ASTM F2870-23

Standard Specification for 315/70R22.5 154/150L Radial Truck Standard Reference Test Tire

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the general requirements for the 315/70R22.5 154/150L radial truck standard reference tire. Provided in this specification is a 22.5 rim diameter code standard truck tire design and construction, standard dimensions and standard condition of storage. This specified tire is primarily used as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, wear performance evaluations, pavement and noise evaluations and other tests that necessitate a reference tire. Testing methods for the tensile sheet cure, the stress at 300% elongation, the tensile strength shall be in accordance with the standards presented by D3182 and D412 respectively. The test methods also include checking of the durometer operation, checking the sate calibration of the durometer, determining the tire tread hardness by averaging four readings and applying the presser foot to the tire tread as rapidly as possible without shock.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the 315/70R22.5 154/150L radial truck standard reference test tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, and wear performance evaluations, but may also be used for other evaluations, such as pavement roughness, noise, or other tests that require a reference tire.  
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.  
1.2 This specification provides a 22.5 rim diameter code standard truck tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2023
• ICS: 83.160.10 - Road vehicle tyres
• Technical Committee: F09 - Tires
• Drafting Committee: F09.20 - Vehicular Testing

Relations

• Refers: ASTM F2872-19 - Standard Specification for 225/75R16C 116/114S M+S Radial Light Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2019
• Refers: ASTM E1136-19 - Standard Specification for P195/75R14 Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2019
• Refers: ASTM F2493-18 - Standard Specification for P225/60R16 97S Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2018
• Refers: ASTM E1136-17 - Standard Specification for P195/75R14 Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2017
• Refers: ASTM F2872-16 - Standard Specification for 225/75R16C 116/114S M+S Radial Light Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2016
• Refers: ASTM E1136-14 - Standard Specification for P195/75R14 Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 15-Aug-2014
• Refers: ASTM F2493-14 - Standard Specification for P225/60R16 97S Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2014
• Refers: ASTM F2871-11 - Standard Specification for 245/70R19.5 136/134M Radial Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2011
• Refers: ASTM F2872-11 - Standard Specification for 225/75R16C 116/114S M+S Radial Light Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2011
• Refers: ASTM F538-09 - Standard Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Performance of Tires
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2009
• Refers: ASTM F2493-08 - Standard Specification for P225/60R16 97S Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-May-2008
• Refers: ASTM F2493-06 - Standard Specification for P225/60R16 97S Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2006
• Refers: ASTM F538-03 - Standard Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Performance of Tires
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2003
• Refers: ASTM F538-99 - Standard Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Performance of Tires
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1999
• Refers: ASTM E1136-93(2003) - Standard Specification for A Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-1993

Overview

ASTM F2870-23, "Standard Specification for 315/70R22.5 154/150L Radial Truck Standard Reference Test Tire," is an international standard developed by ASTM International. This specification defines the design, construction, physical properties, storage, and usage requirements for the 315/70R22.5 154/150L radial truck standard reference test tire. This tire is primarily used as a standard reference in testing procedures that evaluate braking traction, snow traction, wear performance, pavement roughness, noise, and related attributes in commercial vehicle tires.

Standardized reference tires, such as those detailed in ASTM F2870-23, play a critical role in providing consistent benchmarks for tire testing, thereby supporting regulatory compliance and the development of safer, higher-performing tires for trucks and transport vehicles worldwide.

Key Topics

• Design and Construction

  • Specifies a steel-belted radial tire with a 22.5-inch rim diameter and a five-rib tread design.
  • Conforms to European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation (ETRTO) dimensional standards.

• Physical Properties

  • Defines tread compound properties, such as tensile strength, elongation, durometer hardness, and shear modulus.
  • Ensures quality control by requiring manufacturing consistency and control over key material properties.

• Dimensions and Tolerances

  • Details standard dimensions, including section width, tread width, outside diameter, and groove depth.
  • Provides tolerances to guarantee consistency across reference tires.

• Storage Conditions

  • Requires controlled storage conditions to maintain tire properties, including temperature, humidity, and ozone exposure limitations.

