ASTM D7483-08

Standard Test Method for Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic Viscosity of Liquids by Oscillating Piston Viscometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Many petroleum products, as well as non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants for bearings, gears, compressor cylinders, hydraulic equipment, etc. Proper operation of this equipment depends upon the viscosity of these liquids.
Oscillating piston viscometers allow viscosity measurement of a broad range of materials including transparent, translucent and opaque liquids. The measurement principle and stainless steel construction makes the Oscillating Piston Viscometer resistant to damage and suitable for portable operations. The measurement itself is automatic and does not require an operator to time the oscillation of the piston. The electromagnetically driven piston mixes the sample while under test. The instrument requires a sample volume of less than 5 mL and typical solvent volume of less than 10 mL which minimizes cleanup effort and waste.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of dynamic viscosity and derivation of kinematic viscosity of liquids, such as new and in-service lubricating oils, by means of an oscillating piston viscometer.
1.2 This test method is applicable to Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids; however the precision statement was developed using Newtonian liquids.
1.3 The range of dynamic viscosity covered by this test method is from 0.2 mPa·s to 20 000 mPa·s (which is approximately the kinematic viscosity range of 0.2 mm2/s to 22 000 mm2/s for new oils) in the temperature range between –40 to 190°C; however the precision has been determined only for new and used oils in the range of 1.434 mPa·s to 154.4 mPa·s at temperatures of 40 and 100°C (as stated in the precision section).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 14-Dec-2008
• ICS: 17.060 - Measurement of volume, mass, density, viscosity
• Technical Committee: D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Drafting Committee: D02.07 - Flow Properties

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM D7483-13 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic Viscosity of Liquids by Oscillating Piston Viscometer
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2013
• Referred By: ASTM D7961-22 - Standard Practice for Calibrating U-tube Density Cells over Large Ranges of Temperature and Pressure
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D7720-21 - Standard Guide for Statistically Evaluating Measurand Alarm Limits when Using Oil Analysis to Monitor Equipment and Oil for Fitness and Contamination
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D8128-22 - Standard Guide for Monitoring Failure Mode Progression in Industrial Applications with Rolling Element Ball Type Bearings
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D8185-18 - Standard Guide for In-Service Lubricant Viscosity Measurement
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2008

