ASTM D5449/D5449M-22

Standard Test Method for Transverse Compressive Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce transverse compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the transverse compressive response and should therefore be reported are: material, method of material preparation, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume fraction. Properties in the test direction that may be obtained from this test method are:  
5.1.1 Transverse compressive strength, σ22uc,  
5.1.2 Transverse compressive strain at failure, ε22uc,  
5.1.3 Transverse compressive modulus of elasticity, E22, and  
5.1.4 Poisson's ratio, γ21.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the transverse compressive properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop wound (90°) cylinders in axial compression for determination of transverse compressive properties.  
1.2 The technical content of this test method has been stable since 1993 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this test method, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of updated guidance on specimen preconditioning and environmental testing. The test method, therefore, should not be considered to include any significant changes in approach and practice since 1993. Future maintenance of the test method will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2022
• ICS: 83.140.20 - Laminated sheets
• Technical Committee: D30 - Composite Materials
• Drafting Committee: D30.04 - Lamina and Laminate Test Methods

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D883-24 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D883-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM D2734-23 - Standard Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2023
• Refers: ASTM E456-13a(2022)e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2022
• Refers: ASTM E1237-20 - Standard Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
• Effective Date: 15-Aug-2020
• Refers: ASTM E251-20a - Standard Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2020
• Refers: ASTM E251-20 - Standard Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
• Effective Date: 01-May-2020
• Refers: ASTM D5229/D5229M-20 - Standard Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2020
• Refers: ASTM D883-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2020
• Refers: ASTM D3878-19a - Standard Terminology for Composite Materials
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2019
• Refers: ASTM D883-19c - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2019
• Refers: ASTM D3878-19 - Standard Terminology for Composite Materials
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2019
• Refers: ASTM D883-19a - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2019
• Refers: ASTM D883-19 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2019
• Refers: ASTM D883-18a - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2018

Overview

ASTM D5449/D5449M-22, titled Standard Test Method for Transverse Compressive Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders, establishes procedures for evaluating the transverse compressive properties of hoop wound, polymer matrix composite cylinders. Developed by ASTM Committee D30, this internationally recognized standard supports accurate measurement of compressive behavior perpendicular to high-modulus fiber reinforcement, providing essential data for research, quality assurance, and structural analysis in composite materials.

This standard is widely referenced in the composites industry, particularly for components where transverse compressive performance is critical, such as in pressure vessels, piping, and aerospace structures. The test method utilizes either SI or inch-pound units, in conformance with international standardization guidelines.

Key Topics

• Transverse Compressive Property Data: The standard details how to obtain and report key material properties, including:

  • Transverse compressive strength
  • Strain at failure
  • Transverse compressive modulus of elasticity
  • Poisson’s ratio

• Specimen Testing and Preparation: The method involves preparing cylindrical, hoop wound specimens, securing them within specialized compression fixtures, and precisely recording dimensions and conditioning states.

• Testing Conditions and Variables: Recognizing the sensitivity of composite materials, the standard emphasizes controlling and reporting variables such as:

  • Material and specimen preparation methods
  • Environmental conditioning and test environment
  • Alignment and gripping in the test fixture
  • Testing speed and rate of load application
  • Content of voids and fiber volume fraction

• Instrumentation and Data Acquisition: The use of strain gauges for measuring axial and circumferential strains is specified, with guidelines on calibration, placement, and temperature compensation to ensure high data reliability.

• Quality and Consistency: Thorough instructions are provided for calibration of measurement devices, handling of failures and anomalies, as well as statistical validation of test series.

Applications

The ASTM D5449/D5449M-22 test method is essential for a variety of practical applications, including:

• Material Development and Qualification: Manufacturers and researchers use this standard to benchmark new fiber-reinforced polymer composite formulations or processing methods.
• Structural Design and Finite Element Analysis: Engineers rely on transverse compressive property data generated per this standard to ensure the reliability and safety of composite pressure vessels, rocket motor casings, and similar cylindrical structures.
• Quality Assurance and Production Monitoring: Production facilities incorporate this test to confirm consistency in material properties batch-to-batch, monitor process control, and validate supplier materials.
• Research and Failure Analysis: The method supports R&D efforts investigating damage mechanisms, environmental effects, and long-term durability of wound composite structures in service conditions.

By following ASTM D5449/D5449M-22, organizations gain confidence in the validity and reproducibility of their composite material property data, facilitating compliance with regulatory, customer, and design requirements.

