ASTM E2716-23

Standard Test Method for Determining Specific Heat Capacity by Modulated Temperature Differential Scanning Calorimetry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetric measurements provide a rapid, simple method for determining specific heat capacities of materials, even under quasi-isothermal conditions.  
5.2 Specific heat capacities are important for design purposes, quality control, and research and development.  
5.3 The use of a stepped quasi-isothermal program may be used to follow structure changes in materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of specific heat capacity by modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry. For the determination of specific heat capacity by a step-isothermal or multiple step-isothermal temperature program, the reader is referred to Test Method E1269.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to thermally stable solids and liquids.  
1.3 The normal operating range of the test is from (–100 to 600) °C. The temperature range may be extended depending upon the instrumentation and specimen holders used.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-2022
• ICS: 17.200.10 - Heat. Calorimetry
• Technical Committee: E37 - Thermal Measurements
• Drafting Committee: E37.01 - Calorimetry and Mass Loss

Relations

• Refers: ASTM E473-23b - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2023
• Refers: ASTM E1142-23b - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2023
• Refers: ASTM E1269-11(2018) - Standard Test Method for Determining Specific Heat Capacity by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2018
• Refers: ASTM E3142-18 - Standard Test Method for Thermal Lag of Thermal Analysis Apparatus
• Effective Date: 15-Jan-2018
• Refers: ASTM E1142-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
• Effective Date: 01-May-2015
• Refers: ASTM E1142-14b - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
• Effective Date: 15-Aug-2014
• Refers: ASTM E473-14 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology
• Effective Date: 15-Aug-2014
• Refers: ASTM E1142-14a - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2014
• Refers: ASTM E1142-14 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-2014
• Refers: ASTM E1142-12 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2012
• Refers: ASTM E1142-11b - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2011
• Refers: ASTM E1142-11a - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2011
• Refers: ASTM E473-11a - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2011
• Refers: ASTM E1269-11 - Standard Test Method for Determining Specific Heat Capacity by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2011
• Refers: ASTM E1142-11 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2011

Overview

ASTM E2716-23 is a widely recognized international standard that specifies the test method for determining specific heat capacity using modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC). Developed by ASTM International, this standard provides a comprehensive approach for rapid and accurate measurement of specific heat capacity in thermally stable solids and liquids across a broad temperature range. The MTDSC method is particularly valuable for quality control, research and development, and materials design, giving insight into the thermal properties essential for various scientific and industrial applications.

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Key Topics

• Specific Heat Capacity Measurement
  The standard describes procedures for quantifying the specific heat capacity (Cp) of materials with high precision using MTDSC.

• Modulated Temperature Differential Scanning Calorimetry
  This technique uses a sinusoidal modulation of temperature, enhancing the ability to analyze heat capacity even under quasi-isothermal conditions.

• Applicable Materials
  The test method is suitable for thermally stable solids and liquids within the typical temperature range of –100°C to 600°C, with extensions possible depending on equipment used.

• Calibration and Accuracy
  Accurate results depend on proper calibration of both temperature and heat flow signals, as well as the use of certified reference materials such as synthetic sapphire.

• Quality Assurance
  The method requires thorough sample preparation and calibration to avoid invalid measurements, especially in the presence of mass loss or chemical changes during heating.

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Applications

The ASTM E2716-23 method is employed in a variety of industries and research settings that require reliable, precise measurement of specific heat capacities:

• Materials Design and Engineering
  Enables engineers to understand and optimize thermal management in components through accurate Cp data.

• Quality Control in Manufacturing
  Assures product consistency by monitoring thermal properties during batch-to-batch production.

• Polymers and Composites Research
  Essential for evaluating thermal transitions and decomposition in new and existing materials.

• Structure Change Monitoring
  The option to use stepped quasi-isothermal programs facilitates the observation of structure changes in materials under controlled conditions.

• Thermal Analysis Laboratories
  Supports R&D and academic studies focused on fundamental thermal characterization of substances.

