ASTM D1894-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting
Standard Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Measurements of frictional properties may be made on a film or sheeting specimen when sliding over itself or over another substance. The coefficients of friction are related to the slip properties of plastic films that are of wide interest in packaging applications. These methods yield empirical data for control purposes in film production. Correlation of test results with actual performance can usually be established.
This test method includes testing at temperatures other than 23°C by heating only the plane while the sled is at ambient temperature.
Slip properties are generated by additives in some plastic films, for example, polyethylene. These additives have varying degrees of compatibility with the film matrix. Some of them bloom, or exude to the surface, lubricating it and making it more slippery. Because this blooming action may not always be uniform on all areas of the film surface, values from these tests may be limited in reproducibility.
The frictional properties of plastic film and sheeting may be dependent on the uniformity of the rate of motion between the two surfaces. Care should be exercised to ensure that the rate of motion of the equipment is as carefully controlled as possible.
Data obtained by these procedures may be extremely sensitive to the age of the film or sheet and the condition of the surfaces. The blooming action of many slip additives is time-dependent. For this reason, it is sometimes meaningless to compare slip and friction properties of films or sheets produced at different times, unless it is desired to study this effect.
Frictional and slip properties of plastic film and sheeting are based on measurements of surface phenomena. Where products have been made by different processes, or even on different machines by the same process, their surfaces may be dependent on the equipment or its running conditions. Such factors must be weighed in evaluating data from these methods.
The measurement of the static coefficient of fr...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the coefficients of starting and sliding friction of plastic film and sheeting when sliding over itself or other substances at specified test conditions. The procedure permits the use of a stationary sled with a moving plane, or a moving sled with a stationary plane. Both procedures yield the same coefficients of friction values for a given sample.
Note 1—For the frictional characteristics of plastic films partially wrapped around a cylinder, or capstan, see Test Method G 143 under the jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee G02.50.
1.2 Test data obtained by this test method is relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.
1.2.1 As an option to this test, coefficient of friction may be run at temperatures other than 23°C by heating only the plane while the sled is at ambient temperature.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precautionary statement, see the end of 6.5.
Note 2—This test method is not equivalent to ISO 8295–1995, and results cannot be directly compared between the two methods.
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Designation:D1894–08
Standard Test Method for
Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and
1
Sheeting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1894; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D3574 Test Methods for Flexible Cellular Materials—Slab,
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversdeterminationofthecoefficients
Bonded, and Molded Urethane Foams
ofstartingandslidingfrictionofplasticfilmandsheetingwhen
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
sliding over itself or other substances at specified test condi-
als
tions. The procedure permits the use of a stationary sled with
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
a moving plane, or a moving sled with a stationary plane. Both
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
procedures yield the same coefficients of friction values for a
G143 Test Method for Measurement of Web/Roller Friction
given sample.
Characteristics
NOTE 1—For the frictional characteristics of plastic films partially
2.2 ISO Standard:
wrapped around a cylinder, or capstan, see Test Method G143 under the
3
ISO 8295–1995
jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee G02.50.
3. Terminology
1.2 Test data obtained by this test method is relevant and
appropriate for use in engineering design.
3.1 Definitions:
1.2.1 As an option to this test, coefficient of friction may be
3.1.1 friction, n—resistance to relative motion between two
run at temperatures other than 23°C by heating only the plane
bodies in contact.
while the sled is at ambient temperature.
3.1.1.1 coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force required
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
to move one surface over another to the total force applied
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
normal to those surfaces.
only.
3.1.1.2 kinetic coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
required to move one surface over another to the total force
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
applied normal to those surfaces, once that motion is in
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
progress.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.1.3 static coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific
required to move one surface over another to the total force
precautionary statement, see the end of 6.5.
applied normal to those surfaces, at the instant motion starts.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
NOTE 2—This test method is not equivalent to ISO 8295–1995, and
3.2.1 slip—in plastic films, lubricity of two surfaces sliding
results cannot be directly compared between the two methods.
in contact with each other.
2. Referenced Documents
2 4. Significance and Use
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing 4.1 Measurementsoffrictionalpropertiesmaybemadeona
film or sheeting specimen when sliding over itself or over
another substance.The coefficients of friction are related to the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
slip properties of plastic films that are of wide interest in
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film and Sheeting.
packagingapplications.Thesemethodsyieldempiricaldatafor
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally
control purposes in film production. Correlation of test results
approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D1894 - 06. DOI:
10.1520/D1894-08.
with actual performance can usually be established.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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D1894–08
4.1.1 Thistestmethodincludestestingattemperaturesother in place against the bottom and top of the sled with double-
than23°Cbyheatingonlytheplanewhilethesledisatambient faced mask
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D1894–06 Designation:D1894–08
Standard Test Method for
Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and
1
Sheeting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1894; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers determination of the coefficients of starting and sliding friction of plastic film and sheeting when
sliding over itself or other substances at specified test conditions.The procedure permits the use of a stationary sled with a moving
plane, or a moving sled with a stationary plane. Both procedures yield the same coefficients of friction values for a given sample.
NOTE 1—For the frictional characteristics of plastic films partially wrapped around a cylinder, or capstan, seeTest Method G 143 under the jurisdiction
of ASTM Subcommittee G02.50.
1.2 Test data obtained by this test method is relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.
1.2.1 As an option to this test, coefficient of friction may be run at temperatures other than 23°C by heating only the plane while
the sled is at ambient temperature.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in bracketsparentheses are for information
only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For a specific precautionary statement, see the end of 6.5.
NOTE 2—This test method is not equivalent to ISO 8295–1995, and results cannot be directly compared between the two methods.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D 3574 Test Methods for Flexible Cellular MaterialsSlab, Bonded, and Molded Urethane Foams
D 4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
G 143 Test Method for Measurement of Web/Roller Friction Characteristics
2.2 ISO Standard:
3
ISO 8295–1995
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 friction, n—resistance to relative motion between two bodies in contact.
3.1.1.1 coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force required to move one surface over another to the total force applied normal
to those surfaces.
3.1.1.2 kinetic coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force required to move one surface over another to the total force applied
normal to those surfaces, once that motion is in progress.
3.1.1.3 static coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force required to move one surface over another to the total force applied
normal to those surfaces, at the instant motion starts.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film and Sheeting .
Current edition approved MayNov. 1, 2006.2008. Published June 2006.November 2008. Originally approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 20012006 as
D 1894 - 016.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1894–08
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 slip—in plastic films , lubricity of two surfaces sliding in contact with each other.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Measurements of frictional properties may be made on a film or sheeting specimen when sliding over itself or over another
substance. The coefficients of friction are related to the slip properties of plastic films that are of wide interest in packaging
applicat
...
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