ASTM E1136-19

Standard Specification for P195/75R14 Radial Standard Reference Test Tire

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the general requirements for a radial-ply standard reference test tire for use as a reference for tire traction performance evaluations and for other evaluations, such as pavement roughness, noise, or other tests that require a reference tire. The test tire shall be of the specified size, current technology All Season tread design steel-belted radial. Tread compounding, fabric processing, and all the manufacturing steps shall be controlled for minimum variability between tires. The tire shall be as originally molded without any tread grinding or repairs. The oil-extended styrene-butadiene blend rubber tread shall conform to the prescribed composition for: SBR 1778, SBR 1502, CIS 1 polybutadiene, N351 black, naphthenic oil, zinc oxide, stearic acid, 6 PPD, TMQ, antidegradant wax, tackifying hydrocarbon resin, TBBS, DPG, and sulfur. The tire shall be constructed as one-ply sidewall and a three-ply thread. The tread compound shall conform to the physical property requirements for: tensile sheet cure, stress at elongation, tensile strength, elongation, Durometer hardness, and restored energy (rebound or resilience). The dimensional requirements for (1) inflated dimensions and cured cord angles, (2) ribs, (3) grooves, and (4) wear indicators are specified. The prescribed physical property test methods including tire tread hardness test shall be used. Tire storage requirements and recommendations for tire use and operational requirements are detailed. The front and side views of a radial reference tire, the cross section including inflated tire dimensions, and the tread radius measurement using three point drop method are illustrated.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the P195/75R14 radial standard reference test tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, and wear performance evaluations, but may also be used for other evaluations, such as pavement roughness, noise, or other tests that require a reference tire.  
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.  
1.2 This specification provides a rim code diameter of 14, standard tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.  
1.3 As of 2020 the E1136 P195/75R14 92S Standard Reference Test Tire is expected to cease production. Upon that occurrence, the F2493 P225/60R16 97S Standard Reference Test Tire is an acceptable replacement for E1136 as the reference tire for Test Methods F1805 and E1337.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2019
• ICS: 83.160.10 - Road vehicle tyres
• Technical Committee: F09 - Tires
• Drafting Committee: F09.20 - Vehicular Testing

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E1136-17 - Standard Specification for P195/75R14 Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2019
• Refers: ASTM D1765-23b - Standard Classification System for Carbon Blacks Used in Rubber Products
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2023
• Refers: ASTM D1765-18 - Standard Classification System for Carbon Blacks Used in Rubber Products
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2018
• Refers: ASTM F1805-18 - Standard Test Method for Single Wheel Driving Traction in a Straight Line on Snow- and Ice-Covered Surfaces
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2018
• Refers: ASTM F2493-18 - Standard Specification for P225/60R16 97S Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2018
• Refers: ASTM F2870-16 - Standard Specification for 315/70R22.5 154/150L Radial Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2016
• Refers: ASTM F2872-16 - Standard Specification for 225/75R16C 116/114S M+S Radial Light Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2016
• Refers: ASTM F1805-16 - Standard Test Method for Single Wheel Driving Traction in a Straight Line on Snow- and Ice-Covered Surfaces
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2016
• Refers: ASTM F2493-14 - Standard Specification for P225/60R16 97S Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2014
• Refers: ASTM D1765-14 - Standard Classification System for Carbon Blacks Used in Rubber Products
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2014
• Refers: ASTM F1805-12 - Standard Test Method for Single Wheel Driving Traction in a Straight Line on Snow- and Ice-Covered Surfaces
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2012
• Refers: ASTM F2870-11 - Standard Specification for 315/70R22.5 154/150L Radial Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2011
• Refers: ASTM F2871-11 - Standard Specification for 245/70R19.5 136/134M Radial Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2011
• Refers: ASTM F2872-11 - Standard Specification for 225/75R16C 116/114S M+S Radial Light Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2011
• Refers: ASTM D1765-10 - Standard Classification System for Carbon Blacks Used in Rubber Products
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2010

Overview

The ASTM E1136-19 Standard Specification for P195/75R14 Radial Standard Reference Test Tire provides comprehensive requirements for a radial-ply, steel-belted all-season reference test tire. This tire serves as a standard reference for evaluating tire traction performance as well as other parameters such as pavement roughness and noise. It is primarily intended for use as a control tire in laboratory and field tests, ensuring consistency and comparability in traction and wear performance assessments. The standard includes detailed instructions on the design, construction, tread compound formulation, physical properties, dimensional requirements, and storage and operational recommendations for the reference tire.

