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ASTM E1362-99

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Calibration of Non-Concentrator Photovoltaic Secondary Reference Cells

Standard Test Method for Calibration of Non-Concentrator Photovoltaic Secondary Reference Cells

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers calibration and characterization of secondary terrestrial photovoltaic reference cells to a desired reference spectral irradiance distribution. The recommended physical requirements for these reference cells are described in Specification E1040. Reference cells are principally used in the determination of the electrical performance of a photovoltaic device.  
1.2 Secondary reference cells are calibrated indoors using simulated sunlight or outdoors in natural sunlight by reference to a primary reference cell previously calibrated to the same desired reference spectral irradiance distribution.  
1.3 This test method applies only to the calibration of a photovoltaic cell that demonstrates a linear short-circuit current versus irradiance characteristic over its intended range of use, as defined in Test Method E1143.  
1.4 This test method applies only to the calibration of a photovoltaic cell that has been fabricated using a single photovoltaic junction.  
1.5 There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Oct-1999
ICS
31.260 - Optoelectronics. Laser equipment
Technical Committee
E44 - Solar, Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources
Drafting Committee
E44.09 - Photovoltaic Electric Power Conversion
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E1362-05 - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Non-Concentrator Photovoltaic Secondary Reference Cells
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005
Referred By
ASTM E927-19 - Standard Classification for Solar Simulators for Electrical Performance Testing of Photovoltaic Devices
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM E1125-16(2020) - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Primary Non-Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells Using a Tabular Spectrum
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM E948-16(2020) - Standard Test Method for Electrical Performance of Photovoltaic Cells Using Reference Cells Under Simulated Sunlight
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM E1040-10(2020) - Standard Specification for Physical Characteristics of Nonconcentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM E2236-10(2019) - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Electrical Performance and Spectral Response of Nonconcentrator Multijunction Photovoltaic Cells and Modules
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM E973-16(2020) - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Spectral Mismatch Parameter Between a Photovoltaic Device and a Photovoltaic Reference Cell
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM E772-15(2021) - Standard Terminology of Solar Energy Conversion
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM E1036-15(2019) - Standard Test Methods for Electrical Performance of Nonconcentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules and Arrays Using Reference Cells
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM E2848-13(2023) - Standard Test Method for Reporting Photovoltaic Non-Concentrator System Performance
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM E1021-15(2019) - Standard Test Method for Spectral Responsivity Measurements of Photovoltaic Devices
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999