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Related Standards

Several related ASTM standards provide further reference and context for implementing ASTM E2716-23:

• ASTM E1269
  Test Method for Determining Specific Heat Capacity by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

• ASTM E967
  Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Differential Scanning Calorimeters and Differential Thermal Analyzers

• ASTM E968
  Practice for Heat Flow Calibration of Differential Scanning Calorimeters

• ASTM E3142
  Test Method for Thermal Lag of Thermal Analysis Apparatus

• ASTM E473
  Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology

• ASTM E1142
  Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties

Referencing these standards ensures compliance and technical consistency in thermal analysis laboratories and production environments.

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By utilizing ASTM E2716-23, organizations can establish reliable, repeatable procedures to measure specific heat capacity, supporting innovation, safety, and quality across industries that depend on robust thermal analysis. This standard is integral for laboratories and manufacturers needing precise thermal property data for effective product development and verification.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2716 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Determining Specific Heat Capacity by Modulated
Temperature Differential Scanning Calorimetry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2716; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope tial Scanning Calorimeters and Differential Thermal Ana-
lyzers
1.1 This test method describes the determination of specific
E968 Practice for Heat Flow Calibration of Differential
heat capacity by modulated temperature differential scanning
Scanning Calorimeters (Withdrawn 2023)
calorimetry. For the determination of specific heat capacity by
E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
a step-isothermal or multiple step-isothermal temperature
E1269 Test Method for Determining Specific Heat Capacity
program, the reader is referred to Test Method E1269.
by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to thermally
E3142 Test Method for Thermal Lag of Thermal Analysis
stable solids and liquids.
Apparatus
1.3 The normal operating range of the test is from (–100 to
3. Terminology
600) °C. The temperature range may be extended depending
upon the instrumentation and specimen holders used.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Specific technical terms found in this test method are
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
defined in Terminologies E473 and E1142 including modulated
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
temperature, isothermal, differential scanning calorimetry,
standard.
frequency, heat capacity, and specific heat capacity.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.1 modulated temperature differential scanning calorim-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
etry (MTDSC), n—a version of differential scanning calorim-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
etry that provides a sinusoidally varying temperature program
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
to the test specimen in addition to the traditional temperature
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
ramp program.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.2.2 quasi-isothermal modulated temperature differential
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
scanning calorimetry, n—a variation of modulated temperature
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
differential scanning calorimetry in which a sinusoidally vary-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ing temperature program is applied to a test specimen around
an underlying isothermal temperature.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Summary of Test Method
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe-
4.1 In thermal analysis, a physical property of a material is
ology
measured either as a function of time at a specified constant
E967 Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Differen-
temperature, or more frequently, as a function of temperature
under conditions of a fixed rate of temperature change. The
measured property is the dependent variable, and the measured
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E37 on Thermal
temperature is the independent variable.
Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.01 on Calo-
4.2 The specific heat capacity of a test specimen may be
rimetry and Mass Loss.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2023. Published February 2023. Originally
determined using the modulated temperature approach in
approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E2716 – 09(2014).
which an oscillatory or periodically repeating temperature
DOI: 10.1520/E2716-23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2716 − 23