Related Standards

For comprehensive composite material characterization, consider referencing these related ASTM standards:

• ASTM D792 – Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
• ASTM D2584 – Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced Resins
• ASTM D2734 – Void Content of Reinforced Plastics
• ASTM D3171 – Constituent Content of Composite Materials
• ASTM D3878 – Terminology for Composite Materials
• ASTM D5229/D5229M – Moisture Absorption and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composites
• ASTM D5448/D5448M – Inplane Shear Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
• ASTM D5450/D5450M – Transverse Tensile Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
• ASTM E132 – Poisson’s Ratio at Room Temperature

These documents provide additional procedures and terminology relevant to the testing and specification of composite materials.

Keywords: ASTM D5449, transverse compressive properties, hoop wound composite, polymer matrix composite cylinder, cylinder compression, composite testing, ASTM composites standards, structural design, material specification, quality control.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5449/D5449M − 22
Standard Test Method for
Transverse Compressive Properties of Hoop Wound
Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5449/D5449M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1 This test method determines the transverse compressive
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by
high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop
2. Referenced Documents
wound (90°) cylinders in axial compression for determination
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of transverse compressive properties.
D792Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
1.2 Thetechnicalcontentofthistestmethodhasbeenstable
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
since 1993 without significant objection from its stakeholders.
D883Terminology Relating to Plastics
Asthereislimitedtechnicalsupportforthemaintenanceofthis
D2584Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
test method, changes since that date have been limited to items
Resins
required to retain consistency with otherASTM D30 Commit-
D2734TestMethodsforVoidContentofReinforcedPlastics
tee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of
D3171Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite
updated guidance on specimen preconditioning and environ-
Materials
mental testing. The test method, therefore, should not be
D3878Terminology for Composite Materials
considered to include any significant changes in approach and
D5229/D5229MTestMethodforMoistureAbsorptionProp-
practicesince1993.Futuremaintenanceofthetestmethodwill
erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix
only be in response to specific requests and performed only as
Composite Materials
technical support allows.
D5448/D5448MTest Method for Inplane Shear Properties
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
D5450/D5450MTest Method for Transverse Tensile Prop-
values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva-
erties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylin-
lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each
ders
system shall be used independently of the other, and values
E4Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Test-
from the two systems shall not be combined.
ing Machines
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
brackets.
E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the Sieves
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
Lot or Process
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. E132Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at RoomTemperature
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- ASTM Test Methods
E251Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
tallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on
Lamina and Laminate Test Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2022. Published May 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D5449/D5449M–16. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D5449_D5449M-22. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5449/D5449M − 22
E456Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics 5. Significance and Use
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
5.1 This test method is designed to produce transverse
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
compressive property data for material specifications, research
E1237Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
and development, quality assurance, and structural design and
analysis. Factors that influence the transverse compressive
3. Terminology
response and should therefore be reported are: material,
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relating
method of material preparation, specimen preparation, speci-
to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology
men conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment
D883definestermsrelatingtoplastics.TerminologyE6defines
and gripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume
terms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology E456 and
fraction. Properties in the test direction that may be obtained
PracticeE177definestermsrelatingtostatistics.Intheeventof
from this test method are:
uc
a conflict between terms, Terminology D3878 shall have
5.1.1 Transverse compressive strength, σ ,
precedence over other standards. uc
5.1.2 Transverse compressive strain at failure, ε ,
5.1.3 Transverse compressive modulus of elasticity, E ,
NOTE 1—If the term represents a physical quantity, its analytical
