ASTM D2113-99
(Practice)Standard Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site Investigation
Standard Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site Investigation
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes equipment and procedures for diamond core drilling to secure core samples of rock and some soils that are too hard to sample by soil-sampling methods. This method is described in the context of obtaining data for foundation design and geotechnical engineering purposes rather than for mineral and mining exploration.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 2113 – 99
Standard Practice for
Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site
Investigation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2113; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope nor should this document be applied without consideration of
a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the
1.1 This practice covers the guidelines, requirements, and
title of this document means only that the document has been
procedures for core drilling, coring, and sampling of rock for
approved through the ASTM consensus process.
the purposes of site investigation. The borehole could be
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
vertical, horizontal, or angled.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 This practice is described in the context of obtaining
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
data for the design, construction, or maintenance of structures,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
and applies to surface drilling and drilling from adits and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Also, the user must
exploratory tunnels.
comply with prevalent regulatory codes, such as OSHA (Oc-
1.3 This practice applies to core drilling in hard and soft
cupational Health and SafetyAdministration) guidelines, while
rock.
using this practice. For good safety practice, consult applicable
1.4 This practice does not address considerations for core
OSHA regulations and other safety guides on drilling (1).
drilling for geo-environmental site characterization and instal-
lation of water quality monitoring devices (see Section 2).
2. Referenced Documents
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
2.1 ASTM Standards:
as standard. The SI values given in parentheses are provided
D 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-
for information purposes only.
sign, and Construction Purposes
1.6 This practice does not purport to comprehensively
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
addressallofthemethodsandtheissuesassociatedwithcoring
Fluids
and sampling of rock. Users should seek qualified profession-
D 4630 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and
als for decisions as to the proper equipment and methods that
Storage Coefficient of Low Permeability Rocks by In Situ
would be most successful for their site investigation. Other
Measurements Using the Constant Head Injection Test
methods may be available for drilling and sampling of rock,
D 5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Rock
and qualified professionals should have flexibility to exercise
Core Samples
judgment as to possible alternatives not covered in this
D 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-
practice. This practice is current at the time of issue, but new
tions of Soil and Rock
alternative methods may become available prior to revisions;
D 5782 Guide for the Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for
therefore, users should consult with manufacturers or produc-
Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation of Subsur-
ers prior to specifying program requirements.
face Water Quality Monitoring Devices
1.7 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing
D 5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling With
one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace
Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explo-
education or experience and should be used in conjunction
ration and Installation of Subsurface Water Quality Moni-
withprofessionaljudgment.Notallaspectsofthispracticemay
toring Devices
be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not
D 5876 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing
intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which
Advancement Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental
the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,
Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-
Quality Monitoring Devices
D 6032 Test Method for Determining Rock Quality Desig-
This Practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil and
nation (RQD) of Rock Core
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling and
Related Field Testing for Soil Investigations.
CurrenteditionapprovedMay10,1998andJanuary10,1999.PublishedOctober
1999. Originally published as D 2113 – 62T. Last previous edition D 2113 – 83
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
e1
(1993) .
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D2113
D 6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo- 4.1.1 Drilling is accomplished by circulating a drilling
technical Exploration and Soil Sampling medium through the drill bit while rotating and lowering or
2.2 American Petroleum Institute Standard: advancing the string of drill rods as downward force is applied
API RP 13B Recommended Practice Standard Procedure to a cutting bit. The bit cuts and breaks up the material as it
for Testing Drilling Fluids penetrates the formation, and the drilling medium picks up the
2.3 NSF Standard: cuttings generated by the cutting action of the bit. The drilling
NSF 60-1988 medium, with cuttings, then flows outward through the annular
space between the drill rods and drill hole, and carries the
3. Terminology
cuttings to the ground surface, thus cleaning the hole. The
3.1 Definitions:
string of drill rods and bit is advanced downward, deepening
3.1.1 blind hole, n—borehole that yields no fluid recovery
the hole as the operation proceeds.
of the drilling fluids.