Key Topics

• Purpose and Use: The ASTM E1136-19 standard specifies the P195/75R14 tire, designed mainly for traction, snow performance, and treadwear evaluations under controlled testing environments.
• Design and Construction:
  • Radial construction with steel belts and all-season tread
  • Specified tire dimensions and tolerances according to the Tire and Rim Association (TRA) standards
  • Sidewall and tread ply structure as defined by the specification
• Tread Compound:
  • Blend of oil-extended styrene-butadiene rubbers with controlled additives for minimal variability
  • Physical properties including tensile strength, elongation, durometer hardness, and rebound/resilience
• Dimensional Requirements:
  • Precise overall width, outside diameter, groove depth, rib/groove configuration, and wear indicators to ensure standardization
• Certification and Storage:
  • Manufacturer certification of compliance
  • Controlled storage environment requirements to maintain tire integrity

Applications

The ASTM E1136-19 reference test tire plays a critical role in several applications:

• Tire Traction Testing: Used as a control tire for standardized tests of longitudinal braking traction and snow traction, ensuring repeatable and comparable results.
• Pavement and Surface Analysis: Enables evaluations of pavement roughness, texture, and skid resistance by offering a uniform reference point.
• Noise Testing: Supports laboratory and field testing of tire and pavement noise characteristics, providing a consistent baseline.
• Regulatory and Quality Assurance: Assists manufacturers, regulatory agencies, and testing laboratories in meeting industry and safety standards by providing a traceable and reliable reference tire for various test methods.
• Research and Development: Facilitates comparative studies and development of new tire technologies by offering a standardized benchmark.

Related Standards

The ASTM E1136-19 standard is part of a family of standards related to tire testing and performance evaluation, including:

• ASTM F2493: Specification for P225/60R16 97S Radial Standard Reference Test Tire, which is a designated replacement when E1136 ceases production.
• ASTM F1805: Test Method for Single Wheel Driving Traction in a Straight Line on Snow- and Ice-Covered Surfaces.
• ASTM E1337: Test Method for Determining Longitudinal Peak Braking Coefficient of Paved Surfaces Using Standard Reference Test Tire.
• ASTM D2240: Test Method for Rubber Property-Durometer Hardness.
• ASTM D412: Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers-Tension.
• ASTM D7121: Test Method for Rubber Property-Resilience Using Schob Type Rebound Pendulum.
• ASTM F2870, F2871, F2872: Specifications for other radial truck and light truck standard reference test tires.

Following ASTM E1136-19 ensures compatibility and reliability in traction, treadwear, and noise testing across tire and pavement evaluation programs, supporting improved safety, performance, and quality assurance in the automotive and transportation industries.

