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ASTM D1435-05

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics

Standard Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Tests conducted in accordance with this practice are used to evaluate the stability of plastic materials when they are exposed outdoors. The relative durability of plastics in outdoor use can be very different depending on the location of the exposure because of differences in ultraviolet (UV) radiation, time of wetness, temperature, pollutants, and other factors. It cannot be assumed, therefore, that results from one exposure in a single location will be useful for determining relative durability in a different location. Exposures in several locations with different climates that represent a broad range of anticipated service conditions are recommended.
4.1.1 Because of year-to-year climatological variations, results from a single exposure test cannot be used to predict the absolute rate at which a material degrades. Several years of repeat exposures are needed to get an average test result for a given location.
The results of short-term exposure tests can provide an indication of relative outdoor performance, but they should not be used to predict the absolute long-term performance of a material. The results of tests conducted for less than twelve months will depend on the particular season of the year in which they begin.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to cover procedures for the exposure of plastic materials to weather. Note 1See Practice G 24 for aging under glass.
1.2 This practice is limited to the method by which the material is to be exposed and the general procedure to be followed. It is intended for use with finished articles of commerce as well as with all sizes and shapes of test specimens.
1.3 Means of evaluation of the effects of weathering will depend on the intended use for the test material.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
This standard and ISO 877.2-1991, Method A, are technically equivalent.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
28-Feb-2005
ICS
83.080.01 - Plastics in general
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.50 - Durability of Plastics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1435-99 - Standard Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D4101-17e1 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Polypropylene Injection and Extrusion Materials
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D3841-21 - Standard Specification for Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Plastic Panels
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D5870-22 - Standard Practice for Calculating Property Retention Index of Plastics
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D4216-22 - Standard Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) and Related PVC and Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Building Products Compounds
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D1670/D1670M-11(2023) - Standard Test Method for Failure End Point in Accelerated and Outdoor Weathering of Bituminous Materials
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM C488-16(2023) - Standard Test Method for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests of Finishes for Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM C1900-20 - Standard Practice for Weathering and Evaluation of Laminated Glass
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM G90-23 - Standard Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weathering of Materials Using Concentrated Natural Sunlight
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D7445-18 - Standard Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Siding with Foam Plastic Backing (Backed Vinyl Siding)
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM G178-16(2023) - Standard Practice for Determining the Activation Spectrum of a Material (Wavelength Sensitivity to an Exposure Source) Using the Sharp Cut-On Filter or Spectrographic Technique
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D2513-20 - Standard Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Gas Pressure Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM F2623-22 - Standard Specification for Polyethylene of Raised Temperature (PE-RT) Systems for Non-Potable Water Applications
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM E881-92(2022) - Standard Practice for Exposure of Solar Collector Cover Materials to Natural Weathering Under Conditions Simulating Stagnation Mode
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM F2657-21 - Standard Test Method for Outdoor Weathering Exposure of Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Tubing
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005