dimensionsarestatedimmediatelyfollowingtheterm(orlettersymbol)in
and
fundamental dimension form, using the following ASTM standard sym-
5.1.4 Poisson’s ratio, γ .
bology for fundamental dimensions, shown within square brackets: [M]
for mass, [L] for length, [T] for time, [θ] for thermodynamic temperature,
6. Interference
and[nd]fornon-dimensionalquantities.Useofthesesymbolsisrestricted
to analytical dimensions when used with square brackets, as the symbols
6.1 Material and Specimen Preparation—Poormaterialfab-
may have other definitions when used without the brackets.
rication practices, lack of control of fiber alignment, and
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
damage induced by improper specimen machining are known
3.2.1 hoop wound, n—awindingofacylindricalcomponent
causes of high material data scatter in composites.
in which the filaments are circumferentially oriented.
6.2 Bonding Specimens to Test Fixtures—Ahigh percentage
3.2.2 specimen, n—a single part cut from a winding; each
of failures in or near the bond between the test specimen and
winding may yield several specimens.
the test fixture, especially when combined with high material
−1 −2
3.2.3 transverse compressive modulus, E [ML T ],
data scatter, is an indicator of specimen bonding problems.
n—the compressive elastic modulus of a unidirectional mate- Specimen to fixture bonding is discussed in 11.5.
rial in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.
6.3 System Alignment—Excessive bending may cause pre-
uc
3.2.4 transverse compressive strain at failure, ε [nd],
mature failure, as well as highly inaccurate modulus of
n—thevalueofstrain,perpendiculartothereinforcingfibersin
elasticity determination. Every effort should be made to elimi-
aunidirectionalmaterial,atfailurewhenacompressiveforceis
nate excess bending from the test system. Bending may occur
applied in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.
asaresultofmisalignedgrips,misalignedspecimensinthetest
uc −1 −2
fixtures, or from departures of the specimens from tolerance
3.2.5 transverse compressive strength, σ , [ML T ],
requirements. The alignment should always be checked as
n—the strength of a unidirectional material when a compres-
discussed in 13.2.
sive force is applied in the direction perpendicular to the
reinforcing fibers.
7. Apparatus
3.2.6 winding, n—an entire part completed by one winding
operation and then cured. 7.1 Micrometers and Calipers—A micrometer witha4to
8mm[0.16to0.32in.]nominaldiameterball-interfaceoraflat
4. Summary of Test Method
anvil interface shall be used to measure the specimen wall
4.1 Athin-walled hoop wound cylinder nominally 100 mm thickness, inner diameter, and outer diameter. A ball interface
[4 in.] in diameter and 140 mm [5 ⁄2 in.] in length is bonded is recommended for these measurements when at least one
into two end fixtures. The specimen fixture assembly is surface is irregular (for example, a coarse peel ply surface,
mounted in the testing machine and monotonically loaded in which is neither smooth nor flat).Amicrometer or caliper with
compression while recording force. The transverse compres- a flat anvil interface shall be used for measuring the overall
sive strength can be determined from the maximum force specimen length, the gage length (the free length between the
carried before failure. If the cylinder strain is monitored with fixtures) , and other machined surface dimensions. The use of
strain gages then the stress-strain response, the compressive alternative measurement devices is permitted if specified (or
strain at failure, transverse compression modulus of elasticity, agreed to) by the test requestor and reported by the testing
and Poisson’s ratio can be derived. laboratory.Theaccuracyoftheinstrumentsshallbesuitablefor
reading to within 1% of the sample dimensions. For typical
specimen geometries, an instrument with an accuracy of
If the term represents a physical quantity, its analytical dimensions are stated
60.0025 mm [60.0001 in.] is adequate for wall thickness
immediately following the term (or letter symbol) in fundamental dimension form,
usingthefollowingASTMstandardsymbologyforfundamentaldimensions,shown
measurements, while an instrument with an accuracy of
within square brackets: [M] for mass, [L] for length, [T] for time, [θ] for
60.025mm [60.001in.] is adequate for measurement of the
thermodynamic temperature, and [ nd] for nondimensional quantities. Use of these
inner diameter, outer diameter, overall specimen length, gage
symbolsisrestrictedtoanalyticaldimensionswhenusedwithsquarebrackets,asthe
symbols may have other definitions when used without the brackets. length, and other machined surface dimensions.
D5449/D5449M − 22
7.2 Compression Fixture—The compression fixture consists
of a steel outer shell and insert.An assembly drawing for these
components and the test fixture is shown in Fig. 1.
7.2.1 Outer Shell—The outer shell (SI units Fig. 2, English
unitsFig.3)iscircularwithaconcentriccircularhollowinone
face,agroovealongthediameteroftheotherface,andacenter
hole through the thickness. Along the diameter perpendicular
to the groove, three pairs of small eccentric holes are placed at
three radial distances. The two outer pairs of holes are
threaded.Fouradditionalthreadedholesareplacedatthesame
radial distance as the innermost pair of holes at 90° intervals
starting 45° from the diameter that passes through the center
groove.
7.2.2 Insert—Thefixtureinsertiscircularwithacenterhole
through the thickness (SI units Fig. 4, English units Fig. 5).
Two sets of holes are placed along a concentric centerline.
These holes align with the innermost set of holes in the outer
shell. The set of four holes at 90° intervals are counterbored.