program is imposed upon a test specimen producing an temperature calibrated regularly. At a minimum, annual cali-
oscillatory (periodic) heat flow into or out of the specimen. bration is recommended for all instrument signals.
4.2.1 Test Method A consists of heating the test specimen in
6.3 Since milligram quantities of specimen are used, it is
a controlled atmosphere through the temperature region of
essential that specimens are homogeneous and representative.
interest, using temperature modulation conditions that are
appropriate for the measurement. 6.4 The occurrence of chemical changes, or mass loss or
gain, during the measurement may invalidate the test.
4.2.2 Test Method B consists of equilibrating and holding
the test specimen at an isothermal temperature in a controlled Therefore, the temperature range and specimen holder should
be chosen to avoid these processes.
atmosphere and then applying appropriate temperature modu-
lation conditions for the measurement. This procedure can be
repeated using as many isothermal temperature holds as 7. Apparatus
desired.
7.1 Modulated Temperature Differential Scanning
4.3 The accuracy of the measured heat capacity depends
Calorimeter—Multiple generations of MTDSCs from numer-
upon the experimental conditions. For example, when a thin
ous commercial suppliers, as well as in-house custom
test specimen encapsulated in a specimen pan of high thermal
apparatus, utilizing a variety of sensor configurations may be
conductivity is treated with temperature oscillations of long
available to the user. While all such apparatus capabilities may
period (low frequency), the test specimen achieves a uniform
not be equivalent, for purposes of this test method, any
temperature distribution and the resultant heat capacity infor-
MTDSC that meets the following criteria should be able to
mation will be comparable with those of other non-oscillatory
generate acceptable results.
test methods.
7.1.1 A Modulated Temperature Differential Scanning Calo-
rimeter (MTDSC) test chamber composed of (1) a furnace to
5. Significance and Use
provide uniform controlled heating/cooling of a specimen and
reference to a constant temperature or at a constant rate within
5.1 Modulated temperature differential scanning calorimet-
the applicable range (–100 to 600) °C; (2) a temperature
ric measurements provide a rapid, simple method for determin-
sensor (or other signal source) to provide an indication of the
ing specific heat capacities of materials, even under quasi-
specimen temperature readable to 0.01 °C; (3) a differential
isothermal conditions.
sensor to detect a heat flow difference between the specimen
5.2 Specific heat capacities are important for design
and reference equivalent to 0.1 mW; and (4) a means of
purposes, quality control, and research and development.
sustaining an environment of an inert purge gas at a rate of (50
5.3 The use of a stepped quasi-isothermal program may be
6 10) mL/min. (See 7.1.6 for more information on purge
used to follow structure changes in materials.
gases.)
7.1.2 A temperature controller capable of executing a
6. Interferences
specific temperature program by (1) operating the furnace
between selected temperature limits at a rate of temperature
6.1 This test method involves the continuous monitoring of
change of (1 to 10) °C ⁄min, (2) holding at an isothermal
the specimen temperature within the test chamber’s enclosed
temperature to within 60.1 °C, and (3) sinusoidally varying
environment of a flowing, static, or self-generated gaseous
the temperature with an amplitude of up to 1.5 °C and a period
atmosphere (or vacuum) during execution of the stipulated
of up to 100 s (frequency down to 10 mHz) superimposed upon
procedure. In MTDSC apparatus, the sensor employed to
the underlying rate.
measure the specimen temperature is not in direct contact with
the specimen but is in fixed close thermal contact assumed to 7.1.3 A calculating device capable of transforming the
be representative of the specimen, such that the measured experimentally determined modulated temperature and modu-
temperature is that of the sensor itself and the actual specimen
lated specimen heat flow signals into the required continuous
temperature will lag behind this measured temperature during
output form of specific heat capacity (preferably in units of
heating or cooling (see Test Method E3142). The magnitude of
J/(g·°C)) and average test temperature to the required accuracy
this temperature offset depends upon a number of systematic
and precision.
and random factors including, but not limited to, type and size
7.1.4 A data collection device to provide a means of
of sensor, rate of temperature change, size and thermal con-
acquiring, storing, and displaying measured or calculated
ductance of the specimen, specimen container, and thermal
signals, or both. The minimum output signals required for
contact between the specimen and the specimen container
MTDSC are amplitude of modulated heat flow, temperature,
during the measurement. To obtain the correct specimen
amplitude of modulated temperature, and time.
temperature, the MTDSC apparatus must be temperature cali-
