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ASTM D2331-80(1999)

(Practice)

Standard Practices for Preparation and Preliminary Testing of Water-Formed Deposits

Standard Practices for Preparation and Preliminary Testing of Water-Formed Deposits

SCOPE
1.1 These practices provide directions for the preparation of the sample for analysis, the preliminary examination of the sample, and methods for dissolving the analytical sample or selectively separating constituents of concern.  
1.2 The general practices given here can be applied to analysis of samples from a variety of surfaces that are subject to water-formed deposits. However, the investigator must resort to individual experience and judgement in applying these procedures to specific problems.  
1.3 The practices include the following:  Sections Preparation of the Analytical Sample 8 Preliminary Testing of the Analytical Sample 9 Dissolving the Analytical Sample 10
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific warning statement, see Note 1.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-1999
ICS
13.060.60 - Examination of physical properties of water
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.03 - Sampling Water and Water-Formed Deposits, Analysis of Water for Power Generation and Process Use, On-Line Water Analysis, and Surveillance of Water
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D2331-80(2003) - Standard Practices for Preparation and Preliminary Testing of Water-Formed Deposits
Effective Date
03-Jul-1980
Referred By
ASTM D934-22 - Standard Practices for Identification of Crystalline Compounds in Water-Formed Deposits By X-Ray Diffraction
Effective Date
10-Jun-1999
Referred By
ASTM D5256-14(2022) - Standard Test Method for Relative Efficacy of Dynamic Solvent Systems for Dissolving Water-Formed Deposits
Effective Date
10-Jun-1999
Referred By
ASTM D5952-08(2015) - Standard Guide for the Inspection of Water Systems for Legionella and the Investigation of Possible Outbreaks of Legionellosis (Legionnaires' Disease or Pontiac Fever) (Withdrawn 2024)
Effective Date
10-Jun-1999
Referred By
ASTM D4778-15 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Corrosion and Fouling Tendency of Cooling Water Under Heat Transfer Conditions (Withdrawn 2024)
Effective Date
10-Jun-1999
Referred By
ASTM D887-13(2022) - Standard Practices for Sampling Water-Formed Deposits
Effective Date
10-Jun-1999
Referred By
ASTM D1245-17 - Standard Practice for Examination of Water-Formed Deposits by Chemical Microscopy
Effective Date
10-Jun-1999
Referred By
ASTM D2688-15e1 - Standard Test Method for Corrosivity of Water in the Absence of Heat Transfer (Weight Loss Method)
Effective Date
10-Jun-1999