4.1.1.1 Fluid drilling is accomplished by circulating water
3.1.2 casing, n—hollow tubes of steel used to support bore
or a water-based fluid with additives. Additives such as
hole walls or where fluid losses must be stopped.
bentonite or polymers are frequently added to water to lubri-
3.1.3 caving hole, n—borehole whose walls or bottom are
cate and cool the bit and to circulate (transport) cuttings to the
unstable and cave or collapse into the drilled borehole.
surface. Drill fluid can also act to prevent cave or collapse of
3.1.4 core barrels, n—hollow tubes of steel used to collect
the drill hole. After the drilling fluid reaches the surface, it
cores of drilled rock.
flows to a ditch or effluent pipe and into a settling pit where the
3.1.5 core bits, n—coring bits with surface set or impreg-
cuttings settle to the bottom. Cuttings are sometimes run
nated diamonds in tungsten carbide mix of hardened steel,
through a shaker to remove the larger particles. From the
polycrystalline bits, or tungsten carbide (TC) inserts, mounted
settling pit, the drilling fluid overflows into the main pit, from
on a cylindrical coring bit that does the actual core cutting.
which it is picked up by the suction line of the mud pump and
3.1.6 drill rig, n—includes drilling machine, mast or der-
recirculated through the drill string.
rick, circulating pumps, and mounting platform.
NOTE 1—The decrease of mud velocity upon entering the mud pit may
3.1.7 drill rod, n—hollow steel tubes that are connected to
cause gelling of the mud and prevent cuttings from settling. Agitation of
the drill bit or core barrel and to the rotary head of the drilling
the mud in the pit can remedy the problem.
machine.
4.1.1.2 Air drilling is performed where introduction of
3.1.8 drill platform, n—a platform for drilling rig.
fluids is undesirable. Air rotary drilling requires use of an air
3.1.8.1 Discussion—The platform may need to be con-
compressor with volume displacement large enough to develop
structed at the drilling site to provide a firm base upon which
sufficient air velocity to remove cuttings. Cuttings can be
the drill rig is then placed. Platforms are also constructed in the
collected at the surface in cyclone separators. Sometimes a
vicinity of the drill hole for workers to hold equipment, serve
small amount of water or foam may be added to the air to
as a datum, and to allow safe operations.
enhance return of cuttings.Air drilling may not be satisfactory
3.1.9 drilling machine, n—includes power unit, hoisting
in unconsolidated and cohesionless soils under the ground
unit, controlled-feed rotary drill head, and water or mud pump.
water table.
3.1.10 overshot, n—a latching mechanism at the end of the
4.2 Coring:
hoisting line, specially designed to latch onto or release pilot
4.2.1 Coringistheprocessofrecoveringcylindricalcoresof
bit or core barrel assemblies when using wireline drilling.
rock by means of rotating a hollow steel tube (core barrel)
(D 5786)
equipped with a coring bit. The drilled core is carefully
3.1.11 pilot bit assembly, n—designed to lock into the end
collected in the core barrel as the drilling progresses.
section of drill rod for wireline drilling without sampling. The
4.3 Sampling:
pilot bit can be either drag, roller cone, or diamond plug types.
4.3.1 Once the core has been cut and the core barrel is full,
Thebitcanbesettoprotrudefromtherodcoringbitdepending
the drill rods or overshot assembly are pulled and the core
on the formation being drilled. (D 5786)
retrieved. Samples are packaged and shipped for testing (see
3.1.12 squeezing hole, n—borehole whose walls move into
Practices D 5079).
the drilled opening and squeeze on the drill rods.
3.1.13 wireline drilling, n—a rotary drilling process using
5. Significance and Use
special enlarged inside diameter drilling rods with special
5.1 Rock cores are samples of record of the existing
latching pilot bits or core barrels raised or lowered inside the
rods with a wireline and overshot latching mechanism. subsurface conditions at given borehole locations.The samples
are expected to yield significant indications about the geologi-
(D 5786)
3.2 Additional terms are defined in Terminology D 653. cal, physical, and engineering nature of the subsurface for use
in the design and construction of an engineered structure. The
4. Summary of Practice
coresamplesneedtobepreservedusingspecificproceduresfor
4.1 Drilling:
a stipulated time (Practices D 5079). The period of storage
depends upon the nature and significance of the engineered
structure.