• Testing Methods

  • Reference to standardized test methods for rubber properties, tread hardness, and dynamic behavior.
  • Methods include ASTM D412, ASTM D2240, ASTM D3182, ISO 868, and ISO 21509.

• Certification

  • Manufacturers must certify compliance with the standard upon request.

Applications

• Tire Testing and Certification

  • The primary use of the 315/70R22.5 reference test tire is to serve as a control in evaluating:
    • Braking traction (including wet grip and snow conditions)
    • Tire wear and durability
    • Noise and vibration on various pavement types
    • Pavement roughness and surface characteristics

• Regulatory Compliance

  • Supports consistent testing for regulatory requirements, especially for commercial truck tires under global standards and guidelines.

• Comparison and Benchmarking

  • Enables accurate comparison of new or candidate truck tires against a defined standard reference under controlled test conditions.

• Research and Development

  • Widely used in R&D for both tire and road surface development, providing a reliable baseline for performance comparisons.

Related Standards

• ASTM E1136 - Specification for P195/75R14 Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• ASTM F2493 - Specification for P225/60R16 97S Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• ASTM F2871 - Specification for 245/70R19.5 136/134M Radial Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
• ASTM F2872 - Specification for 225/75R16C 116/114S M+S Radial Light Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
• ASTM D412 / D2240 / D3182 - Test methods for defining rubber properties and durometer hardness
• ISO 868 & ISO 21509 - International standards for durometer hardness testing and calibration
• ASTM E867 & F538 - Terminology relating to vehicle-pavement systems and tire performance characteristics