The insert is fastened inside the hollow of the outer shell to
form the concentric groove used to put the specimen in the
fixture (Fig. 1).
7.2.3 The outer shell and insert for the compression fixture
are the same outer shell and insert used for the fixtures in
standard test methods D5448/D5448M and D5450/D5450M.
FIG. 2 The Outer Shell of the Compression Fixture in Metric
7.3 Testing Machine, comprised of the following:
Units
7.3.1 Fixed Member—A fixed or essentially stationary
member.
7.3.2 Movable Member.
7.3.3 Steel Platens, two, flat, one of which connects to the
force-sensing device and the other at the opposite end of the
assembled test fixture. At least one (preferably both) of these
platens is coupled to the test machine with a swivel joint, that
is, a hemispherical ball on the machine that fits into a
hemispherical recess on one or both of the platens.
7.3.4 Drive Mechanism,forimpartingtothemovablemem-
ber a uniform controlled velocity with respect to the fixed
member, this velocity to be regulated as specified in 11.6.
7.3.5 Force Indicator—A suitable force-indicating mecha-
nismcapableofshowingthetotalcompressiveforcecarriedby
FIG. 3 The Outer Shell of the Compression Fixture in English
Units
the test specimen. This mechanism shall be essentially free of
inertia-lag at the specified rate of testing and shall indicate the
forcewithinanaccuracyof 61%oftheactualvalue,orbetter.
The accuracy of the testing machine shall be verified in
FIG. 1 Assembly Drawing for the Compression Fixture and
Specimen accordance with Practice E4.
D5449/D5449M − 22
specimen shall be instrumented to measure strain in both the
axial and circumferential direction to determine Poisson’s
ratio. Strain gage rosettes (0°/45°/90°) shall be used to correct
for gage misalignment. Gage calibration certification shall
complywithTestMethodE251.Someguidelinesontheuseof
strain gages on composites are presented as follows.Ageneral
reference on the subject is Tuttle and Brinson.
7.4.1 Surface Preparation—The surface preparation of
fiber-reinforced composites discussed in Guide E1237 can
penetrate the matrix material and cause damage to the rein-
forcing fibers, resulting in improper specimen failures. Rein-
forcing fibers should not be exposed or damaged during the
surface preparation process. The strain gage manufacturer
should be consulted regarding surface preparation guidelines
and recommended bonding agents for composites, pending the
development of a set of standard practices for strain gage
installation surface preparation of fiber-reinforced composite
materials.
7.4.2 Gage Resistance—Consideration should be given to
the selection of gages having larger resistance to reduce
heating effects on low-conductivity materials. Resistances of
350Ωorhigherarepreferred.Additionalconsiderationsshould
be given to the use of the minimum possible gage excitation
voltage consistent with the desired accuracy (1 to 2 V is
recommended) to reduce further the power consumed by the
FIG. 4 The Insert of the Compression Fixture in Metric Units
gage. Heating of the specimen by the gage may affect the
performance of the material directly, or it may affect the
indicated strain as a result of a difference between the gage
temperature compensation factor and the coefficient of thermal
expansion of the specimen material.
7.4.3 Temperature Considerations—Consideration of some
form of temperature compensation is recommended, even
when testing at standard laboratory atmosphere. Temperature
compensationisrequiredwhentestinginnonambienttempera-
ture environments.
7.4.4 Transverse Sensitivity—Considerationshouldbegiven
to the transverse sensitivity of the selected strain gage. The
strain gage manufacturer should be consulted for recommen-
dations on transverse sensitivity corrections and effects on
composites. This is particularly important for a transversely
mounted gage used to determine Poisson’s ratio.
7.5 Conditioning Chamber—When conditioning materials
at non-laboratory environments, a temperature/vapor-level
controlled environment conditioning chamber is required that
shall be capable of maintaining the required temperature to
within 63°C[65°F] and the required relative humidity level
to within 63% RH. Chamber conditions shall be monitored
FIG. 5 The Insert of the Compression Fixture in English Units either on an automated continuous basis or on a manual basis
at regular intervals.
7.6 Environmental Test Chamber—An environmental test
7.3.6 Construction Materials—The fixed member, movable
chamber is required for testing environments other than ambi-
member, platens, drive mechanism, and fixtures shall be
ent testing laboratory conditions. This chamber shall be ca-
constructed of such materials and in such proportions that the
pable of maintaining the gage section of the test specimen at
total longitudinal deformation of the system contributed by
the required test environment during the mechanical test. The
these parts is minimized.
7.4 Strain-Indicating Device—Force versus strain data shall
Tuttle, M. E., and Brinson, H. F., “Resistance Foil Strain GaugeTechnology as
be determined by means of bonded resistance strain gages.
Applied to Composite Materials,” Experimental Mechanics, Vol 24, No. 1, March
Each strain gage shall be 6.3mm [0.25in.] in length. The 1984, pp. 54–64; errata noted in Vol 26, No. 2, January 1986, pp. 153–154.
D5449/D5449M − 22
test temperature shall be maintained within 63°C[65°F] of winding. The material used for the determination of these
the required temperature, and the relative humidity level shall properties should be extracted from the center of the winding
be maintained to within 63% RH of the required humidity if multiple specimens are extracted from one winding or from