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ASTM D2331-80(1999) - Standard Practices for Preparation and Preliminary Testing of Water-Formed DepositsASTM D2331-80(1999) - Standard Practices for Preparation and Preliminary Testing of Water-Formed Deposits
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ASTM D2331-80(1999) - Standard Practices for Preparation and Preliminary Testing of Water-Formed Deposits
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 2331 – 80 (Reapproved 1999)
Standard Practices for
Preparation and Preliminary Testing of Water-Formed
Deposits
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2331; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
1.1 These practices provide directions for the preparation of
D 1245 Practice for Examination of Water-Formed Deposits
the sample for analysis, the preliminary examination of the
by Chemical Microscopy
sample, and methods for dissolving the analytical sample or
D 2332 Practice for Analysis of Water-Formed Deposits by
selectively separating constituents of concern.
Wavelength-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence
1.2 The general practices given here can be applied to
E 11 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Pur-
analysis of samples from a variety of surfaces that are subject
poses
to water-formed deposits. However, the investigator must
resort to individual experience and judgement in applying these
3. Terminology
procedures to specific problems.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in these
1.3 The practices include the following:
practices, refer to Terminology D 1129.
Sections
Preparation of the Analytical Sample 8
4. Significance and Use
Preliminary Testing of the Analytical Sample 9
Dissolving the Analytical Sample 10
4.1 Deposits in piping from aqueous process streams serve
as an indicator of fouling, corrosion or scaling. Rapid tech-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the niques of analysis are useful in identifying the nature of the
deposit so that the reason for deposition can be ascertained.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 4.2 Possible treatment schemes can be devised to prevent
deposition from reoccurring.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific
warning statement, see Note 2. 4.3 Deposits formed from or by water in all its phases may
be further classified as scale, sludge, corrosion products or
2. Referenced Documents
biological deposits. The overall composition of a deposit or
2.1 ASTM Standards: some part of a deposit may be determined by chemical or
D 887 Practices for Sampling Water-Formed Deposits spectrographic analysis; the constituents actually present as
D 932 Test Method for Iron Bacteria in Water and Water- chemical substances may be identified by microscope or
Formed Deposits X ray.
D 933 Practice for Reporting Results of Examination and
2 5. Reagents and Materials
Analysis of Water-Formed Deposits
5.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
D 934 Practices for Identification of Crystalline Com-
pounds in Water-Formed Deposits by X-Ray Diffraction used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
all reagents shall conform to specifications of the Committee
D 993 Test Method for Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Water
and Water-Formed Deposits on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,
where such specifications are available. Other grades may be
D 1128 Method for Identification of Types of Microorgan-
isms and Microscopic Matter in Water and Waste Water used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
1 5
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-19 on Water Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.03 on Sampling of Water and Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Water-Formed Deposits, Surveillance of Water, and Flow Measurement of Water. Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
Current edition approved July 3, 1980. Published September 1980. Originally Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
published as D 2331 – 65 T. Last previous edition D 2331–73(1979). listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.02. Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
Discontinued—see 1987 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01. and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
Discontinued—see 1981 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 31. MD.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2331
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the loss in weight of the thimble and contents, dried at 105°C, as
accuracy of the determination. chloroform-extracted matter. If important to the solution of the
5.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references problem, evaporate the solvent, and examine the residue.
to water shall be understood to mean Type II reagent water 7.5.2 The extraction may be repeated with other volatile
conforming to Specification D 1193. organic solvents if exploratory tests warrant such procedure.
7.6 Pulverizing—Whether the sample is dry as received,
6. Sampling
air-dried or air-dried extracted, it must be pulverized to
6.1 Collect and preserve the sample in accordance with
adequate homogeneity. Grind the entire sample, or enough of it
Practices D 887.
to be representative of the whole, to pass a No. 100 (150-μm)
sieve, as specified in Specification E 11. Continue the grinding
7. Preparation of Analytical Sample
until all the material passes through the sieve, except for
7.1 Preliminary Examination—Examine the sample as col-
fragments such as splinters of fiber, wood, and metal.
lected, using a microscope if available, for structure, color,
7.6.1 Identify fragments separated from the sample during
odor, oily matter, appearance of mother liquor if any, and other
grinding by standard methods if this information is valuable.
characteristics of note (for example, attraction to magnet).
7.6.2 Mix the sieved material thoroughly by tumbling in a
Record results for future reference.
closed dry container that is no more than two thirds full.
7.1.1 Filtration and other steps in the preparation of the
7.6.3 Transfer 5 to 10 g of the thoroughly mixed material to
analytical sample may frequently be bypassed; for example, a
a weighing bottle. This is the analytical sample. Unless the
moist sample that contains no separated water shall be started
determinations are to be made on an air-dried basis, dry at
in accordance with 7.3.1, and a dry sample shall be started in
105°C and store in a desiccator.
accordance with 7.4, 7.5, or 7.6. Partitioning, 7.4, is not always
practical or even desirable. Solvent extraction, 7.5, is unnec- 8. Preliminary Testing of Analytical Sample
essary if the sample contains no oily or greasy matter.
8.1 This section outlines methods for the preliminary ex-
7.2 Filtration of Sample (see Note 1)—If the sample in-
amination of samples of water-formed deposits. Use one or
cludes an appreciable quantity of separated water, remove the
