ASTM C1298-95(2007)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Brick Liners for Industrial Chimneys
Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Brick Liners for Industrial Chimneys
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
History:
4.1.1 For many years, brick liners have been used with an excellent record of performance. For the most part, however, the design and construction of brick liners has been based on past industry practice due to the lack of available information and knowledge of the physical properties of the brick and mortar, the thermal and seismic behavior of brick liners, and many related characteristics that were not properly or accurately defined.
4.1.2 The use of scrubbers, which lower gas temperatures and introduce highly corrosive condensates into the flue gas system, requires many new design considerations. The effect that scrubbers have on brick liners is an ongoing area of study, since a number of liners have experienced growth- and deflection-related problems which may be attributable, at least in part, to nonuniform temperature and moisture conditions within the liners.
Purpose—The recommendations contained herein represent current industry practices and serve to define the pertinent considerations that should be followed in the design and construction of brick chimney liners.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for the design, construction, and serviceability of brick liners for industrial chimneys. The structural design criteria are applicable to vertical masonry cantilever structures supported only at their base, either by a foundation, a concrete pedestal, or by some means from the outer concrete shell. Excluded from direct consideration are single-wythe, sectional brick linings that are supported on a series of corbels cast in the outer chimney shell.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: C1298 − 95(Reapproved 2007)
Standard Guide for
Design and Construction of Brick Liners for Industrial
Chimneys
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1298; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 ACI Standard:
307–88 Practice for the Design and Construction of Cast-In-
1.1 This guide covers procedures for the design,
Place Reinforced Concrete Chimneys
construction, and serviceability of brick liners for industrial
2.3 ASCE Standard:
chimneys. The structural design criteria are applicable to
ASCE7-88 MinimumDesignLoadsforBuildingsandOther
vertical masonry cantilever structures supported only at their
Structures (Formerly ANSI A58.1)
base, either by a foundation, a concrete pedestal, or by some
2.4 Other Standard:
means from the outer concrete shell. Excluded from direct
1991 Uniform Building Code, International Conference of
consideration are single-wythe, sectional brick linings that are
Building Code Officials, California
supportedonaseriesofcorbelscastintheouterchimneyshell.
3. Terminology
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
3.1 Notations:
information only.
a = brick dimension in radial direction (in.)
b = brick dimension in tangential direction (in.)
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
c = brick chamfer (in.)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
C = chimney deflection due to earthquake loads (in.)
e
d = outside diameter of brick liner (in.)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D = mean liner diameter at a given elevation (in.)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
E = masonry modulus of elasticity as established by performing brick prism
m
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. test or by past experience, psi
f = critical liner buckling stress, psi
b
f = maximum vertical compressive stress due to dead load, psi
d
2. Referenced Documents
f = maximum vertical compressive stress due to the combined effect of
de
earthquake and dead load, psi
2.1 ASTM Standards: f = maximum vertical compressive stress due to the combined effect of
dw
wind and dead load, psi
C395 Specification for Chemical-Resistant Resin Mortars
f = average ultimate masonry compressive strength established by
m
C466 Specification for Chemically Setting Silicate and
performing brick prism test or by past experience, psi
Silica Chemical-Resistant Mortars f = maximum shear stress due to wind or earthquake, psi
v
F.S. = factor of safety
C980 Specification for Industrial Chimney Lining Brick
h = total liner height (ft)
E447 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Laboratory
h = height of liner above elevation being checked for buckling (ft)
e
L = liner deflection due to earthquake loads (in.)
e
Constructed Masonry Prisms (Withdrawn 1997)
P = constructional out-of-plumbness of liner with respect to shell (in.)
E111 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus,
r = average mean radius of liner (ft)
S = shell deflection due to sun effect (in.)
and Chord Modulus
T = liner deflection due to differential temperature effects (in.)
t = wall thickness (in.)
v = coefficient of variation in brick prism tests
W = shell deflection due to design wind loads (in.)
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured
−6
α = coefficient of thermal expansion for brick liner (use 3.5 × 10 unless
Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.05 on Masonry
otherwise established) (in./in./°F)
Assemblies.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originally
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as C1298 – 95 (2001).
DOI: 10.1520/C1298-95R07.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.aci-int.org.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander
the ASTM website. Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http://www.asce.org.
