ASTM D4255/D4255M-20
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for In-Plane Shear Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials by the Rail Shear Method
Standard Test Method for In-Plane Shear Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials by the Rail Shear Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These shear tests are designed to produce in-plane shear property data for material specifications, research and development, and design. Factors that influence the shear response and should therefore be reported include: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and fiber volume reinforcement content. Properties that may be measured by this test method include:
5.1.1 In-plane shear stress versus engineering shear strain response,
5.1.2 In-plane shear chord modulus of elasticity,
5.1.3 Offset shear stress, and
5.1.4 Maximum in-plane shear stress. In cases in which the engineering shear strain at failure is greater than 5 %, the shear stress corresponding to 5 % engineering shear strain should be reported.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane shear properties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials by either of two procedures. In Procedure A, laminates clamped between two pairs of loading rails are tested. When loaded in tension, the rails introduce shear forces in the specimen. In Procedure B, laminates clamped on opposite edges with a tensile or compressive force applied to a third pair of rails in the center are tested.
1.2 Application of this test method is limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites in the following material forms:
1.2.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.
1.2.2 Laminates composed only of woven fabric filamentary laminae with the warp direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.
1.2.3 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction, with the 0° direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.
1.2.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of the fibers being randomly distributed.
Note 1: Additional test methods for determining in-plane shear properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D3518/D3518M, D5379/D5379M, D5448/D5448M, and D7078/D7078M.
1.3 The reproducibility of this test method can be affected by the presence of shear stress gradients in the gage section and stress concentrations at the gripping areas. Test Methods D5379/D5379M and D7078/D7078M provide superior shear response in comparison to this test method, as their specimen configurations produce a relatively pure and uniform shear stress state in the gage section.
1.4 The technical content of this standard has been stable since 2001 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this standard, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of updated guidance on micrometers and calipers, strain gage requirements, speed of testing, specimen preconditioning and environmental testing. Future maintenance of the standard will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.5.1 Within the text the inch-pounds units are shown in brackets.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and envi...
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Designation: D4255/D4255M − 20
Standard Test Method for
In-Plane Shear Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite
1
Materials by the Rail Shear Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4255/D4255M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.4 The technical content of this standard has been stable
since 2001 without significant objection from its stakeholders.
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane shear proper-
As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this
ties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials by
standard, changes since that date have been limited to items
either of two procedures. In Procedure A, laminates clamped
required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Commit-
between two pairs of loading rails are tested. When loaded in
tee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of
tension, the rails introduce shear forces in the specimen. In
updated guidance on micrometers and calipers, strain gage
Procedure B, laminates clamped on opposite edges with a
requirements, speed of testing, specimen preconditioning and
tensile or compressive force applied to a third pair of rails in
environmental testing. Future maintenance of the standard will
the center are tested.
only be in response to specific requests and performed only as
1.2 Application of this test method is limited to continuous-
technical support allows.
fiber or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced polymer matrix com-
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
posites in the following material forms:
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
1.2.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous
values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva-
laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or
lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each
perpendicular to the fixture rails.
system shall be used independently of the other, and values
1.2.2 Laminates composed only of woven fabric filamentary
from the two systems shall not be combined.
laminae with the warp direction oriented either parallel or
1.5.1 Within the text the inch-pounds units are shown in
perpendicular to the fixture rails.
brackets.
1.2.3 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction,
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
with the 0° direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the fixture rails.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.2.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
the fibers being randomly distributed.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—Additional test methods for determining in-plane shear
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
D3518/D3518M, D5379/D5379M, D5448/D5448M, and D7078/
D7078M. ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.3 The reproducibility of this test method can be affected
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
by the presence of shear stress gradients in the gage section and
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
stress concentrations at the gripping areas. Test Methods
D5379/D5379M and D7078/D7078M provide superior shear
2. Referenced Documents
response in comparison to this test method, as their specimen
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
configurations produce a relatively pure and uniform shear
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
stress state in the gage section.
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on
2
Lamina and Laminate Test Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2020. Published October 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D4255/D4255M – 15a. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D4255_D4255M-20. the ASTM we
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4255/D4255M − 15a D4255/D4255M − 20
Standard Test Method for
In-Plane Shear Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite
1
Materials by the Rail Shear Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4255/D4255M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane shear properties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials by either of
two procedures. In Procedure A, laminates clamped between two pairs of loading rails are tested. When loaded in tension, the rails
introduce shear forces in the specimen. In Procedure B, laminates clamped on opposite edges with a tensile or compressive force
applied to a third pair of rails in the center are tested.
1.2 Application of this test method is limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites in
the following material forms:
1.2.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular
to the fixture rails.
1.2.2 Laminates composed only of woven fabric filamentary laminae with the warp direction oriented either parallel or
perpendicular to the fixture rails.
1.2.3 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction, with the 0° direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the
fixture rails.
1.2.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of the fibers being randomly distributed.
NOTE 1—Additional test methods for determining in-plane shear properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D3518/D3518M,
D5379/D5379M, D5448/D5448M, and D7078/D7078M.
1.3 The reproducibility of this test method can be affected by the presence of shear stress gradients in the gage section and stress
concentrations at the gripping areas. Test Methods D5379/D5379M and D7078/D7078M provide superior shear response in
comparison to this test method, as their specimen configurations produce a relatively pure and uniform shear stress state in the gage
section.
1.4 The technical content of this standard has been stable since 2001 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there
is limited technical support for the maintenance of this standard, changes since that date have been limited to items required to
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on Lamina and
Laminate Test Methods.
Current edition approved May 15, 2015Oct. 1, 2020. Published May 2015October 2020. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as
D4255/D4255M – 15.D4255/D4255M – 15a. DOI: 10.1520/D4255_D4255M-15A.10.1520/D4255_D4255M-20.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D4255/D4255M − 20
retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of updated guidance
on micrometers and calipers, strain gage requirements, speed of testing, specimen preconditioning and environmental testing.
Future maintenance of the standard will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system mustshall be
used independently of the other. Combiningother, and values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
standard.shall not be combined.
1.5.1 Within the text the inch-pounds units are shown in brackets.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decisi
...
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