more of these methods to disclose the component elements of
solid material by filtration. Save the filtrate, undiluted, pending
the sample and whether the concentrations are major, minor, or
decision as to whether or not its chemical examination is
trace, an essential guide to planning the analysis. This prelimi-
required. Transfer all of the solid portion to the filter, using the
nary testing frequently also provides important guidance to-
filtrate to rinse the sample container if necessary. Air-drying or
ward defining technological problems associated with the
partial air-drying of the filter is frequently helpful toward
occurrence of the deposits. The methods include spectrogra-
effecting a clean separation of the deposit.
phy, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction,
X-ray fluorescence, microscopy, and ordinary qualitative
NOTE 1—If the sample obviously contains oily matter, its extraction
analysis.
with a suitable solvent (see 7.5) is essential before filtration or air-drying
is attempted. Likewise, if the sample is suspected to contain easily 8.2 Spectrography—Make the spectrographic analysis by a
oxidizable materials, such as sulfide, analysis for these materials should be
suitable method, for example, as outlined in 8.2.2 to 8.2.7.
completed before air-drying.
8.2.1 Although superior results are obtainable with a spec-
7.3 Air-Drying—Remove the drained solid sample from the trograph and associated equipment, data of lesser degree of
filter, being careful to avoid gross contamination with filter accuracy can frequently be obtained with less formal equip-
paper. ment such as a visual-arc spectroscope.
7.3.1 Air-dry the entire quantity of solid, spread in a thin 8.2.2 For best results use a spectrograph having a suitable
layer on a nonreactive, impervious surface. A record of the loss reciprocal linear dispersion, associated adjuncts and optics, a
of weight during air-drying is often used. microphotometer for measuring the transmittances of spectra-
7.4 Partitioning the Sample—Many samples are obviously line images, and associated equipment for determining inten-
heterogeneous. If useful to explain the occurrence of the sity ratios.
water-formed deposit, separate clearly defined layers or com- 8.2.3 Mix 50 mg of the pulverized sample, obtained in
ponents, and approximate the relative percentages. accordance with 7.6.2, with 900 mg of graphite powder and
7.4.1 Retain the individual air-dried fractions for separate 250 mg of lithium carbonate. Pack the mixture into graphite-
analysis, preferably storing over an effective desiccant such as cup electrodes.
anhydrite. 8.2.4 Record the spectra obtained upon excitation with a d-c
7.5 Solvent Extraction—This step is essential only if the arc.
air-dried sample smears or agglomerates when tested for 8.2.5 Measure the transmittances of the analytical and
pulverization (smears caused by graphite are possible but rare lithium lines (internal standards other than lithium are pre-
with water-formed deposits). ferred by some operators). Determine intensity ratios from
7.5.1 Weigh no more than 10 g of air-dried sample and place these data.
this, wrapped in fine-textured filter paper, in a prepared 8.2.6 Use the intensity ratios to estimate concentrations
(extracted and dried) Soxhlet thimble. Paper clips are useful for from standard analytical curves.
preventing unfolding of the paper. Weigh the thimble and its 8.2.7 The metallic constituents can frequently be deter-
contents and extract in a Soxhlet apparatus until the solvent mined within 20 % of their content in the deposit, which is
(chloroform) in the extraction chamber is colorless. Record the sufficiently close for classification as major, minor, or trace.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2331
8.3 Atomic Absorption—Make the atomic absorption analy- 8.4 X-Ray Diffraction—Perform the X-ray diffraction analy-
sis in accordance with appropriate method. sis in accordance with Practices D 934.
8.3.1 The required apparatus shall include an atomizer and
8.4.1 The required apparatus shall include a radiation
burner, suitable pressure-regulating devices, a multielement source, of which more than one may be needed, a camera or
hollow-cathode lamp (alternatively, a hollow-cathode lamp for
other device for sensing or recording radiation intensity, and
each metal to be tested), an optical system capable of isolating
adjuncts for interpreting the recorded data.
the desired wavelengths of radiation as lines, and adjuncts for
8.4.2 Regrind a portion of the pulverized sample, obtained
obtaining amplified measurements and readout.
in accordance with 7.6.2, to pass a No. 270 (53-μm) sieve (or
8.3.2 Prepare standards as in the selected or multiple stan-
as directed by a specific manufacturer). Mount the powdered
dards if a multielement is used. Follow the manufacturer’s
material in the shape or form required for the sensing device
recommendations for instrument start-up and optimization of
that is used.
test conditions. Calibrate the instrument for each element to be
8.4.3 Record the diffraction pattern on photographic film, or
determined by aspirating prepared standard solutions and
its equivalent while the mounted sample is exposed to the
noting the corresponding instrument read out. Aspirate a blank
X-ray beam for the required interval.
solution between each standard to assure instrument stability.
8.4.4 The radiation pattern shall be translated into lines and
Each element absorbs energy from the line source at a
intensities, using the adjuncts available for this purpose, and
characteristic wavelength which results in a decrease in energy
these shall be compared with standard diffraction patterns for
noted at the detector. Record the instrument readings, and plot
known compounds.
against the occurrence of the absorbing atom in milligrams per
8.4.5 Identification of a substance is made when sufficient
litre of the aspirated solution.
characteristic lines of a standard pattern occur in the pattern
8.3.3 Prepare the solubilized sample (9.2, 9.3, or 9.4,
derived from the sample, in essentially the same relative
depending on the solubility of the water-formed deposit).
intensity. However, owing to the poor crystallization charac-
Using volumetric flasks, make 100 mL each of the two
teristic of many water-formed deposits, the sensitivity of this
dilutions, 1 + 9 and 1 + 99, by adding enough water to 10 and
evaluation is often much poorer than the 1 percent usually
1 mL of the solubilized sample, respectively.
cited.
8.3.4 Aspirate the solubilized sample and the two dilutions
8.5 X-Ray Fluorescence—Perform the X-ray fluorescence
prepared from it, aspirating water before going from one
analysis in accordance with Practice D 2332.
dilution to another. Record the instrument readings for the
8.5.1 The required apparatus shall include sample prepara-
wavelengths of interest.
tion equipment, excitation source, devices for housing the
8.3.5 Determine the concentration of each metal tested in
sample, a spectrometer assembly, and adjuncts for obtaining
each dilution of the solubilized sample by referring the
and
...