Summary

The ASTM F2870-23 specification is an essential standard for the consistent testing and evaluation of commercial truck tires. It ensures that tire manufacturers, testing laboratories, and regulatory agencies have a reliable, uniform basis for measuring key performance metrics, directly supporting tire safety, regulatory compliance, and the advancement of tire technology for heavy vehicles. This standard is integral to tire benchmarking and the ongoing improvement of testing methods in the tire industry.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2870 − 23
Standard Specification for
315/70R22.5 154/150L Radial Truck Standard Reference Test
Tire
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2870; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D5992 Guide for Dynamic Testing of Vulcanized Rubber
and Rubber-Like Materials Using Vibratory Methods
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for
E867 Terminology Relating to Vehicle-Pavement Systems
the 315/70R22.5 154/150L radial truck standard reference test
E1136 Specification for P195/75R14 Radial Standard Refer-
tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use
ence Test Tire
as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, and wear
F538 Terminology Relating to Characteristics and Perfor-
performance evaluations, but may also be used for other
mance of Tires
evaluations, such as pavement roughness, noise, or other tests
F2493 Specification for P225/60R16 97S Radial Standard
that require a reference tire.
Reference Test Tire
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for
F2871 Specification for 245/70R19.5 136/134M Radial
these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.
Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
1.2 This specification provides a 22.5 rim diameter code
F2872 Specification for 225/75R16C 116/114S M+S Radial
standard truck tire design and construction, standard
Light Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 3. Terminology
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
3.1 Definitions:
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this specification, refer
tion only and are not considered standard.
to Terminology F538.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.2 pavement characteristic, n—physical feature or prop-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
erty of a pavement surface such as type, roughness, texture,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and skid resistance. E867
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.3 pitch, n—unit of tread pattern elements used in various
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
combinations to obtain optimum noise levels. F538
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.4 standard reference test tire, SRTT, n—a tire that is
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
commonly used as a control tire or surface monitoring tire and
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
meets the requirements for one of Specifications E1136,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
F2493, F2870, F2871, or F2872. F538
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4. Design and Construction
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 The 315/70R22.5 154/150L standard reference test tire
2.1 ASTM Standards: shall feature the steel-belted radial technology, and a smooth-
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hard-
ribbed tread design, see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, with technology as
ness described in Sections 5 – 7.
4.2 The tire shall be designed to conform to the European
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F09 on Tires
Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation (ETRTO) dimensions
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.20 on Vehicular Testing.
and tolerances for cross section and overall diameter found in
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2023. Published September 2023. Originally
ε1 the current ETRTO Standards Manual.
approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as F2870 – 19 . DOI:
10.1520/F2870-23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from the European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation, Avenue
the ASTM website. d’Auderghem 22-28 Box 9 - B 1040 Brussels - Belgium, [e-mail].
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2870 − 23
5. Materials and Manufacture
5.1 The individual standard reference test tires shall con-
form to the manufacturer’s design standards.
5.2 Tread compound, fabric processing, and all the steps in
tire manufacturing shall be controlled to ensure minimum
variability between tires.
5.3 The standard reference test tire shall be as originally
molded without any tread grinding or repairs.
5.4 Since the formulation for tread compounds are
proprietary, they shall be controlled by means of their physical
properties given in Table 1.
5.4.1 These physical properties are to be considered tread
compound quality control parameters for use by the SRTT
manufacturer prior to tire production. These parameters may
vary when compared to samples taken from a cured tire.
5.5 Dimensions, weights, and permissible variations are
given in Section 7.
5.6 The tire shall be of the following construction:
5.6.1 One-ply sidewall construction (steel).
FIG. 1 Front View of the 315/70R22.5 154/150L Radial Truck Stan-
5.6.2 A five-ply tread construction (one-ply steel and four
dard Reference Test Tire
steel belts).
5.6.3 Black sidewall.
6. Physical Properties
6.1 The physical properties of the tread compound are listed
in Table 1.
7. Dimensions, Weights, and Permissible Variations
7.1 Details of dimensions are listed as follows and are
shown in Fig. 3. When targets and tolerances are not specified,
tire dimensions and weights are subject to manufacturer’s
normal targets and tolerances.
7.2 Inflated Dimensions and Cured Cord Angles at 900 kPa
(130 psi):
7.2.1 The tread width shall be 259 mm (10.2 in.), and the
cross-sectional tread radius shall be 1100 mm (43.3 in.) on the
FIG. 2 Side View of the 315/70R22.5 154/150L Radial Truck Stan-
dard Reference Test Tire
center and 650 mm (25.6 in.) on the shoulders.
7.2.2 The tread radius is measured using a reference radius
TABLE 1 Physical Properties of Tread Compound template as shown in Fig. 4.
7.2.3 The tire shall have an overall section width of 315.8
Dissipation factor tangent delta at –20°C 0.305 ± 0.014
Shear modulus G* at –10°C 3.01 ± 0.59 MPa (435 ± 86 psi)
mm (12.43 in.), and an outside diameter of 1009 mm (39.72
A
Durometer hardness 66 ± 2 Type A