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ASTM D1435-05 - Standard Practice for Outdoor Weathering of PlasticsASTM D1435-05 - Standard Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics
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ASTM D1435-05 - Standard Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1435 − 05
StandardPractice for
1
Outdoor Weathering of Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1435; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* G84 Practice for Measurement of Time-of-Wetness on Sur-
faces Exposed to Wetting Conditions as in Atmospheric
1.1 This practice is intended to cover procedures for the
Corrosion Testing
exposure of plastic materials to weather.
G113 Terminology Relating to Natural andArtificial Weath-
NOTE 1—See Practice G24 for aging under glass.
ering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials
G141 Guide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Testing
1.2 This practice is limited to the method by which the
material is to be exposed and the general procedure to be of Nonmetallic Materials
G147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetal-
followed. It is intended for use with finished articles of
commerce as well as with all sizes and shapes of test lic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests
specimens. 2.2 ISO Standard:
ISO 877.2-1991 Method A, Methods for Exposure to Direct
1.3 Means of evaluation of the effects of weathering will
Weathering, to Weathering Using Glass-Filtered Daylight,
depend on the intended use for the test material.
3
and to Intensified Weathering Using Fresnel Mirrors
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard.
3. Terminology
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of technical terms pertain-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ing to plastics used in this practice, see Terminologies D883,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D1600, G113, and E772.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 4. Significance and Use
4.1 Tests conducted in accordance with this practice are
NOTE 2—This standard and ISO 877.2-1991, MethodA, are technically
equivalent. used to evaluate the stability of plastic materials when they are
exposed outdoors.The relative durability of plastics in outdoor
2. Referenced Documents
use can be very different depending on the location of the
2
exposure because of differences in ultraviolet (UV) radiation,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
time of wetness, temperature, pollutants, and other factors. It
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
cannotbeassumed,therefore,thatresultsfromoneexposurein
D1600 Terminology forAbbreviatedTerms Relating to Plas-
a single location will be useful for determining relative
tics
durabilityinadifferentlocation.Exposuresinseverallocations
E772 Terminology of Solar Energy Conversion
with different climates that represent a broad range of antici-
G7 Practice for Atmospheric Environmental Exposure Test-
pated service conditions are recommended.
ing of Nonmetallic Materials
4.1.1 Because of year-to-year climatological variations, re-
G24 Practice for Conducting Exposures to Daylight Filtered
sults from a single exposure test cannot be used to predict the
Through Glass
absolute rate at which a material degrades. Several years of
repeat exposures are needed to get an average test result for a
given location.
1
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD20onPlasticsand
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.50 on Durability of Plastics.
4.2 The results of short-term exposure tests can provide an
Current edition approved March 1, 2005. Published March 2005. Originally
indication of relative outdoor performance, but they should not
approved in 1956. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D1435 - 99. DOI:
be used to predict the absolute long-term performance of a
10.1520/D1435-05.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1435 − 05
material. The results of tests conducted for less than twelve 5.3.3 The design of the specimen holders shall be such that
months will depend on the particular season of the year in each specimen or sheet in a holder cann
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The test methods are intended to be rapid empirical tests which have been found to be useful in the relative comparison of materials having the same nominal thickness.
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of volatile loss from a plastic material under defined conditions of time and temperature, using activated carbon as the immersion medium.  
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ASTM D883-23(Terminology)
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1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical terms used in the plastics industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.  
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1.3 Definitions that are identical to those published by another standards body are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization; for example, IUPAC is the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.  
1.4 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in discussion notes.
Note 1: It is recommended that definitions be reviewed periodically.  
1.4.1 When a new definition is added to this terminology standard, or the wording of a definition is revised, the date of the change shall be appended to the new or revised definition.  
1.5 For literature related to plastics terminology, see Appendix X1.  
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1.6.2 For terms related to electrical or electronic insulating materials, the applicable definitions are contained in Terminology D1711.  
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5.1 This test method provides a simple means of characterizing the thermomechanical behavior of plastic materials using very small amounts of material. The data obtained is used for quality control, research and development, as well as the establishment of optimum processing conditions.  
5.2 Dynamic mechanical testing provides a sensitive method for determining thermomechanical characteristics by measuring the elastic and loss moduli as a function of frequency, temperature, or time. Plots of moduli and tan delta of a material versus these variables can be used to provide graphical representation indicative of functional properties, effectiveness of cure (thermosetting resin system), and damping behavior under specified conditions.  
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5.3 This test method can be used to assess:  
5.3.1 Modulus as a function of temperature,  
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5.3.7 The effects of annealing on modulus and glass transition temperature,  
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5.3.9 The effect of fillers, additives on modulus and glass transition temperature.  
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1.1 This test method outlines the use of dynamic mechanical instrumentation for gathering and reporting the viscoelastic properties of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and composite systems in the form of rectangular specimens molded directly or cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes. The tensile data generated is used to identify the thermomechanical properties of a plastic material or composition using a variety of dynamic mechanical instruments.  
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1.3 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies, typically from 0.01 Hz to 100 Hz.  
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1.5 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides for the measuring of the minimum concentration of oxygen in a flowing mixture of oxygen and nitrogen that will just support flaming combustion of plastics. Correlation with burning characteristics under actual use conditions is not implied.  
5.2 In this test method, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire-test-exposure conditions described in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard describes a procedure for measuring the minimum concentration of oxygen, expressed as percent volume, that will just support flaming combustion in a flowing mixture of oxygen and nitrogen.  
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1.5 This test method also provides for testing flexible sheet or film materials, while supported vertically.  
1.6 This test method is also suitable, in some cases, for cellular materials having an apparent density of less than 15 kg/m3.
Note 1: Although this test method has been found applicable for testing some other materials, the precision of the test method has not been determined for these materials, or for specimen geometries and test conditions outside those recommended herein.  
1.7 This test method measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statement are given in Section 10.  
1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
Note 2: This test method and ISO 4589-2 are technically equivalent when using the gas measurement and control device described in 6.3.1, with direct oxygen concentration measurement.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D695-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Compression tests provide information about the compressive properties of plastics when employed under conditions approximating those under which the tests are made.  
4.2 Compressive properties include modulus of elasticity, yield stress, deformation beyond yield point, and compressive strength (unless the material merely flattens but does not fracture). Materials possessing a low order of ductility may not exhibit a yield point. In the case of a material that fails in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength has a very definite value. In the case of a material that does not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength is an arbitrary one depending upon the degree of distortion that is regarded as indicating complete failure of the material. Many plastic materials will continue to deform in compression until a flat disk is produced, the compressive stress (nominal) rising steadily in the process, without any well-defined fracture occurring. Compressive strength can have no real meaning in such cases.  
4.3 Compression tests provide a standard method of obtaining data for research and development, quality control, acceptance or rejection under specifications, and special purposes. The tests cannot be considered significant for engineering design in applications differing widely from the load-time scale of the standard test. Such applications require additional tests such as impact, creep, and fatigue.  
4.4 Before proceeding with this test method, reference should be made to the ASTM specification for the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, and testing parameters covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there is no material specification, then the default conditions apply. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mechanical properties of unreinforced and reinforced rigid plastics, including high-modulus composites, when loaded in compression at relatively low uniform rates of straining or loading. Test specimens of standard shape are employed. This procedure is applicable for a composite modulus up to and including 41,370 MPa (6,000,000 psi).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1: For compressive properties of resin-matrix composites reinforced with oriented continuous, discontinuous, or cross-ply reinforcements, tests may be made in accordance with Test Method D3410/D3410M or D6641/D6641M.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given in 13.1.
Note 2: This standard is equivalent to ISO 604.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1929-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tests made under conditions herein prescribed can be of considerable value in comparing the relative ignition characteristics of different materials. Values obtained represent the lowest ambient air temperature that will cause ignition of the material under the conditions of this test. Test values are expected to rank materials according to ignition susceptibility under actual use conditions.  
4.2 This test is not intended to be the sole criterion for fire hazard. In addition to ignition temperatures, fire hazards include other factors such as burning rate or flame spread, intensity of burning, fuel contribution, products of combustion, and others.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire test response test method2 covers a laboratory determination of the flash ignition temperature and spontaneous ignition temperature of plastics using a hot-air furnace.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Caution—During the course of combustion, gases or vapors, or both, are evolved that have the potential to be hazardous to personnel.  
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.3 and 1.4.
Note 1: This test method and ISO 871-2022 (Option 1) are similar in all technical details.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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