Available fromAmerican Petroleum Institute, 2101 LSt. NW, Washington, DC
5.2 Rock cores always need to be handled such that their
Available from NSF International, P.O. Box 130140, Ann Arbor, MI
48113–0140. propertiesarenotalteredinanywayduetomechanicaldamage
D2113
or changes in ambient conditions of moisture and temperature Hydraulic systems are often equipped with a detent valve,
or other environmental factors. which allows downfeed (or advance) rate to be set at a certain
speedregardlessoftoolweightordownpressureexertedonthe
6. Apparatus
coring bit. Hydraulic feed drill rigs should be supplied with a
hydraulic pressure gage that can be related to bit pressures.
6.1 General—Fig. 1 shows the schematic of a typical rock
Deep hole drill rigs should be equipped with hydraulic hold-
core drill setup (2). Essential components of the drilling
back control so, if required, the full weight of the drill rods is
equipment include the drilling rig with rotary power, hoisting
not exerted on the bit when drilling downward. Diamond drill
systems, casing, rods, core barrels, including bits and liners,
rigs can apply high rotation rates as high as 1000 rpm as
and pumps with circulating system. In addition, equipment
opposed to normal rotary drills operating at 60 to 120 rpm (3).
should include necessary tools for hoisting and coupling and
Most diamond core drills are equipped with a mast and
uncoupling the drill string and other miscellaneous items such
powered hoist for hoisting heavy drill strings. A second
asprefabricatedmudpitsandracksforrodstackingandlayout.
wireline hoist is helpful for wireline drilling.
Normally, a drilling platform of planking is built up around the
6.2.1 The drill machine frame is either skid or truck
drilling site.
mounted and should be equipped with a slide base for ease in
6.1.1 Rock coring operations can proceed at high rotation
working around the drill hole. In special cases, the drilling
rates. It is imperative the drill rig, rods, and core barrels are
machine may be mounted on a trailer, barge (for overwater
straight and have a balanced center of gravity to avoid
whipping and resulting damage to cores and expensive bits. drilling), or columns (for underground work). Some drill rigs
are designed to be broken down into several pieces for
6.2 Drilling Rig— The drill rig provides the rotary power
and downward (or advance) force or hold-back force on the transport into remote areas. The drilling machine may be
powered by hydraulics, air, electricity, gas, or diesel. Most
core barrel to core the rock.The preferred diamond drill coring
equipments are designs with hydraulic or gear-driven variable surface skid or truck mounted rigs are diesel or gas powered.
speed hollow spindle rotary drill heads, although some core 6.2.2 Drilling directions are rarely vertical in underground
rigs are manufactured with gear or chain pulldown/retract applications, and smaller rigs are frequently equipped with
systems. Precise control over bit pressure can best be accom- swivel heads to accommodate drilling at angles. Special
plishedbyavariablesettinghydraulicpulldown/retractsystem. accommodations must be made for holding and breaking rods
FIG. 1 Schematic of Typical Diamond Core Drill Set-up (2)
D2113
when drilling at high angles into crowns of adits. Either top 6.3.4.4 Water-based Drilling Fluids—The four main classes
drive drill or column mount machines with hydraulic or of water-based drilling fluids are: (1) clean, fresh water, (2)
pneumatic rod jacks are equipped to handle up holes. For water with clay (bentonite) additives, (3) water with polymeric
confined space drilling operations, drills are column mounted additives, and (4) water with both clay and polymer additives.
or mounted on small skids. Special power sources may be For commonly used materials added to water-based fluid, see
required for underground work due to air quality consider- Section 7 on Materials.
ations. Remote power pack stations usually electric, hydraulic,
(1) Clean fresh water alone is often not acceptable for core
compressed air, or a combination of the three. Electrically
drilling due to poor bit lubrication, erosion due to high
powered h
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