level. one of the ends of the winding if only one specimen is
extracted from the winding. Determine and report specific
8. Sampling and Test Specimens
gravity and density in accordance with Test Methods D792.
Determine and report volume percent of the constituents by
8.1 Sampling—At least five specimens per test condition
one of the matrix digestion procedures of Test Method D3171,
should be tested unless valid results can be gained through the
or, for certain reinforcement materials such as glass and
use of fewer specimens, such as in the case of a designed
ceramics, by the matrix burn-off technique of Test Method
experiment. For statistically significant data, the procedures
D2584.ThevoidcontentequationsofTestMethodsD2734are
outlined in Practice E122 should be consulted. The method of
applicabletobothTestMethodD2584andthematrixdigestion
sampling shall be reported.
procedures.
NOTE 2—If specimens are to undergo environmental conditioning to
equilibrium, and are of such type or geometry that the weight change of
8.5 Labeling—Label the specimens so that they will be
thematerialcannotbeproperlymeasuredbyweighingthespecimenitself,
distinctfromeachotherandtraceablebacktotherawmaterial,
then another traveler of the same nominal thickness and appropriate size
and will neither influence the test nor be affected by it.
shall be used to determine when equilibrium has been reached for the
specimens being conditioned.
9. Calibration
8.2 Geometry—The test specimen shall be as shown in Fig.
6. The length of all specimens shall be 140mm [5.5in.]. This 9.1 The accuracy of all measurement equipment shall have
will provide a 102mm [4.0in.] gage length. The inner diam- certified calibrations which are current at the time of use of the
eterofallspecimensshallbe100 64mm[4.000 60.015in.]. equipment.
Specimens may be fabricated on a tapered mandrel yielding a
maximum taper over the specimen length of 0.0005mm⁄mm 10. Conditioning
[in./in.] on the diameter. The specimens shall have a nominal
10.1 The recommended pre-test condition is effective mois-
wall thickness of 2mm [0.08in.], the actual thickness to be
ture equilibrium at a specific relative humidity as established
specifiedbythewindingparametersandshallbemaintainedas
byTestMethodD5229/D5229M;however,ifthetestrequestor
the test specimen is wound and cured.
doesnotexplicitlyspecifyapre-testconditioningenvironment,
8.3 Winding—All specimens shall be hoop wound (approxi-
no conditioning is required and the test specimens may be
mately 90°) with a single tow and with enough layers to meet
tested as prepared.
the thickness criterion described above.
NOTE 3—The term moisture, as used in Test Method D5229/D5229M,
8.4 Unless otherwise directed, determine specific gravity
includes not only the vapor of a liquid and its condensate, but the liquid
and reinforcement and void volume percentages for each itself in large quantities, as for immersion.
FIG. 6 Test Specimen Shown with Strain Gage Configuration
D5449/D5449M − 22
10.2 The pre-test specimen conditioning process, to include guide pins enter the outer shell guide pin holes. Secure the
specifiedenvironmentalexposurelevelsandresultingmoisture insert to the outer shell using four assembly bolts.
content, shall be reported with
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5449/D5449M − 16 D5449/D5449M − 22
Standard Test Method for
Transverse Compressive Properties of Hoop Wound
Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5449/D5449M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method determines the transverse compressive properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by
high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop wound (90°) cylinders in axial compression for determination of
transverse compressive properties.
1.2 The technical content of this standard test method has been stable since 1993 without significant objection from its
stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this standard, test method, changes since that date have
been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards, including editorial changes and
incorporation of updated guidance on specimen preconditioning and environmental testing. The standard, test method, therefore,
should not be considered to include any significant changes in approach and practice since 1993. Future maintenance of the
standard test method will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system mustshall be
used independently of the other. Combiningother, and values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
standard.shall not be combined.
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on Lamina and
Laminate Test Methods.
Current edition approved July 1, 2016May 1, 2022. Published July 2016May 2022. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 20112016 as
D5449/D5449M – 11.D5449/D5449M – 16. DOI: 10.1520/D5449_D5449M-16.10.1520/D5449_D5449M-22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5449/D5449M − 22
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced Resins
D2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plastics
D3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite Materials
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
D5229/D5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite
Materials
D5448/D5448M Test Method for Inplane Shear Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
D5450/D5450M Test Method for Transverse Tensile Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Testing Machines
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
E132 Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at Room Temperature
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relating to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology D883