Keywords: standard reference test tire, ASTM E1136, tire traction testing, tire treadwear, all-season radial, pavement friction, noise evaluation, tire performance standards.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:E1136 −19
Standard Specification for
P195/75R14 Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1136; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for
D412TestMethodsforVulcanizedRubberandThermoplas-
the P195/75R14 radial standard reference test tire. The tire
tic Elastomers—Tension
covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference
D1765Classification System for Carbon Blacks Used in
tire for braking traction, snow traction, and wear performance
Rubber Products
evaluations,butmayalsobeusedforotherevaluations,suchas
D2240TestMethodforRubberProperty—DurometerHard-
pavement roughness, noise, or other tests that require a
ness
reference tire.
D3182PracticeforRubber—Materials,Equipment,andPro-
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for
cedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing
these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.
Standard Vulcanized Sheets
1.2 This specification provides a rim code diameter of 14,
D7121Test Method for Rubber Property—Resilience Using
standardtiredesignandconstruction,standarddimensions,and
Schob Type Rebound Pendulum
specifies the conditions of storage.
E867Terminology Relating to Vehicle-Pavement Systems
1.3 As of 2020 the E1136 P195/75R14 92S Standard
E1337Test Method for Determining Longitudinal Peak
ReferenceTestTire is expected to cease production. Upon that
Braking Coefficient of Paved Surfaces Using Standard
occurrence, the F2493 P225/60R16 97S Standard Reference
Reference Test Tire
Test Tire is an acceptable replacement for E1136 as the
F538Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Per-
reference tire for Test Methods F1805 and E1337.
formance of Tires
F1805Test Method for Single Wheel Driving Traction in a
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Straight Line on Snow- and Ice-Covered Surfaces
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
F2493Specification for P225/60R16 97S Radial Standard
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
Reference Test Tire
tion only and are not considered standard.
F2870 Specification for 315/70R22.5 154/150L Radial
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
F2871 Specification for 245/70R19.5 136/134M Radial
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
F2872Specification for 225/75R16C 116/114S M+S Radial
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Light Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3. Terminology
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1 Definitions:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.1 Fordefinitionsoftermsusedinthisspecification,refer
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
to Terminology F538.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.2 all-season tread, n—tread design providing dry, wet,
and snow traction performance for an optimized balance for
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F09 on Tires
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.20 on Vehicular Testing. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2019. Published October 2019. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as E1136–17. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E1136-19. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1136−19
FIG. 2Side View of the P195/75R14 Radial Standard Reference
Test Tire
4.2 The tire shall be designed to conform with the Tire and
RimAssociation,Inc.(TRA)standardnominaldimensionsand
FIG. 1Front View of the P195/75R14 Radial Standard Reference
tolerances for cross section and overall diameter found in the
Test Tire
current Year Book.
4.3 The tire used for this specification is produced by
Michelin Passenger and LightTruckTire Manufacturing. The
year-round performance and which may meet the U.S. Tire
tire stampings on the sidewall include: “ASTM E1136,”
Manufacturers Association (USTMA) definition for an M&S,
“StandardReferenceTestTire,”andECE(EconomicCommis-
M+S, M/S, MS, etc. marked tire (see USTMA “Snow Tire
sion for Europe) and DOT (Department of Transportation)
Definitions for Passenger and Light Truck (LT) Tires” ). F538
certification marks.
3.1.3 pavement characteristic, n—physical feature or prop-
4.4 Beginning in 2014, the tire is marked with an arrow
erty of a pavement surface such as type, roughness, texture,
which provides a rotational orientation for those testers who
and skid resistance. E867
choose to reference it. (See Fig. 3.)
3.1.4 pitch, n—unitoftreadpatternelementsusedinvarious
5. Materials and Manufacture
combinations to obtain optimum noise levels. F538
3.1.5 standard reference test tire, SRTT, n—tire that is used 5.1 The individual standard reference test tires shall con-
as a control tire or surface monitoring tire (for example, form to the manufacturer’s design standards. Dimensions and
Specification F2493, F2870, F2871, and F2872 tires). F538 permissible variations are given in Fig. 4 and Table 1.
4. Design and Construction
Available from the Tire and Rim Association, Inc., 175 Montrose West Ave.,
4.1 The P195/75R14 standard reference test tire shall fea-
Suite 150, Copley, OH 44321.
ture the steel-belted radial technology and an all-season tread
Thesolesourceofsupplyofthestandardreferencetireknowntothecommittee
design(seeFig.1andFig.2),andwithtechnologyasdescribed
at this time is Michelin Passenger and Light Truck Tire Manufacturing, 1101
in Sections5–7. Michelin Road, Ardmore, OK 73401 (specify P195/75R14 SRTT Uniroyal Tiger
Paw). Ordering information is available on the ASTM F09 website: http://
www.astm.org/COMMIT/COMMITTEE/F09.htm. If you are aware of alternative
suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.
Available from the U.S. Tire Manufacturers Association, 1400 K Street, N.W. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
Washington, D.C. 20005. technical committee, which you may attend.
E1136−19
FIG. 3Example of Rotation Arrow
FIG. 4 Tire Cross Section
TABLE 1 Physical Properties of Tread Compound
6. Material Requirements
Tensile sheet cure, min at 160°C (320°F) 15.0 min
6.1 The requirements for the tread compound are given in
Stress at 300 % elongation MPa (psi) 11.4 ± 2.0
(1650 ± 289) Table 2.
Tensile strength, min, MPa (psi) 15.2 (2200)
6.1.1 Certainproprietaryproductshavebeenspecifiedsince
Elongation, min % 420 % min
A exact duplication of properties of the finished tire may not be
Durometer hardness 65 + 4 ⁄−1, Type A
Restored energy (rebound or resilience) % - Schob type 45.2 ± 2.7