in.) when mounted on a measuring rim (22.5x 9.00).
A
Measured on cured tire tread.
7.2.4 The cured cord angles shall be 90 6 8° for the carcass
and 65 6 4° for belt 1 and 18 6 4° for belts 2, 3, and 4.
7.3 Ribs—The tire shall have five ribs.
4.3 The tire used for this specification is produced by
4 7.4 Grooves—The tire shall have four circumferential
Manufacture Francaise des Pneumatiques Michelin. The tire is
grooves having a minimum tread de
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: F2870 − 19 F2870 − 23
Standard Specification for
315/70R22.5 154/150L Radial Truck Standard Reference Test
Tire
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2870; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Corrected 11.1 editorially in January 2023.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the 315/70R22.5 154/150L radial truck standard reference test tire. The
tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, and wear performance
evaluations, but may also be used for other evaluations, such as pavement roughness, noise, or other tests that require a reference
tire.
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.
1.2 This specification provides a 22.5 rim diameter code standard truck tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and
specifies the conditions of storage.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to
inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D412D2240 Test MethodsMethod for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers—TensionRubber Property—
Durometer Hardness
D3182D5992 Practice for Rubber—Materials, Equipment, and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing
Standard Vulcanized SheetsGuide for Dynamic Testing of Vulcanized Rubber and Rubber-Like Materials Using Vibratory
Methods
E867 Terminology Relating to Vehicle-Pavement Systems
E1136 Specification for P195/75R14 Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F09 on Tires and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.20 on Vehicular Testing.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2019Sept. 1, 2023. Published October 2019September 2023. Originally approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 20162019
ε1
as F2870 – 16.F2870 – 19 . DOI: 10.1520/F2870-19E01.10.1520/F2870-23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2870 − 23
F538 Terminology Relating to Characteristics and Performance of Tires
F2493 Specification for P225/60R16 97S Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
F2871 Specification for 245/70R19.5 136/134M Radial Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
F2872 Specification for 225/75R16C 116/114S M+S Radial Light Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 868 Plastics and ebonite – Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer (Shore hardness)
ISO 21509 Plastics and Ebonite – Verification of Shore durometers
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this specification, refer to Terminology F538.
3.1.2 pavement characteristic, n—physical feature or property of a pavement surface such as type, roughness, texture, and skid
resistance. E867
3.1.3 pitch, n—unit of tread pattern elements used in various combinations to obtain optimum noise levels. F538
3.1.4 standard reference test tire, SRTT, n—a tire that is commonly used as a control tire or surface-monitoring tire (for example,
surface monitoring tire and meets the requirements for one of Specifications E1136, F2493, F2870, F2871, andor F2872). F538
4. Design and Construction
4.1 The 315/70R22.5 154/150L standard reference test tire shall feature the steel-belted radial technology, and a smooth-ribbed
tread design, see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, with technology as described in Sections 5 – 7.
4.2 The tire shall be designed to conform to the European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation (ETRTO) dimensions and
tolerances for cross section and overall diameter found in the current ETRTO Standards Manual.
FIG. 1 Front View of the 315/70R22.5 154/150L Radial Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
Available from the European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation 78/80, rue Defacqz – B-1060 Brussels Belgium.Organisation, Avenue d’Auderghem 22-28 Box 9 -
B 1040 Brussels - Belgium, [e-mail].
F2870 − 23
FIG. 2 Side View of the 315/70R22.5 154/150L Radial Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
TABLE 1 Physical Properties of Tread Compound
Tensile sheet cure, min at 160°C (320°F) 15.0 min
Dissipation factor tangent delta at –20°C 0.305 ± 0.014
Stress at 300 % elongation, MPa (psi) 11.0 ± 2.0 MPa (1595 ± 290 psi)
Shear modulus G* at –10°C 3.01 ± 0.59 MPa (435 ± 86 psi)
Tensile strength, min MPa (psi) 15.5 MPa (2250 psi) min
Elongation, min % 450 % min
A
Durometer hardness 66 ± 2 Type A
A
Measured on cured tire tread.
4.3 The tire used for this specification is produced by Manufacture Francaise des Pneumatiques Michelin. The tire is stamped on
the sidewall with the words: “Standard Reference Test Tire” and “F2870”.
5. Materials and Manufacture
5.1 The individual standard reference test tires shall conform to the manufacturer’s design standards.
5.2 Tread compound, fabric processing, and all the steps in tire manufacturing shall be controlled to ensure minimum variability
between tires.
5.3 The standard reference test tire shall be as originally molded without any tread grinding or repairs.
5.4 Since the formulation for tread compounds are proprietary, they shall be controlled by means of their physical properties given
in Table 1.
5.4.1 These physical properties are to be considered tread compound quality control parameters for use by the SRTT manufacturer
prior to tire production. These parameters may vary when compared to samples taken from a cured tire.
5.5 Dimensions, weights, and permissible variations are given in Section 7.
5.6 The tire shall be of the following construction:
5.6.1 One-ply sidewall construction (steel).
5.6.2 A five-ply tread construction (one-ply steel and four steel belts).
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Manufacture Francaise des Pneumatiques Michelin CERL Ladoux, 23 place des Carmes
Dechaux, 630463040 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 09,9, France (attn. F43 Magasin [e-mail] – specify 315/70R22.5 154/150L Michelin truck SRTT).
If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting
of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
F2870 − 23
5.6.3 Black sidewall.
6. Physical Properties
6.1 The physical properties of the tread compound are listed in Table 1.
7. Dimensions, Weights, and Permissible V
...