defines terms relating to plastics. Terminology E6 defines terms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology E456 and Practice
E177 defines terms relating to statistics. In the event of a conflict between terms, Terminology D3878 shall have precedence over
other standards.
NOTE 1—If the term represents a physical quantity, its analytical dimensions are stated immediately following the term (or letter symbol) in fundamental
dimension form, using the following ASTM standard symbology for fundamental dimensions, shown within square brackets: [M][M] for mass, [L][L]
for length, [T][T] for time, [θ] for thermodynamic temperature, and [nd][nd] for non-dimensional quantities. Use of these symbols is restricted to
analytical dimensions when used with square brackets, as the symbols may have other definitions when used without the brackets.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 winding—an entire part completed by one winding operation and then cured.
3.2.1 hoop wound, n—a winding of a cylindrical component in which the filaments are circumferentially oriented.
3.2.2 specimen—specimen, n—a single part cut from a winding. Eachwinding; each winding may yield several specimens.
−1 −2
3.2.3 transverse compressive modulus, E [ML T ], n—the compressive elastic modulus of a unidirectional material in the
direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.
uc −1 −2
3.2.4 transverse compressive strength, σstrain at failure, ε , [MLnd T ], n—the strength of a unidirectional material value
of strain, perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers in a unidirectional material, at failure when a compressive force is applied in the
direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.
uc −1 −2
3.2.5 transverse compressive strain at failure, εstrength, σ , [ndML T ], n—the value of strain, perpendicular to the
reinforcing fibers in a unidirectional material, at failure strength of a unidirectional material when a compressive force is applied
in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.
3.2.6 winding, n—an entire part completed by one winding operation and then cured.
If the term represents a physical quantity, its analytical dimensions are stated immediately following the term (or letter symbol) in fundamental dimension form, using
the following ASTM standard symbology for fundamental dimensions, shown within square brackets: [M] for mass, [L] for length, [T] for time, [θ] for thermodynamic
temperature, and [ nd] for nondimensional quantities. Use of these symbols is restricted to analytical dimensions when used with square brackets, as the symbols may have
other definitions when used without the brackets.
D5449/D5449M − 22
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A thin-walled hoop wound cylinder nominally 100 mm [4 in.] in diameter and 140 mm [5 ⁄2 in.] in length is bonded into two
end fixtures. The specimen fixture assembly is mounted in the testing machine and monotonically loaded in compression while
recording force. The transverse compressive strength can be determined from the maximum force carried before failure. If the
cylinder strain is monitored with strain gaugesgages then the stress-strain response, the compressive strain at failure, transverse
compression modulus of elasticity, and Poisson’s ratio can be derived.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method is designed to produce transverse compressive property data for material specifications, research and
development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the transverse compressive response and
should therefore be reported are: material, method of material preparation, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning,
environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume fraction. Properties in
the test direction that may be obtained from this test method are:
uc
5.1.1 Transverse compressive strength, σ ,
uc
5.1.2 Transverse compressive strain at failure, ε ,
5.1.3 Transverse compressive modulus of elasticity, E , and
5.1.4 Poisson’s ratio, γ .
6. Interference
6.1 Material and Specimen Preparation—Poor material fabrication practices, lack of control of fiber alignment, and damage
induced by improper specimen machining are known causes of high material data scatter in composites.
6.2 Bonding Specimens to Test Fixtures—A high percentage of failures in or near the bond between the test specimen and the test
fixture, especially when combined with high material data scatter, is an indicator of specimen bonding problems. Specimen to
fixture bonding is discussed in 11.5.
6.3 System Alignment—Excessive bending may cause premature failure, as well as highly inaccurate modulus of elasticity
determination. Every effort should be made to eliminate excess bending from the test system. Bending may occur as a result of
misaligned grips, misaligned specimens in the test fixtures, or from departures of the specimens from tolerance requirements. The
alignment should always be checked as discussed in 13.2.
7. Apparatus
7.1 Micrometers and Calipers—A micrometer with a 4 to 7 mm8 mm [0.16 to 0.28 in.] 0.32 in.] nominal diameter ball-interface
or a flat anvil interface shall be used to measure the specimen wall thickness, inner diameter, and outer diameter. A ball interface
is recommended for these measurements when at least one surface is irregular (e.g. (for example, a coursecoarse peel ply surface,
which is neither smooth nor flat). A micrometer or caliper with a flat anvil interface shall be used for measuring the overall
specimen length, the gaugegage length (the free length between the fixtures) , and other machined surface dimensions. The use