achievedwithothersimilarproducts.Thisinclusiondoesnotin
pendulum – D7121
any way comprise a recommendation for these proprietary
A
Measured on tire tread.
products, nor against similar products of other manufacturers,
nor does it imply any superiority over any such similar
products.
5.2 Tread compounding, fabr
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1136 − 17 E1136 − 19
Standard Specification for
P195/75R14 Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1136; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the P195/75R14 radial standard reference test tire. The tire covered
by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, and wear performance evaluations,
but may also be used for other evaluations, such as pavement roughness, noise, or other tests that require a reference tire.
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.
1.2 This specification provides a rim code diameter of 14, standard tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and
specifies the conditions of storage.
1.3 As of 2020 the E1136 P195/75R14 92S Standard Reference Test Tire is expected to cease production. Upon that occurrence,
the F2493 P225/60R16 97S Standard Reference Test Tire is an acceptable replacement for E1136 as the reference tire for Test
Methods F1805 and E1337.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers—Tension
D1765 Classification System for Carbon Blacks Used in Rubber Products
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness
D3182 Practice for Rubber—Materials, Equipment, and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing Standard
Vulcanized Sheets
D7121 Test Method for Rubber Property—Resilience Using Schob Type Rebound Pendulum
E867 Terminology Relating to Vehicle-Pavement Systems
E1337 Test Method for Determining Longitudinal Peak Braking Coefficient of Paved Surfaces Using Standard Reference Test
Tire
F538 Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Performance of Tires
F1805 Test Method for Single Wheel Driving Traction in a Straight Line on Snow- and Ice-Covered Surfaces
F2493 Specification for P225/60R16 97S Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
F2870 Specification for 315/70R22.5 154/150L Radial Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
F2871 Specification for 245/70R19.5 136/134M Radial Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
F2872 Specification for 225/75R16C 116/114S M+S Radial Light Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F09 on Tires and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.20 on Vehicular Testing.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017Oct. 1, 2019. Published November 2017October 2019. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 20142017
as E1136 – 14.E1136 – 17. DOI: 10.1520/E1136-17.10.1520/E1136-19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1136 − 19
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this specification, refer to Terminology F538.
3.1.2 all-season tread, n—tread design providing dry, wet, and snow traction performance for an optimized balance for
year-round performance and which may meet the U.S. Tire Manufacturers Association (USTMA) definition for an M&S, M+S,
M/S, MS, etc. marked tire (see USTMA “Snow Tire Definitions for Passenger and Light Truck (LT) Tires” ). F538
3.1.3 pavement characteristic, n—physical feature or property of a pavement surface such as type, roughness, texture, and skid
resistance. E867
3.1.4 pitch, n—unit of tread pattern elements used in various combinations to obtain optimum noise levels. F538
3.1.5 standard reference test tire, SRTT, n—tire that is used as a control tire or surface monitoring tire (for example,
Specification F2493, F2870, F2871, and F2872 tires). F538
4. Design and Construction
4.1 The P195/75R14 standard reference test tire shall feature the steel-belted radial technology and an all-season tread design
(see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2), and with technology as described in Sections 5 – 7.
4.2 The tire shall be designed to conform with the Tire and Rim Association, Inc. (TRA) standard nominal dimensions and
tolerances for cross section and overall diameter found in the current Year Book.
FIG. 1 Front View of the P195/75R14 Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
Available from the U.S. Tire Manufacturers Association, 1400 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005.
Available from the Tire and Rim Association, Inc., 175 Montrose West Ave., Suite 150, Copley, OH 44321.
E1136 − 19
FIG. 2 Side View of the P195/75R14 Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
4.3 The tire used for this specification is produced by Michelin Passenger and Light Truck Tire Manufacturing. The tire
stampings on the sidewall include: “ASTM E1136,” “Standard Reference Test Tire,” and ECE (Economic Commission for Europe)
and DOT (Department of Transportation) certification marks.
4.4 Beginning in 2014, the tire is marked with an arrow which provides a rotational orientation for those testers who choose
to reference it. (See Fig. 3.)
5. Materials and Manufacture
5.1 The individual standard reference test tires shall conform to the manufacturer’s design standards. Dimensions and
permissible variations are given in Fig. 4 and Table 1.
FIG. 3 Example of Rotation Arrow
The sole source of supply of the standard reference tire known to the committee at this time is Michelin Passenger and Light Truck Tire Manufacturing, 1101 Michelin
Road, Ardmore, OK 73401 (specify P195/75R14 SRTT Uniroyal Tiger Paw). Ordering information is available on the ASTM F09 website: http://www.astm.org/COMMIT/
COMMITTEE/F09.htm. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful
consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
E1136 − 19
FIG. 4 Tire Cross Section
TABLE 1 Physical Properties of Tread Compound
Tensile sheet cure, min at 160°C (320°F) 15.0 min
Stress at 300 % elongation MPa (psi) 11.4 ± 2.0
(1650 ± 289)
Tensile strength, min, MPa (psi) 15.2 (2200)
Elongation, min % 420 % min
A
Durometer hardness 65 + 4 ⁄−1, Type A
Restored energy (rebound or resilience) % - Shob type 45.2 ± 2.7
pendulum – D7121
Restored energy (rebound or resilience) % - Schob type 45.2 ± 2.7
pendulum – D7121
A
Measured on tire tread.
5.2 Tread compounding, fabric processing, and all the steps in tire manufacturing shall be controlled to ensure minimum
variability between tires.
5.3 The standard reference test tire shall be as originally molded without any tread grinding or repairs.
6. Material Requirements
6.1 The requirements for the tread compound are given in Table 2.
6.1.1 Certain proprie
...