7.1.5 A coolant system to provide oscillatory heating and
brated at equivalent experimental conditions so that the re-
cooling rates of at least 5 °C ⁄min.
corded temperature correctly indicates the specimen tempera-
7.1.6 Inert nitrogen, or other low conductivity purge gas
ture.
flowing at a rate of 50 mL/min.
6.2 Temperature sensors are subject to degraded perfor-
NOTE 1—Helium, a commonly used purge gas, is unacceptable for this
mance with age and exposure to the MTDSC test chamber
purpose, due to its very high thermal conductivity which results in
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2716 − 09 (Reapproved 2014) E2716 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Determining Specific Heat Capacity by Sinusoidal
Modulated Temperature Differential Scanning Calorimetry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2716; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes the determination of specific heat capacity by sinusoidal modulated temperature differential
scanning calorimetry. For the determination of specific heat capacity by a step-isothermal or multiple step-isothermal temperature
program, the reader is referred to Test Method E1269.
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to thermally stable solids and liquids.
1.3 The normal operating range of the test is from –100 to 600°C.(–100 to 600) °C. The temperature range may be extended
depending upon the instrumentation and specimen holders used.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of
the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology
E967 Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Differential Scanning Calorimeters and Differential Thermal Analyzers
E968 Practice for Heat Flow Calibration of Differential Scanning Calorimeters
E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
E1269 Test Method for Determining Specific Heat Capacity by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
E3142 Test Method for Thermal Lag of Thermal Analysis Apparatus
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E37 on Thermal Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.01 on Calorimetry
and Mass Loss.
Current edition approved March 15, 2014Jan. 1, 2023. Published April 2014February 2023. Originally approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 20092014 as
E2716 – 09. DOI: 10.1520/E2716-09R14.09(2014). DOI: 10.1520/E2716-23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2716 − 23
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions: Specific technical terms found in this test method are defined in Terminologies E473 and E1142
including modulated temperature, isothermal, differential scanning calorimetry, frequency, heat capacity and specific heat capacity.
3.1.1 Specific technical terms found in this test method are defined in Terminologies E473 and E1142 including modulated
temperature,isothermal,differential scanning calorimetry,frequency,heat capacity, and specific heat capacity.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC), n—a version of differential scanning calorimetry that
provides a sinusoidally varying temperature program to the test specimen in addition to the traditional temperature ramp program.
3.2.2 quasi-isothermal modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry, n—a variation of modulated temperature
differential scanning calorimetry in which a sinusoidally varying temperature program is applied to a test specimen around an
underlying isothermal temperaturetemperature.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 In thermal analysis, a physical property of a material is measured either as a function of time at a specified constant
temperature, or more frequently, as a function of temperature under conditions of a fixed rate of temperature change. The measured
property is the dependent variable, and the measured temperature is the independent variable.
4.2 The specific heat capacity of a test specimen may be determined using the modulated temperature approach in which an
oscillatory or periodically repeating temperature program is imposed upon a test specimen producing an oscillatory (periodic) heat
flow into or out of the specimen.
4.2.1 Test Method A consists of heating the test specimen in a controlled atmosphere through the temperature region of interest,
using temperature modulation conditions that are appropriate for the measurement.
4.2.2 Test Method B consists of equilibrating and holding the test specimen at an isothermal temperature in a controlled
atmosphere and then applying appropriate temperature modulation conditions for the measurement. This procedure can be repeated
using as many isothermal temperature holds as are desired.
4.3 The accuracy of the measured heat capacity thus obtained depends upon the experimental conditions. For example, when a
thin test specimen encapsulated in a specimen pan of high thermal conductivity is treated with temperature oscillations of long
period (low frequency), the test specimen achieves a uniform temperature distribution and the resultant heat capacity information