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ASTM E1362-99 - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Non-Concentrator Photovoltaic Secondary Reference CellsASTM E1362-99 - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Non-Concentrator Photovoltaic Secondary Reference Cells
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ASTM E1362-99 - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Non-Concentrator Photovoltaic Secondary Reference Cells
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1362–99
Standard Test Method for
Calibration of Non-Concentrator Photovoltaic Secondary
Reference Cells
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1362; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E490 Solar Constant and Air Mass Zero Solar Spectral
Irradiance Tables
1.1 This test method covers calibration and characterization
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
ofsecondaryterrestrialphotovoltaicreferencecellstoadesired
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
reference spectral irradiance distribution. The recommended
E772 Terminology Relating to Solar Energy Conversion
physicalrequirementsforthesereferencecellsaredescribedin
E816 Specification for Calibration of Pyrheliometers by
Specification E1040. Reference cells are principally used in
Comparison to Reference Pyrheliometers
the determination of the electrical performance of a photovol-
E891 Tables for Terrestrial Direct Normal Solar Spectral
taic device.
Irradiance for Air Mass 1.5
1.2 Secondary reference cells are calibrated indoors using
E892 Tables for Terrestrial Solar Spectral Irradiance atAir
simulated sunlight or outdoors in natural sunlight by reference
Mass 1.5 for a 37° Tilted Surface
to a primary reference cell previously calibrated to the same
E927 Specification for Solar Simulation for Terrestrial
desired reference spectral irradiance distribution.
Photovoltaic Testing
1.3 Secondary reference cells calibrated according to this
E948 Test Method for Electrical Performance of Photovol-
test method will have the same radiometric traceability as the
taic Cells Using Reference Cells Under Simulated Sun-
of the primary reference cell used for the calibration. There-
light
fore, if the primary reference cell is traceable to the World
E973 Test Method for Determination of the Spectral Mis-
Radiometric Reference (WRR, see Test Method E 816), the
match Parameter Between a Photovoltaic Device and a
resulting secondary reference cell will also be traceable to the
Photovoltaic Reference Cell
WRR.
E1021 Test Methods for Measuring Spectral Response of
1.4 This test method applies only to the calibration of a
Photovoltaic Cells
photovoltaiccellthatdemonstratesalinearshort-circuitcurrent
E1039 TestMethodforCalibrationandCharacterizationof
versus irradiance characteristic over its intended range of use,
Non-ConcentratorTerrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells
as defined in Test Method E1143.
Under Global Irradiation
1.5 This test method applies only to the calibration of a
E1040 Specification for Physical Characteristics of Non-
photovoltaic cell that has been fabricated using a single
Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells
photovoltaic junction.
E 1125 Test Method for Calibration of Primary Non-
1.6 There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells Us-
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ing a Tabular Spectrum
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E1143 Test Method for Determining the Linearity of a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Photovoltaic Device Parameter With Respect to a Test
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Parameter
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E1328 Terminology Relating to Photovoltaic Solar Energy
2. Referenced Documents
Conversion
2.1 ASTM Standards:
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E-44 on Solar,
Geothermal,andOtherAlternativeEnergySourcesandisthedirectresponsibilityof Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.03.
Subcommittee E44.09 on Photovoltaic Electric Power Conversion. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1999. Published November 1999. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.02.
published as E1362-95. Last previous edition E1362-95. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.04.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1362
3. Terminology 4.1.3 Linearity of short-circuit current versus irradiance is
determined in accordance with Test Method E1143.
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms used in this test
4.1.4 The relative spectral distribution of the light source is
method may be found in Terminology E772 and in Terminol-
determinedusingaspectralirradiancemeasurementinstrument
ogy E1328.
as specified in Test Method E973.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cell temperature, °C, n—the temperature of the semi-
5. Significance and Use
conductor junction of a photovoltaic cell.
5.1 The electrical output of photovoltaic devices is depen-
3.2.2 junction temperature, n—synonym for cell tempera-
dent on the spectral content of the source illumination and its
ture.
intensity. To make accurate measurements of the performance
3.2.3 test light source, n—a source of radiant energy used
of photovoltaic devices under a variety of light sources, it is
for the secondary reference cell calibration.
necessary to account for the error in the short-circuit current
3.3 Symbols:
that occurs if the relative spectral response of the primary
3.3.1 The following symbols and units are used in this test
referencecellisnotidenticaltothespectralresponseofthecell
method:
tobecalibrated.Asimilarerroroccursifthespectralirradiance
2 −1
C—calibration constant, Am W ,
distributionofthetestlightsourceisnotidenticaltothedesired
−2
E—irradiance, Wm ,
reference spectral irradiance distribution. These errors are
−2
E—total irradiance, Wm ,
t
accounted for by the spectral mismatch parameter M (Test
I—current, A,
Method E973), a quantitative measure of the error in the
I —primary reference cell short-circuit current, A,
p
short-circuit current measurement. It is the intent of this test
I —secondary reference cell short-circuit current, A,
s
method to provide a recognized procedure for calibrating,
I —short-circuit current, A,
sc
characterizing,andreportingthecalibrationdataforsecondary
L—collimator length, m,
photovoltaic reference cells.
M—spectral mismatch parameter,
5.2 A secondary reference cell is calibrated to the same
n—total number of data points,
reference spectral irradiance distribution as the primary refer-
r—collimator receiving aperture radius, m,
ence cell used during the calibration. Primary reference cells
R—collimator opening aperture radius, m,
canbecalibratedbyuseofTestMethodE1125orTestMethod
−1
R —absolute spectral response, AW , E1039.
a
R —relative spectral response,
r
NOTE 1—No standards for calibration of reference cells to the extra-
S—standard deviation,
terrestrial spectral irradiance distribution presently exist.
T—temperature, °C,
5.3 Asecondaryreferencecellshouldberecalibratedyearly,
−1
a—temperature coefficient of reference cell, °C ,
or every six months if the cell is in continuous use outdoors.
u —collimator opening angle, °, and
o
5.4 Recommended physical characteristics of reference
l—wavelength, nm or µm.
cells are provided in Specification E1040.
3.3.2 Symbolic quantities that are functions of wavelength
appear as X(l).
6. Apparatus
6.1 Normal Incidence Tracking Platform (for calibrations
4. Summary of Test Method
conducted in natural sunlight)—A tracking platform used to
4.1 The calibration of a secondary photovoltaic reference
follow the sun that holds both the primary reference cell and
cell consists of measuring the short-circuit current of the cell
the cell to be calibrated. The tracker shall be able to track the
under natural or simulated sunlight using a primary reference
sun to within 60.5° during the calibration procedure.
cell to measure the incident irradiance. In addition to the
6.1.1 When the calibration is performed in direct natural
short-circuitcurrent,therelativespectralresponseofthecellto
sunlight, each cell and the spectral irradiance measurement
be calibrated and the relative spectral irradiance of the light
(see 6.7) shall have collimators that meet the requirements of
source must be determined. Errors in the short-circuit current
Annex A1 of Test Method E1125.
due to the spectral irradiance of the light source and the
6.1.2 When the calibration is performed in global normal
spectral response of the primary reference cell are then
conditions, no significant energy reflected from surrounding
corrected by dividing the short-circuit current by the spectral
buildings or any other surfaces in the vicinity of the test stand
mismatch parameter.Also, if the temperature of the cell is not
shall be allowed onto the reference cells for the duration of the
25 6 1°C, the temperature coefficient for the short-circuit
calibration period. Care shall be taken to conduct the calibra-
current is needed. The list of necessary test methods is as
tion in a location or manner such that a condition of high
follows:
ground reflectance is avoided. If significant reflection can
4.1.1 The spectral response of the cell to be calibrated is
occur, provision shall be made on the tracker to shield the
determined in accordance with Test Methods E1021. reference cells by the use of a horizon shield. This horizon
4.1.2 The cell’s short-circuit current temperature coefficient shield shall consist of a black nonreflecting surface, and shall,
is determined experimentally by measuring short-circuit cur- as viewed by each reference cell, block the view downward
rent at various temperatures and computing the temperature from the local horizon to the lowest extremes of the field of
coefficient. view.
...

