of a containment material couple, an various heat-transfer fluids. By proper selection of test
effort should be made to utilize the same procedures as for a conditions, a wide range of operating conditions may be
single material test. However, because of the variability per- evaluated. However, the test procedure does not provide for a
mitted in the design of the specimen for the couple, it may not condition wherein heat is transferred from the containment
beappropriatetoreportweightlossorpenetration.Foralltests material into the fluid.
of metal couple/fluid performance, special attention should be
10. Test Specimens and Sample
given to observation and reporting of localized corrosion and
evidence of galvanic attack.
10.1 Select the test specimens from material that may
reasonably represent that material as it would be applied in a
8. Report
solar heating and cooling system.
8.1 Identify the containment material using a recognized
10.2 Forlaboratorycorrosionteststhatsimulateexposureto
standard test method, where applicable, or by chemical analy-
service environments, a commercial surface such as a mill
sis. In case of identification by a standard method, supplemen-
finish, closely resembling the one that would be used in
tal identification by typical analysis for that standard, or by
service, will yield the most significant results. For more
chemical analysis of the specimen is desirable.
searchingtestsofeitherthemetalortheenvironment,standard
surface finishes may be preferred. Ideally, the surface finish
8.2 Report the dimensions and configuration of the speci-
should be recorded in surface roughness terms, such as rms·in.
men. In the case of a metal couple, the report shall include at
least the following elements: (1) description of the individual
10.3 General Cleaning:
components of the couple; (2) description of the method of
10.3.1 General cleaning may be accomplished with a wide
attachment or association of the couple including any third
variety of cleaning media. Water-based cleaners should be
material introduced as a binder or for other function and the
followed by an alcohol dip after thorough rinsing. Solvent
procedures or connection, for example, surface preparation,
cleaners such as petroleum fractions, aromatic hydrocarbons,
conditions of attachment, and cleaning; (3) any change of the
and chlorinated hydrocarbons are generally acceptable. Chlo-
containment materials resulting from the coupling procedure;
rinated solvents, however, should not be used on titanium,
and (4) description of the relative areas of exposure of the
staininless steel, or aluminum. Mechanical cleaning of very
components of the couple to the heat-transfer medium.
smooth surfaces may be accomplished by using a pase of
magnesium oxide or aluminum oxide.
8.3 The heat-transfer fluid shall be identified by standard
10.3.2 Any of the methods suitable for cleaning a given
methods where applicable, by initial chemical analysis, or by
corroded specimen may be used to complete the cleaning of
proprietary designation. Use of trademarks, or names of
specimens prior to test, provided that they do not cause
patented or proprietary products, without accompanying
localized attack. The cleaned specimens should be measured
chemical description is discouraged but not prohibited. For
and weighted. Dimensions determined to the third significant
aqueous transfer fluids, the analysis of the water used shall be
figure and weight determined to the fifth significant figure are
reported.
usually satisfactory.
8.4 Identify the procedure used. Specify the test conditions
10.4 Metallurgical Condition—Specimen preparation may
used, including specimen preparation, time and temperature
change the metallurgical condition of the metal. For example,
schedule, degree of atmospheric exposure of the heat transfer
shearing a specimen to size will cold work and possibly
fluid, stirring, and flow rate, where applicable. Describe the
fracture the edges. The specimen may be tested in this
method of temperature measurement and control, with com-
condition if it is believed that such condition may be encoun-
ment on its accuracy and precision. Report any deviat
...