ASTM D4547-09
(Practice)Standard Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for Volatile Organic Compounds
Standard Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for Volatile Organic Compounds
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide describes sample collection and handling procedures designed to minimize losses of VOCs. The principal mechanisms for the loss of VOCs from materials during collection, handling and storage are volatilization and biodegradation. Susceptibility of various VOCs to these two loss mechanisms is both compound and matrix specific. In general, compounds with higher vapor pressures are more susceptible to volatilization than compounds with lower vapor pressures. Also, aerobically degradable compounds are generally more susceptible to biodegradation than anaerobically degradable compounds. In some cases, the formation of other compounds not originally present in the material can occur. Loss or gain of VOCs leads to analytical results that are unrepresentative of field conditions.
Ancillary information concerning sample collection, handling and storage for VOC analysis is provided in Appendices Appendix X1, Appendix X2, and Appendix X3. These appendixes and cited references are recommended reading for those unfamiliar with the many challenges presented during the collection, handling and storage of samples for VOC analysis.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes recommended procedures for the collection, handling, and preparation of solid waste, soil, and sediment samples for subsequent determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This class of compounds includes low molecular weight aromatics, hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, ketones, acetates, nitriles, acrylates, ethers, and sulfides with boiling points below 200° Celsius (C) that are insoluble or slightly soluble in water.
1.2 Methods of sample collection, handling, storage, and preparation for analysis are described.
1.3 This guide does not cover the details of sampling design, laboratory preparation of containers, and the analysis of the samples.
1.4 It is recommended that this guide be used in conjunction with Guide D 4687.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D4547 − 09
StandardGuide for
1
Sampling Waste and Soils for Volatile Organic Compounds
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4547; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
D4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
1.1 This guide describes recommended procedures for the
D5058 Practices for Compatibility of Screening Analysis of
collection, handling, and preparation of solid waste, soil, and
Waste
sediment samples for subsequent determination of volatile
D5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-
organic compounds (VOCs).This class of compounds includes
lated to Waste Management Activities: Development of
low molecular weight aromatics, hydrocarbons, halogenated
Data Quality Objectives
hydrocarbons, ketones, acetates, nitriles, acrylates, ethers, and
D6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-
sulfides with boiling points below 200° Celsius (C) that are
pling for Environmental Waste Management Activities
insoluble or slightly soluble in water.
D6282 Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environ-
1.2 Methods of sample collection, handling, storage, and 3
mental Site Characterizations (Withdrawn 2014)
preparation for analysis are described.
D6418 Practice for Using the Disposable En Core Sampler
1.3 Thisguidedoesnotcoverthedetailsofsamplingdesign, for Sampling and Storing Soil for Volatile OrganicAnaly-
sis
laboratory preparation of containers, and the analysis of the
samples. D6640 Practice for Collection and Handling of Soils Ob-
tained in Core Barrel Samplers for Environmental Inves-
1.4 Itisrecommendedthatthisguidebeusedinconjunction
tigations
with Guide D4687.
E856 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations Relating to
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse Derived
3
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Fuel (Withdrawn 2011)
standard.
2.2 Federal Standard:
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Title 49 Transportation, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR),
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Part 172, List of Hazardous Substances and Reportable
4
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Quantities
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3. Terminology
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 sample, n—a portion of material taken from a larger
2. Referenced Documents
quantity for the purpose of estimating properties or composi-
2
tion of the larger quantity. (E856)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
3.2 subsample, n—a portion of a sample taken for the
D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-
purpose of estimating properties or composition of the whole
Barrel Sampling of Soils
sample. (D6051)
D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,
3.2.1 Discussion—A subsample, by definition, is also a
Drive Sampling of Soils
sample.
4. Summary of Guide
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
4.1 This guide addresses the use of tools for sample collec-
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 on
tion and transfer, conditions for sample storage, sample
Sampling Techniques.
preservation, and two common means of sample preparation
Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originally
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D4547 - 06. DOI:
10.1520/D4547-09.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM www.astm.org.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
the ASTM website. Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D4547 − 09
foranalysis.Specialattentionisgiventoeachstepfromsample 5.2 Ancillary information concerning sample collection,
collectiontoanalysistolimitthelossofVOCsbyvolatilization handling and storage for VOC analysis is provided in Appen-
and biodegradation. The sample collected and analyzed should dices Appendix X1, Appendix X2, and Appendix X3. These
be representative of the matrix material sampled. The two appendixes
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4547–06 Designation: D 4547 – 09
Standard Guide for
1
Sampling Waste and Soils for Volatile Organic Compounds
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4547; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide describes recommended procedures for the collection, handling, and preparation of solid waste, soil, and
sediment samples for subsequent determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This class of compounds includes low
molecular weight aromatics, hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, ketones, acetates, nitriles, acrylates, ethers, and sulfides
with boiling points below 200° Celsius (C) that are insoluble or slightly soluble in water.
1.2 Methods of sample collection, handling, storage, and preparation for analysis are described.
1.3 This guide does not cover the details of sampling design, laboratory preparation of containers, and the analysis of the
samples.
1.4 It is recommended that this guide be used in conjunction with Guide D 4687.
1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. See 7.2 and 8.1.1 for specific warnings.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D3350Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and
Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
D 3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, Drive Sampling of Soils
D 4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
D 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
D 5058 Test Methods for Compatibility of Screening Analysis of Waste
D 5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Related toWaste ManagementActivities: Development of Data Quality
Objectives
D 6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsampling for Environmental Waste Management Activities
D 6282 Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environmental Site Characterizations
D 6418 Practice for Using the Disposable En Core Sampler for Sampling and Storing Soil for Volatile Organic Analysis
D 6640 Practice for Collection and Handling of Soils Obtained in Core Barrel Samplers for Environmental Investigations
E 856 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations Relating to Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse Derived Fuel
2.2 Federal Standard:
3
Title49 Transportation,CodeofFederalRegulations(CFR),Part172,ListofHazardousSubstancesandReportableQuantities
3. Terminology
3.1 sample, n—a portion of material taken from a larger quantity for the purpose of estimating properties or composition of the
larger quantity. (E856)
3.2 subsample, n—a portion of a sample taken for the purpose of estimating properties or composition of the whole sample.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 on Monitoring.
CurrenteditionapprovedFeb.1,2006.PublishedMarch2006.Originallyapprovedin1991.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2003asD4547-03.onSamplingTechniques.
Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 4547 - 06.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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D4547–09
(D60
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