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ASTM D7490-13(2022)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measurement of the Surface Tension of Solid Coatings, Substrates and Pigments using Contact Angle Measurements

Standard Test Method for Measurement of the Surface Tension of Solid Coatings, Substrates and Pigments using Contact Angle Measurements

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The method described in this standard is based on the concept that the total free energy at a surface is the sum of contributions from different intermolecular forces, such as dispersion, polar and hydrogen bonding. There are other techniques that employ three components (dispersion, polar and hydrogen bonding). These methods are further complicated by needing three to five test liquids and are not practical for routine testing. This method uses contact angles of two liquids to provide data for the calculation of two components, dispersion, γsd, and polar, γsp.  
5.2 Dispersion and polar component data, along with the total solid surface tension, are useful for explaining or predicting wetting or adhesion, or both, of coatings on pretreatments, substrates and other coatings. Low solid surface tension values often are a sign of contamination and portend potential wetting problems. High polar components may signal polar contamination. There is evidence in the literature that matching of polar components of topcoats and primers gives better adhesion.4  
5.3 Solid surface tensions of pigments, particularly the polar components, may be useful in understanding dispersion problems or to provide signals for the composition of dispersants and mill bases. However, comparison of pigments may be difficult if there are differences in the roughness or porosity, or both, of the disks prepared from them.  
5.4 Although this technique is very useful in characterizing surfaces, evaluating surface active additives and explaining problems, it is not designed to be a quality control or specification test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for the measurement of contact angles of two liquids, one polar and the other nonpolar, of known surface tension on a substrate, pigment (in the form of a disk), or cured or air dried coating in order to calculate the surface properties (surface tension and its dispersion and polar components) of the solid.  
1.2 The total solid surface tension range that can be determined using this method is approximately 20 to 60 dyn/cm.  
1.3 The values stated in CGS units (dyn/cm) are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Dec-2021
ICS
87.040 - Paints and varnishes
Technical Committee
D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
Drafting Committee
D01.23 - Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D7490-13(2022) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of the Surface Tension of Solid Coatings, Substrates and Pigments using Contact Angle MeasurementsASTM D7490-13(2022) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of the Surface Tension of Solid Coatings, Substrates and Pigments using Contact Angle Measurements
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ASTM D7490-13(2022) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of the Surface Tension of Solid Coatings, Substrates and Pigments using Contact Angle Measurements
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7490 − 13 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of the Surface Tension of Solid Coatings,
Substrates and Pigments using Contact Angle
1
Measurements
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7490; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope Tester (Withdrawn 2010)
D7334 Practice for Surface Wettability of Coatings, Sub-
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for the measure-
strates and Pigments by Advancing Contact Angle Mea-
ment of contact angles of two liquids, one polar and the other
surement
nonpolar, of known surface tension on a substrate, pigment (in
the form of a disk), or cured or air dried coating in order to
3. Terminology
calculate the surface properties (surface tension and its disper-
3.1 Definitions:
sion and polar components) of the solid.
3.1.1 contact angle, n—the interior angle that a drop makes
1.2 The total solid surface tension range that can be deter-
between the substrate and a tangent drawn at the intersection
mined using this method is approximately 20 to 60 dyn/cm.
between the drop and the substrate as shown in Fig. 1; this is
the angle formed by a liquid at the three phase boundary where
1.3 The values stated in CGS units (dyn/cm) are to be
a liquid, gas (air) and solid intersect.
regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are
included in this standard. 3.1.2 dispersion component, n—the component of solid
surface tension that is related to intermolecular attraction
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
caused by nonpolar dispersion forces.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1.3 polar component, n—the component of solid surface
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- tension that is related to polar forces, such as hydrogen
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. bonding and ion-dipole forces.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.4 solid surface tension, n—the surface tension of a solid
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
surface; this parameter cannot be measured directly, but must
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
be determined by extrapolation of polymer melt or solution
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
datato100 %solidsorbycontactangleswithliquidsofknown
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
surface tension.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.5 surface energy, n—excess free energy of surface
molecules compared to those of the bulk material; arises from
2. Referenced Documents
unbalanced molecular cohesive forces at a surface that cause
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: the surface to contract and behave like a film or membrane
2
(units are energy/unit areas such as joules/cm ).
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D5725 Test Method for Surface Wettability andAbsorbency
3.1.6 surface tension, n—the force necessary to break the
of Sheeted Materials Using an Automated Contact Angle
surface of a film of a given length (units are force/length, such
as dyn/cm or newtons/m); the same numerically as surface
energy, but different units.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
4. Summary of Test Method
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films.
4.1 Contact angles of drops of distilled water and di-
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2022. Published January 2022. Originally
iodomethane (methylene iodide) are measured on the surface
approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7490 – 13. DOI:
10.1520/D7490-13R22. of interest. The two values are then substituted into two
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7490 − 13 (2022)
6.1.2 A rough or porous test surface such that drops s
...

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