3 6
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on Available from International Code Council (ICC), 5203 Leesburg Pike, Suite
www.astm.org. 600, Falls Church, VA 22041-3401, http://www.intlcode.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1298 − 95 (2007)
4. Significance and Use 5.2.3 Specification C980 brick Types I and II generally are
available from any manufacturer who makes double-sized,
4.1 History:
kiln-fired, solid brick for corrosion-resistant applications. The
4.1.1 For many years, brick liners have been used with an
stringent requirements for Type III brick, however, make it
excellent record of performance. For the most part, however,
more difficult and expensive to manufacture. Consequently,
the design and construction of brick liners has been based on
availability of Type III brick is limited; therefore, before
past industry practice due to the lack of available information
specifying Type III brick, determine both the necessity of its
and knowledge of the physical properties of the brick and
use and its availability.
mortar, the thermal and seismic behavior of brick liners, and
many related characteristics that were not properly or accu-
5.3 Mortar:
rately defined.
5.3.1 Unless specific application requirements dictate oth-
4.1.2 The use of scrubbers, which lower gas temperatures
erwise, mortar should conform to the requirements of one of
and introduce highly corrosive condensates into the flue gas
the brick types listed herein.
system, requires many new design considerations. The effect
5.3.1.1 Specification C466—These widely-used mortars ex-
that scrubbers have on brick liners is an ongoing area of study,
hibit excellent resistance to most acids (except hydrofluoric
since a number of liners have experienced growth- and
acid), water, solvents, and temperatures to 1200°F. These
deflection-related problems which may be attributable, at least
mortars are also resistant to intermittent exposure to mild
in part, to nonuniform temperature and moisture conditions
alkalies, but their primary capability is resisting the strong
within the liners.
acids commonly found in fossil-fuel flue gas environments.
4.2 Purpose—The recommendations contained herein rep-
5.3.1.2 Specification C395—Organic resin-type mortars
resent current industry practices and serve to define the
(such as Furan mortar) have been used in brick chimney liners,
pertinent considerations that should be followed in the design
mainly due to their capacity to resist a wider variety of
and construction of brick chimney liners.
chemicals than inorganic mortars. Generally suitable for use
over a wider pH range, they resist non-oxidizing acids,
5. Materials
alkalies, salts, water, and temperatures to 350°F.
5.1 General—Theselectionofsuitablelinermaterials,those
5.3.1.3 High alumina cement (HAC) mortars, while not
capable of resisting the environment to which they will be
generally used in brick chimney linings, also are available.
exposed, should be based on an evaluation of the unique
They are usually used in conjunction with heat-resistive
operating conditions that exist in each application.Although it
aggregatesandmaybesuitableforsomechimneyapplications.
is not the intent to restrict the applicability of this guide, and
5.3.2 It is important to recognize that the selection of the
while other materials may be appropriate in some applications,
proper mortar is essential to successful functioning of a brick
the chemical-resistant brick and mortar standards set forth in
liner.Thevarioustypesofchemical-resistantmortarsshouldbe
5.2 and 5.3 define the type of materials used in the majority of
evaluated to determine which is the most suitable for a given
brick liners that are specified, designed, and erected today.All
application and set of operating conditions.
portionsofthisguidereflecttestdata,designrequirements,and
other practices as they relate to these materials. The provisions
5.4 Appurtenances—Due to the availability of a wide vari-
of this guide should be carefully reviewed for applicability if
ety of metallic materials and the great variations in the flue gas
other materials are specified or used. Due to a greater knowl-
conditions to which materials are exposed, it is beyond the
edge of overall plant operation, material capabilities, and the
scope of this document to make recommendations regarding
flue gas environment, the owner’s technical representative
the suitability of materials for liner appurtenances such as
should be responsible for selecting all liner materials.
breeching ducts, bands, lintels, buckstays, hoods, caps, and
doors. The selection of these materials can be made only by
5.2 Brick:
evaluating the specific factors and conditions that exist on each
5.2.1 Unless the specific application precludes their use,
individual project. One must evaluate the operating environ-
brick conforming to the requirements of Specification C980
ment, projected maintenance requirements, and other such
shouldbeused.SpecificationC980coverssolidkiln-firedbrick
technical and economic evaluation factors commonly associ-
made of clay, shale, or mixtures thereof.