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μS/cm  
1.2 These test methods have been tested in reagent water. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of these test methods for waters of untested matrices.  
1.3 For measurements below the range of these test methods, refer to Test Method D5391.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D1498-14(2022)e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Oxidation-Reduction Potential of Water

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the apparatus and procedure for the electrometric measurement of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in water. The test method described has been designed for the routine and process measurement of oxidation-reduction potential. ORP is defined as the electromotive force between a noble metal electrode and a reference electrode when immersed in a solution. The ORP electrodes are inert and measure the ratio of the activities of the oxidized to the reduced species present. In addition, the ORP electrodes reliably measure ORP in nearly all aqueous solutions and in general are not subject to solution interference from color, turbidity, colloidal matter, and suspended matter. The apparatus to be used in the measurement of ORP includes: pH meter, reference electrode, oxidation-reduction electrode and electrode assembly. Materials necessary in the procedure for ORP measurement include chemical reagents, aqua regia, water, buffer standard salts, phthalate reference buffer solution, phosphate reference buffer solution, chromic acid cleaning solution, detergent, nitric acid, redox standard solution or ferrous-ferric reference solution, and redox reference quinhydrone solutions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the apparatus and procedure for the electrometric measurement of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in water. It does not deal with the manner in which the solutions are prepared, the theoretical interpretation of the oxidation-reduction potential, or the establishment of a standard oxidation-reduction potential for any given system. The test method described has been designed for the routine and process measurement of oxidation-reduction potential.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2331-08(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practices for Preparation and Preliminary Testing of Water-Formed Deposits