of alternative measurement devices is permitted if specified (or agreed to) by the test requestor and reported by the testing
laboratory. The accuracy of the instruments shall be suitable for reading to within 1 % 1 % of the sample dimensions. For typical
specimen geometries, an instrument with an accuracy of 60.0025 mm [60.0001 in.] is adequate for wall thickness measurements,
while an instrument with an accuracy of 60.025 mm [60.001 in.] 60.025 mm [60.001 in.] is adequate for measurement of the
inner diameter, outer diameter, overall specimen length, gaugegage length, and other machined surface dimensions.
7.2 Compression Fixture—The compression fixture consists of a steel outer shell and insert. An assembly drawing for these
components and the test fixture is shown in Fig. 1.
7.2.1 Outer Shell—The outer shell (SI units Fig. 2, English units Fig. 3) is circular with a concentric circular hollow in one face,
a groove along the diameter of the other face, and a center hole through the thickness. Along the diameter perpendicular to the
groove, three pairs of small eccentric holes are placed at three radial distances. The two outer pairs of holes are threaded. Four
D5449/D5449M − 22
FIG. 1 Assembly Drawing for the Compression Fixture and Specimen
FIG. 2 The Outer Shell of the Compression Fixture in Metric Units
additional threaded holes are placed at the same radial distance as the innermost pair of holes at 90° intervals starting 45° from
the diameter that passes through the center groove.
7.2.2 Insert—The fixture insert is circular with a center hole through the thickness (SI units Fig. 4, English units Fig. 5). Two sets
of holes are placed along a concentric centerline. These holes align with the innermost set of holes in the outer shell. The set of
four holes at 90° intervals are counterbored. The insert is fastened inside the hollow of the outer shell to form the concentric groove
used to put the specimen in the fixture (Fig. 1).
7.2.3 The outer shell and insert for the compression fixture are the same outer shell and insert used for the fixtures in standard test
methods D5448/D5448M and D5450/D5450M.
7.3 Testing Machine, comprised of the following:
7.3.1 Fixed Member—A fixed or essentially stationary member.
D5449/D5449M − 22
FIG. 3 The Outer Shell of the Compression Fixture in English Units
FIG. 4 The Insert of the Compression Fixture in Metric Units
7.3.2 Movable Member.
7.3.3 Steel Platens, two, flat, one of which connects to the force-sensing device and the other at the opposite end of the assembled
test fixture. At least one (preferably both) of these platens is coupled to the test machine with a swivel joint, that is, a hemispherical
ball on the machine that fits into a hemispherical recess on one or both of the platens.
D5449/D5449M − 22
FIG. 5 The Insert of the Compression Fixture in English Units
7.3.4 Drive Mechanism, for imparting to the movable member a uniform controlled velocity with respect to the fixed member, this
velocity to be regulated as specified in 11.6.
7.3.5 Force Indicator—A suitable force-indicating mechanism capable of showing the total compressive force carried by the test
specimen. This mechanism shall be essentially free of inertia-lag at the specified rate of testing and shall indicate the force within
an accuracy of 61 % of the actual value, or better. The accuracy of the testing machine shall be verified in accordance with Practice
E4.
7.3.6 Construction Materials—The fixed member, movable member, platens, drive mechanism, and fixtures shall be constructed
of such materials and in such proportions that the total longitudinal deformation of the system contributed by these parts is
minimized.
7.4 Strain-Indicating Device—Force versus strain data shall be determined by means of bonded resistance strain gauges.gages.
Each strain gaugegage shall be 6.3 mm [0.25 in.] 6.3 mm [0.25 in.] in length. The specimen shall be instrumented to measure strain
in both the axial and circumferential direction to determine Poisson’s ratio. Strain gaugegage rosettes (0°/45°/90°) shall be used
to correct for gaugegage misalignment. GaugeGage calibration certification shall comply with Test Method E251. Some guidelines
on the use of strain gaugesgages on composites are presented as follows. A general reference on the subject is Tuttle and Brinson.
7.4.1 Surface Preparation—The surface preparation of fiber-reinforced composites discussed in Guide E1237 can penetrate the
matrix material and cause damage to the reinforcing fibers, resulting in improper specimen failures. Reinforcing fibers should not
be exposed or damaged during the surface preparation process. The strain gaugegage manufacturer should be consulted regarding
surface preparation guidelines and recommended bonding agents for composites, pending the development of a set of standard
practices for strain gaugegage installation surface preparation of fiber-reinforced composite materials.
7.4.2 GaugeGage Resistance—Consideration should be given to the selection of gaugesgages having larger resistance to reduce
heating effects on low-conductivity materials. Resistances of 350 Ω or higher are preferred. Additional considerations should be
given to the use of the minimum possible gaugegage excitation voltage consistent with the desired accuracy (1 to 2 V is
recommended) to reduce further the power consumed by the gauge.gage. Heating of the specimen by the gaugegage may affect
the performance of the material directly, or it may affect the indicated strain as a result of a difference between the gaugegage
temperature compensation factor and the coefficient of thermal expansion of the specimen material.
Tuttle, M. E., and Brinson, H. F., “Resistance Foil Strain Gauge Technology as Applied to Composite Materials,” Experimental Mechanics, Vol 24, No. 1, March 1984,