5.2.2 ThreetypesofbrickaredefinedinSpecificationC980: ated with the process of material selection.
Types I, II, and III. By definition, the brick types vary,
5.5 Field Testing—If it is determined that field testing is
respectively, in decreasing degrees of absorption and acid
required for a particular project, the test methods and accep-
solubility. These bricks generally are resistant to all acids and
tance criteria should be agreed upon mutually by the material
alkalies (with the exception of acid fluorides and strong, hot
manufacturers, the contractor, and the owner’s technical rep-
caustics). Types I, II, and III brick safely will withstand
resentative. Certification that the materials shipped for use on
continuoustemperaturesupto750°F.Generally,thebrickswill
the project conform to the requirements of their respective
withstand short-term exposure to temperatures in excess of
ASTM specifications should be obtained from the manufac-
750°F, but the capability of the bricks to resist higher tempera-
turer.
tures should be studied case by case. The selection of the brick
type and the potential need for testing beyond the requirements
6. Construction Requirements
of Specification C980 should be determined on an individual
project basis. 6.1 Handling and Storage of Materials:
C1298 − 95 (2007)
6.1.1 Brick pallets and the individual brick units should be brick liners are commonly tapered, occasional vertical align-
handledaslittleaspossibletoreducethelikelihoodofcracking ment of radial joint will inevitably occur and is considered
and chipping. While it is obviously beneficial to keep the acceptable practice.
amount of chipping and cracking to a minimum, no criteria
6.4 Mortar Usage:
currently exist to evaluate what constitutes acceptability.
6.4.1 Mortar should be stored and used in accordance with
Therefore, if deemed necessary, the specifier should include
the manufacturer’s recommendations. Mortar manufacturers
acceptance criteria in the project specification. Cracking is not
generally make representatives available to assist field person-
always evident, and pallets suspected of containing cracked
nel during initial mixing and material handling operations.
brick should be checked closely by removing individual
6.4.2 Chemically-setting mortars typically used in brick
samples. Badly damaged or cracked brick should not be used.
linersaresensitivetochangesintemperatureandhumidity,and
6.1.2 Mortar and brick should be kept dry and free from
small variations in mix proportions. The builder should moni-
frost during construction. Heated storage sheds should be used
tor the mortar consistency during the course of construction.
when the ambient temperature during construction is below
Anychangesinthevisualappearanceofthemortar,orchanges
40°F (4°C) unless otherwise recommended by the manufactur-
in handling, mixing, and setting characteristics immediately
ers of the brick or mortar.
should be brought to the attention of the manufacturer.
6.2 Brick Sizing:
6.4.3 The working time for a chemically-setting mortar is
6.2.1 It is standard industry practice to use chamfered brick
short compared to that for a Portland cement mortar. Only
to approximate the circular liner shape. The proper chamfer-
mortar quantities that can be used within their working time
to-diameter relationship is shown in Fig. 1. In certain cases, it
should be mixed, since retempering of these mortars is not
may be necessary to use two or more chamfers for a liner with
recommended by the manufacturers.
a larger change in diameter over its height.The proper chamfer
6.4.4 Allbrickinthemasonrychimneyliningshouldbelaid
will keep mortar joint size variation to a minimum, resulting in
with full-bed, circumferential, and radial mortar joints. Mortar
tight, acid-resistant vertical seams.
shall be applied to the brick by the use of a trowel.All mortar
3 1
6.2.2 Double-sized brick, typically 3 ⁄4 by 4 ⁄2 by 8 in., is
joints on the interior surface of the liner shall be trowel-struck.
used in brick liner construction, although any other brick size
6.5 Rate of Construction—A typical liner is constructed
that meets the recommendations of this guide is acceptable.
from a multiple-point suspension scaffold, which facilitates a
6.3 Brick Bonding:
fastrateofconstruction,eventothepointofmakingitpossible
6.3.1 The use of proper brick bonding techniques inhibits
to build greater heights of freshly laid masonry than is
delamination, resulting in stronger, more crack-resistant walls.
warranted by the setting rate of the mortar. This is particularly
A proper brick bond will limit the propagation of cracks.
true when constructing small diameter liners when the ambient
6.3.2 To minimize the effects of tolerance differences be-
temperature is low. Building at a rate faster than is warranted
tween “stretchers” (brick laid in the circumferential direction)
by the setting characteristics of the mortar can result in
and“headers”(bricklaidintheradialdirection),itisbeneficial
premature cracking and defor
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