will be comparable with those of other non-oscillatory test methods.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetric measurements provide a rapid, simple method for determining
specific heat capacities of materials, even under quasi-isothermal conditions.
5.2 Specific heat capacities are important for design purposes, quality control, and research and development.
5.3 The use of a stepped quasi-isothermal program may be used to follow structure changes in materials.
6. Interferences
6.1 This test method involves the continuous monitoring of the specimen temperature within the test chamber’s enclosed
environment of a flowing, static, or self-generated gaseous atmosphere (or vacuum) during execution of the stipulated procedure.
In MTDSC apparatus, the sensor employed to measure the specimen temperature is not in direct contact with the specimen but
is in fixed close thermal contact assumed to be representative of the specimen, such that the measured temperature is that of the
sensor itself and the actual specimen temperature will lag behind this measured temperature during heating or cooling (see Test
Method E3142). The magnitude of this temperature offset depends upon a number of systematic and random factors including, but
not limited to, type and size of sensor, rate of temperature change, size and thermal conductance of the specimen, specimen
E2716 − 23
container, and thermal contact between the specimen and the specimen container during the measurement. To obtain the correct
specimen temperature, the MTDSC apparatus must be temperature calibrated at equivalent experimental conditions so that the
recorded temperature correctly indicates the specimen temperature.
6.2 Temperature sensors are subject to degraded performance with age and exposure to the MTDSC test chamber atmosphere.
Therefore, it is imperative that the apparatus is temperature calibrated regularly. At a minimum, annual calibration is recommended
for all instrument signals.
6.3 Since milligram quantities of specimen are used, it is essential that specimens are homogeneous and representative.
6.4 The occurrence of chemical changes, or mass loss or gain, on heating during the measurement may invalidate the test.
Therefore, the temperature range and specimen holder should be chosen so as to avoid these processes.
7. Apparatus
7.1 Modulated Temperature Differential Scanning Calorimeter—The essential instrumentation required to provide the minimum
modulated differential scanning calorimetric capability for this method includes:Multiple generations of MTDSCs from numerous
commercial suppliers, as well as in-house custom apparatus, utilizing a variety of sensor configurations may be available to the
user. While all such apparatus capabilities may not be equivalent, for purposes of this test method, any MTDSC that meets the
following criteria should be able to generate acceptable results.
7.1.1 A Modulated Temperature Differential Scanning Calorimeter (MTDSC) Test Chamber, test chamber composed of (1) a
furnace to provide uniform controlled heating/cooling of a specimen and reference to a constant temperature or at a constant rate
within the applicable range –100 to 600°C(–100 to 600) °C; (2) a temperature sensor (or other signal source) to provide an
indication of the specimen temperature readable to 0.01°C;0.01 °C; (3) a differential sensor to detect a heat flow difference between
the specimen and reference equivalent to 1.0 W; 0.1 mW; and (4) a means of sustaining an environment of an inert purge gas at
a rate of 50 6 10(50 6 10) mL/min. (See 7.1.6 for more information on purge gases.)
7.1.2 A Temperature Controller,temperature controller capable of executing a specific temperature program by (1) operating the
furnace between selected temperature limits at a rate of temperature change of 1 to 10°C/min,(1 to 10) °C ⁄min, (2) holding at an
isothermal temperature to within 60.1°C,60.1 °C, and (3) sinusoidally varying the temperature with an amplitude of up to
1.5°C1.5 °C and a period of up to 100 s (frequency down to 10 mHz) superimposed upon the underlying rate.
7.1.3 A Calculating Device,calculating device capable of transforming the experimentally determined modulated temperature and
modulated specimen heat flow signals into the required continuous output form of specific heat capacity (preferably in units of
J/(g°C))J/(g·°C)) and average test temperature to the required accuracy and precision.
7.1.4 A Data Collection Device,data collection device to provide a means of acquiring, storing, and displaying measured or
calculated signals, or both. The minimum output signals required for MTDSC are amplitude of modulated heat flow, temperature,
amplitude of modulated temperature, and time.
7.1.5 A Coolant System,coolant system to provide oscillatory heating and cooling rates of at least 5°C/min.5 °C ⁄min.
7.1.6 Inert Nitrogen,nitrogen, or other low conductivity purge gas flowing at a rate of 50 mL/min.
NOTE 1—Helium, a commonly used purge gas, is unacceptable for this purpose, due to its very high thermal conductivity which results in reduced range,
precision, and accuracy.
7.2 A
...