pp. 54–64; errata noted in Vol 26, No. 2, January 1986, pp. 153–154.
D5449/D5449M − 22
7.4.3 Temperature Considerations—Consideration of some form of temperature compensation is recommended, even when testing
at standard laboratory atmosphere. Temperature compensation is required when testing in nonambient temperature environments.
7.4.4 Transverse Sensitivity—Consideration should be given to the transverse sensitivity of the selected strain gauge.gage. The
strain gaugegage manufacturer should be consulted for recommendations on transverse sensitivity corrections and effects on
composites. This is particularly important for a transversely mounted gaugegage used to determine Poisson’s ratio.
7.5 Conditioning Chamber—When conditioning materials at nonlaboratorynon-laboratory environments, a temperature/vapor-
level controlled environment conditioning chamber is required whichthat shall be capable of maintaining the required temperature
to within 63°C [65°F]63 °C [65 °F] and the required relative vaporhumidity level to within 63 %. 63 % RH. Chamber
conditions shall be monitored either on an automated continuous basis or on a manual basis at regular intervals.
7.6 Environmental Test Chamber—An environmental test chamber is required for testing environments other than ambient testing
laboratory conditions. This chamber shall be capable of maintaining the gaugegage section of the test specimen at the required test
environment during the mechanical test. The test temperature shall be maintained within 63 °C [65 °F] of the required
temperature, and the relative humidity level shall be maintained to within 63 % RH of the required humidity level.
8. Sampling and Test Specimens
8.1 Sampling—At least five specimens per test condition should be tested unless valid results can be gained through the use of
fewer specimens, such as in the case of a designed experiment. For statistically significant data, the procedures outlined in Practice
E122 should be consulted. The method of sampling shall be reported.
NOTE 2—If specimens are to undergo environmental conditioning to equilibrium, and are of such type or geometry that the weight change of the material
cannot be properly measured by weighing the specimen itself, then another traveler of the same nominal thickness and appropriate size shall be used to
determine when equilibrium has been reached for the specimens being conditioned.
8.2 Geometry—The test specimen shall be as shown in Fig. 6. The length of all specimens shall be 140 mm [5.5 in.]. 140 mm
[5.5 in.]. This will provide a 102-mm [4.0-in.] gauge102 mm [4.0 in.] gage length. The inner diameter of all specimens shall be
100 6 4 mm 4 mm [4.000 6 0.015 in.]. 0.015 in.]. Specimens may be fabricated on a tapered mandrel yielding a maximum taper
over the specimen length of 0.00050.0005 mm mm/mm ⁄mm [in./in.] on the diameter. The specimens shall have a nominal wall
FIG. 6 Test Specimen Shown with Strain GaugeGage Configuration
D5449/D5449M − 22
thickness of 2 mm [0.08 in.], 2 mm [0.08 in.], the actual thickness to be specified by the winding parameters and shall be
maintained as the test specimen is wound and cured.
8.3 Winding—All specimens shall be hoop wound (approximately 90°) with a single tow and with enough layers to meet the
thickness criterion described above.
8.4 Unless otherwise directed, determine specific gravity and reinforcement and void volume percentages for each winding. The
material used for the determination of these properties should be extracted from the center of the winding if multiple specimens
are extracted from one winding or from one of the ends of the winding if only one specimen is extracted from the winding.
Determine and report specific gravity and density in accordance with Test Methods D792. Determine and report volume percent
of the constituents by one of the matrix digestion procedures of Test Method D3171, or, for certain reinforcement materials such
as glass and ceramics, by the matrix burn-off technique of Test Method D2584. The void content equations of Test Methods D2734
are applicable to both Test Method D2584 and the matrix digestion procedures.
8.5 Labeling—Label the specimens so that they will be distinct from each other and traceable back to the raw material, and will
neither influence the test nor be affected by it.
9. Calibration
9.1 The accuracy of all measurement equipment shall have certified calibrations which are current at the time of use of the
equipment.
10. Conditioning
10.1 The recommended pre-test condition is effective moisture equilibrium at a specific relative humidity as established by Test
Method D5229/D5229M; however, if the test requestor does not explicitly specify a pre-test conditioning environment, no
conditioning is required and the test specimens may be tested as prepared.
NOTE 3—The term moisture, as used in Test Method D5229/D5229M, includes not only the vapor of a liquid and its condensate, but the liquid itself in
large quantities, as for immersion.
10.2 The pre-test specimen conditioning process, to include specified environmental exposure levels and resulting moisture
content, shall be reported with the test data.
10.3 If no explicit conditioning process is performed, the specimen conditioning process shall be reported as “unconditioned” and
the moisture content as “unknown.”
11. Procedure
11.1 Parameters to Be Specified Before Test:
11.1.1 The sampling method, specimen geometry, and test parameters used to determine density and reinforcement volume.
11.1.2 The compression specimen sampling method.
11.1.3 The environmental conditioning test parameters.
11.1.4 The compression property and data reporting format desired.
NOTE 4—Specific materi
...