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5.5 Insulated Gate Field-Effect Device—In this type of device, the true photocurrent is between the substrate and the channel, source, and drain regions. A current which can generate voltage that will turn on the device may be measured by the technique used here, but it is due to induced conductivity in the gate insulator and thus is not a junction photocurrent.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of steady-state primary photocurrent, Ipp, generated in semiconductor devices when these devices are exposed to ionizing radiation. These procedures are intended for the measurement of photocurrents greater than 10−9 A·s/Gy(Si or Ge), in cases for which the relaxation time of the device being measured is less than 25 % of the pulse width of the ionizing source. The validity of these procedures for ionizing dose rates as great as 108Gy(Si or Ge)/s has been established. The procedures may be used for measurements at dose rates as great as 1010Gy(Si or Ge)/s; however, extra care must be taken. Above 108Gy/s, the package response may dominate the device response for any device. Additional precautions are also required when measuring photocurrents of 10−9 A·s/Gy(Si or Ge) or lower.  
1.2 Setup, calibration, and test circuit evaluation procedures are also included in this test method.  
1.3 Because of the variability between device types and in the requirements of different applications, the dose rate range over which any specific test is to be conducted is not given in this test method but must be specified separately.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1178/C1178M-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Coated Glass Mat Water-Resistant Gypsum Backing Panel

ABSTRACT
This specification covers coated glass mat water-resistant gypsum backing panel designed for use on ceilings and walls in bath and shower areas as a base for the application of ceramic or plastic tile. Coated glass mat water-resistant gypsum backing panel shall consist of a noncombustible water-resistant gypsum core, surfaced with glass mat, partially or completely embedded in the core, and with a water-resistant coating on one surface. The specimens shall be tested for flexural strength, humidified deflection, core hardness, end hardness, edge hardness, nail pull resistance, water resistance, and surface water absorption. Coated glass mat water-resistant gypsum backing panel shall have surfaces true and free of imperfections that render the panel unfit for its designed use.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers coated glass mat water-resistant gypsum backing panel designed for use on ceilings and walls in bath and shower areas as a base for the application of ceramic or plastic tile.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2170/D2170M-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The kinematic viscosity characterizes flow behavior. The method is used to determine the consistency of liquid asphalt as one element in establishing the uniformity of shipments or sources of supply. The specifications are usually at temperatures of 60 and 135 °C.
Note 3: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determination of kinematic viscosity of liquid asphalts, road oils, and distillation residues of liquid asphalts all at 60 °C [140 °F] and of liquid asphalt binders at 135 °C [275 °F] (see table notes, 11.1) in the range from 6 to 100 000 mm2/s [cSt].  
1.2 Results of this test method can be used to calculate viscosity when the density of the test material at the test temperature is known or can be determined. See Annex A1 for the method of calculation.  
Note 1: This test method is suitable for use at other temperatures and at lower kinematic viscosities, but the precision is based on determinations on liquid asphalts and road oils at 60 °C [140 °F] and on asphalt binders at 135 °C [275 °F] only in the viscosity range from 30 to 6000 mm2/s [cSt].
Note 2: Modified asphalt binders or asphalt binders that have been conditioned or recovered are typically non-Newtonian under the conditions of this test. The viscosity determined from this method is under the assumption that asphalt binders behave as Newtonian fluids under the conditions of this test. When the flow is non-Newtonian in a capillary tube, the shear rate determined by this method may be invalid. The presence of non-Newtonian behavior for the test conditions can be verified by measuring the viscosity with viscometers having different-sized capillary tubes. The defined precision limits in 11.1 may not be applicable to non-Newtonian asphalt binders.  
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and the EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury, mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior ...

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ASTM
ASTM D6356/D6356M-98(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Gas Generation of Aluminum Emulsified Asphalt Used as a Protective Coating for Roofing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This procedure measures the amount of hydrogen gas generation potential of aluminized emulsion roof coating. There is the possibility of water reacting with aluminum pigment to generate hydrogen gas. This situation is to be avoided, so this test was designed to evaluate coating formulations and assess the propensity to gassing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a hydrogen gas and stability test for aluminum emulsified asphalt coatings.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5643/D5643M-06(2024)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Coal Tar Roof Cement, Asbestos Free

ABSTRACT
This specification covers coal tar roof cement suitable for trowel application in coal tar roofing and flashing systems. The chemical composition of coal tar roof cement shall conform to the requirements prescribed. The water, non-volatile matter, insoluble matter, behaviour at 60 deg. C, adhesion to wet surfaces, and flash point shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers coal tar roof cement suitable for trowel application in coal tar roofing and flashing systems.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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