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7483 − 08
StandardTest Method for
Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic
Viscosity of Liquids by Oscillating Piston Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7483; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
Petroleum Products
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of dynamic
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
viscosity and derivation of kinematic viscosity of liquids, such
Petroleum Products
as new and in-service lubricating oils, by means of an
D5967 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in
oscillating piston viscometer.
T-8 Diesel Engine
1.2 This test method is applicable to Newtonian and non-
D6792 Practice for Quality System in Petroleum Products
Newtonian liquids; however the precision statement was de-
and Lubricants Testing Laboratories
veloped using Newtonian liquids. 3
2.2 ISO Standards:
1.3 The range of dynamic viscosity covered by this test ISO/EC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence
method is from 0.2 mPa·s to 20 000 mPa·s (which is approxi- of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
mately the kinematic viscosity range of 0.2 mm /s to 22 000
2.3 NIST Standard:
mm /s for new oils) in the temperature range between –40 to
NIST Technical Note 1297 Guideline for Evaluating and
190°C; however the precision has been determined only for
Expressing the Uncertainty of NISTMeasurement Results
new and used oils in the range of 1.434 mPa·s to 154.4 mPa·s
3. Terminology
at temperatures of 40 and 100°C (as stated in the precision
section).
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 dynamic viscosity (η), n—theratiobetweentheapplied
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
shear stress and rate of shear of a liquid.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1.1.1 Discussion—It is sometimes called the coefficient of
standard.
dynamic viscosity or, simply, viscosity. Thus, dynamic viscos-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ity is a measure of the resistance to flow or to deformation of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
a liquid under external shear forces.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.1.2 Discussion—Thetermdynamicviscositycanalsobe
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
used in a different context to denote a frequency-dependant
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
quantity in which shear stress and shear rate have a sinusoidal
time dependence.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.2 kinematic viscosity (ν), n—the ratio of the dynamic
2.1 ASTM Standards:
viscosity (η) to the density (ρ) of a liquid.
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
3.1.2.1 Discussion—For gravity flow under a given hydro-
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
static head, the pressure head of a liquid is proportional to its
ity)
density,(ρ).Thereforethekinematicviscosity,(ν),isameasure
D2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers
of the resistance to flow of a liquid under gravity.
and Viscosity Oil Standards
3.1.3 rate of shear (shear rate), n— in liquid flow, the
velocity gradient across the liquid.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
3.1.4 shear stress, n—the force per unit area in the direction
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
of the flow.
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2008. Published February 2009. DOI:
10.1520/D7483-08.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on www.iso.ch.
the ASTM website. Available from http://physics.nist.gov/ccu/Uncertainty/index.html.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7483 − 08
FIG. 1 Cross Sectional View of Measurement Chamber
3.1.4.1 Discussion—TheSIunitforshearstressisthepascal tions.Themeasurementitselfisautomaticanddoesnotrequire
(Pa). an operator to time the oscillation of the piston. The electro-
magnetically driven piston mixes the sample while under test.
3.1.5 density (ρ), n—mass per unit volume.
Theinstrumentrequiresasamplevolumeoflessthan5mLand
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
typical solvent volume of less than 10 mL which minimizes
3.2.1 oscillating piston viscometer, n—a device that mea-
cleanup effort and waste.
suresthetraveltimeofapistondrivenelectromagneticallyinto
stationary oscillating motion through a liquid at a controlled
6. Apparatus
force in order to determine the dynamic viscosity of the liquid.
6.1 Oscillating Piston Viscometer:
6.1.1 The oscillating piston viscometer (see Fig. 2) com-
4. Summary of Test Method
prises a measurement chamber and calibrated piston capable of
4.1 A specimen of sample is placed in the thermally
measuring the dynamic viscosity within the limits of precision
controlled measurement chamber where the piston resides.The
given in Section 16.
pistonisdrivenintooscillatorymotionwithinthemeasurement
6.1.2 Piston—Free moving, magnetically driven body
chamber by a controlled magnetic field. Once the sample is at
within a Oscillating Piston Viscometer which is used for
thetesttemperature,asdeterminedbythetemperaturedetector,
measuring the viscosity of liquids. Individual pistons are sized
the piston is propelled repeatedly through the liquid (by the
to measure specific viscosity ranges by varying the sensor
magnetic field).Ashear stress (ranging from 5 Pa to 750 Pa) is
annulus. See Table 1 for the selection of the piston according
imposed on the liquid under test due to the piston travel. The
to the viscosity range.
dynamic viscosity is determined by measuring the average
6.1.3 Measurement Chamber—Location within Oscillating
travel time of the piston. The kinematic viscosity is derived by
Piston Viscometer where piston motion (through the liquid
additionally measuring the ratio between the up and down
under test) occurs due to an imposed electromagnetic field. See
travel times. This information is then applied to a calibration
Fig. 1.
curveusingliquidsofknownviscositytocalculatethedynamic
6.1.4 Electronics—Capable of controlling the electromag-
viscosity and kinematic viscosity of the liquid. See Fig. 1.
neticfieldtopropelanddetectthetraveltimeofthepistonwith
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Many petroleum products, as well as non-petroleum
The Oscillating Piston Viscometer is covered by a patent. Interested parties are
materials, are used as lubricants for bearings, gears, compres-
invited to submit information regarding the identification of an alternative to this
sor cylinders, hydraulic equipment, etc. Proper operation of
patented item to theASTM International headquarters.Your comments will receive
careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which
this equipment depends upon the viscosity of these liquids.
you may attend.
5.2 Oscillating piston viscometers allow viscosity measure-
The sole sources of supply for the apparatus known to the committee at this
time is Cambridge Viscosity Inc., 101 Station Landing, Medford, MA 02155
ment of a broad range of materials including transparent,
(www.cambridgeviscosity.com). If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please
translucentandopaqueliquids.Themeasurementprincipleand
provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will
stainless steel construction makes the Oscillating Piston Vis-
receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,
cometer resistant to damage and suitable for portable opera- which you may attend.
D7483 − 08
FIG. 2 Viscometer with Electronics
TABLE 1 Viscosity Ranges of Oscillating Viscometer Pistons
Minimum Viscosity (mPa·s ) Maximum Viscosity (mPa·s ) Piston Designation Nominal Piston Diameter (mm) Recommended Sample Volume
(mL)
0.02 2 SP20 7.87 3.2 - 5
0.25 5 SP50 7.83 3.2 - 5
0.5 10 SP11 7.81 3.2 - 5
1 20 SP21 7.76 3.5 - 5
2.5 50 SP51 7.68 3.5 - 5
5 100 SP12 7.62 3.5 - 5
10 200 SP22 7.54 3.5 - 5
25 500 SP52 7.34 3.5 - 5
50 1000 SP13 7.21 4.0 - 5
100 2000 SP23 6.96 4.0 - 5
250 5000 SP53 6.27 4.0 – 5
500 10000 SP14 6.05 4.0 - 5
1000 20000 SP24 5.72 4.0 - 5
a discrimination of 0.01 s or better and uncertainty within dards shall be traceable to master viscometer procedures
60.07 %. The travel time is calibrated to be between 0.4 s and described in Practice D2162.
60 s, at a distance of 5 mm.
7.2 The uncertainty of the certified viscosity reference
6.1.5 Temperature Controlled Jacket—
...