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Deposits in piping from aqueous process streams serve as an indicator of fouling, corrosion or scaling. Rapid techniques of analysis are useful in identifying the nature of the deposit so that the reason for deposition can be ascertained.  
4.2 Possible treatment schemes can be devised to prevent deposition from reoccurring.  
4.3 Deposits formed from or by water in all its phases may be further classified as scale, sludge, corrosion products or biological deposits. The overall composition of a deposit or some part of a deposit may be determined by chemical or spectrographic analysis; the constituents actually present as chemical substances may be identified by microscope or X-ray.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices provide directions for the preparation of the sample for analysis, the preliminary examination of the sample, and methods for dissolving the analytical sample or selectively separating constituents of concern.  
1.2 The general practices given here can be applied to analysis of samples from a variety of surfaces that are subject to water-formed deposits. However, the investigator must resort to individual experience and judgement in applying these procedures to specific problems.  
1.3 The practices include the following:    
Sections  
Preparation of the Analytical Sample  
8  
Preliminary Testing of the Analytical Sample  
9  
Dissolving the Analytical Sample  
10  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For a specific warning statement, see Note 2.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D4922-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Radioactive Iron in Water

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fe-55 is formed in reactor coolant systems of nuclear reactors by activation of stable iron. The 55Fe is not completely removed by waste processing systems and some is released to the environment by means of normal waste liquid discharges. Power plants are required to monitor these discharges for 55Fe as well as other radionuclides.  
5.2 This technique effectively removes other activation and fission products such as isotopes of iodine, zinc, manganese, cobalt, and cesium by the addition of hold-back carriers and an anion exchange technique. The fission products (zirconium-95 and niobium-95) are selectively eluted with hydrochloric-hydrofluoric acid washes. The iron is finally separated from Zn+2 by precipitation of FePO4 at a pH of 3.0.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of 55Fe in the presence of 59Fe by liquid scintillation counting. The a-priori minimum detectable concentration for this test method is 7.4 Bq/L.2  
1.2 This test method was developed principally for the quantitative determination of 55Fe. However, after proper calibration of the liquid scintillation counter with reference standards of each nuclide, 59Fe may also be quantified.  
1.3 This test method was used successfully with Type III reagent water conforming to Specification D1193. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Section 9.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7168-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for 99Tc in Water by Solid Phase Extraction Disk

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method has not been evaluated for all possible matrices. Test method suitability should be determined on specific waters of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure to separate 99Tc from environmental water (non-process-related or effluent water samples). Technetium-99 beta activity is measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry.  
1.2 This test method is designed to measure 99Tc in the range of approximately 0.037 Bq/L (1.0 pCi/L) or greater for a one litre sample.  
1.3 This test method has been used successfully with tap water. It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for samples larger than 1 L and for waters of untested matrices.  
1.4 Technetium-99 alternatively can be determined in water samples using Practice D8026.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 9.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D1943-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Alpha Particle Radioactivity of Water 

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed for the purpose of measuring gross alpha radioactivity in water. It is used for the analysis of both process and environmental water to determine gross alpha activity which is often a result of natural radioactivity present in minerals.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of alpha particle activity of water. It is applicable to nuclides that emit alpha particles with energies above 3.9 MeV and at activity levels above 0.02 Bq/mL (540 pCi/L) of radioactive homogeneous water. This test method is not applicable to samples containing alpha-emitting radionuclides that are volatile under conditions of the analysis.  
1.2 This test method can be used for either absolute or relative determinations. In tracer work, the results may be expressed by comparison with a standard that is defined to be 100 %. For radioassay, data may be expressed in terms of alpha disintegration rates after calibration with a suitable standard. General information on radioactivity and measurement of radiation has been published in Refs (1-3)2 and summarized in Practices D3648.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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