iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM D2260-96

(Guide)

Standard Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent Yarn Numbers Measured in Various Numbering Systems

Standard Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent Yarn Numbers Measured in Various Numbering Systems

SCOPE
1.1 These tables include (1) a series of conversion factors required to convert the number of a yarn measured in a specific system to the equivalent number measured in various other systems (see Table 1), and (2) specific equivalent numbers for yarns measured in various systems (see Table 2).
1.2 The content is basically consistent with recommendations of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard 2947.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Sep-2001
ICS
59.080.20 - Yarns
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D2260-01 - Standard Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent Yarn Numbers Measured in Various Numbering Systems
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001
Referred By
ASTM D4849-21 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001
Referred By
ASTM D861-07(2018) - Standard Practice for Use of the Tex System to Designate Linear Density of Fibers, Yarn Intermediates, and Yarns
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001

Buy Standard

ASTM D2260-96 - Standard Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent Yarn Numbers Measured in Various Numbering SystemsASTM D2260-96 - Standard Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent Yarn Numbers Measured in Various Numbering Systems
PreviousNext
Guide
ASTM D2260-96 - Standard Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent Yarn Numbers Measured in Various Numbering Systems
English language
13 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 2260 – 96
Standard Tables of
Conversion Factors and Equivalent Yarn Numbers Measured
in Various Numbering Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2260; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.3 cut, n—in asbestos and glass yarns, the number of
100-yd lengths of yarn per pound; an indirect yarn numbering
1.1 These tables include (1) a series of conversion factors
system.
required to convert the number of a yarn measured in a specific
3.1.4 cut, n—in wool yarns, the number of 300-yd lengths
system to the equivalent number measured in various other
of yarn per pound; an indirect yarn numbering system.
systems (see Table 1), and (2) specific equivalent numbers for
3.1.5 denier, n—a direct yarn numbering system for ex-
yarns measured in various systems (see Table 2).
pressing linear density, equal to the mass in grams per 9000 m
1.2 The content is basically consistent with recommenda-
of yarn, filament, fiber, or other textile strand.
tions of the International Organization for Standardization
3.1.6 direct yarn numbering system, n—a system that ex-
(ISO) Standard 2947.
presses yarn number in mass per unit length or linear density.
2. Referenced Documents
(See also denier, grex, linear density, spyndle number, and tex.)
3.1.7 grain, n—a direct yarn numbering system sometimes
2.1 ASTM Standards:
used for expressing linear density in which the yarn number is
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
equal to the mass in grains of 120 yd of sliver, top, or roving.
D 861 Practice for Use of the Tex System to Designate
3.1.8 grain, n—in measuring mass, 1/7000 lb avoirdupois.
Linear Density of Fibers, Yarn Intermediates, and Yarns
3.1.9 grex, n—an obsolete direct numbering system for
E 380 Practice for Use of the International System of Units
expressing linear density, equal to the mass in grams per
(SI) (the Modernized Metric System)
10 000 m of yarn, filament, fiber, or other textile strand.
2.2 ISO Standard:
3.1.10 indirect yarn numbering system, n—a system that
ISO 2947, Textiles–Integrated Conversion Table for Replac-
expresses yarn number in length per unit mass or the reciprocal
ing Traditional Yarn Numbers by Rounded Numbers in the
of linear density. (See also cotton count; metric count; worsted
Tex System
count; cut, hank, lea, run, and typp.)
2.3 NIST Standard:
3.1.11 linear density, n—mass per unit length; the quotient
NBS–M–121–January, 1936
obtained by dividing the mass of a fiber or yarn by its length.
3. Terminology
3.1.12 linen lea, n—the number of 300-yd lengths of yarn
per pound; an indirect yarn numbering system.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.13 metric count, n—the number of metres of yarn per
3.1.1 American grain count—a direct yarn numbering sys-
gram; an indirect yarn numbering system.
tem for expressing linear density, equal to the mass in grains
3.1.14 run, n—in the woolen system, the number of 1600-yd
per 120 yd of sliver or roving.
lengths of yarn per pound; an indirect yarn numbering system
3.1.2 cotton count, n—the number of 840-yd lengths of yarn
generally used for yarns spun on the woolen system.
per pound; an indirect yarn numbering system generally used
3.1.15 tex, n—a unit for expressing linear density, equal to
for yarns spun on the cotton system (syn. English cotton
the mass in grams of 1 km of yarn, filament, fiber, or textile
count).
strand.
1 3.1.16 typp, n—the number of 1000-yd lengths of yarn per
These tables are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on Textiles,
and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarn Test Methods, pound; an obsolete indirect yarn numbering system.
General.
3.1.17 worsted count, n—the number of 560-yd lengths of
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1996. Published March 1997. Originally
yarn per pound; an indirect yarn numbering system generally
published as D2260 – 64. Last previous edition D2260 – 95.
used for yarns spun on the worsted system.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Excerpts from E380, Standard for Metric Practice, can be found in the Annual
3.1.18 yarn number, n—a measure of the fineness or size of
Book of ASTM Standards, Vols 07.01 and 07.02. The standard is available as a
a yarn expressed either as “mass per unit length” or “length per
separate publication and appears in its entirety in Vol 14.02.
unit mass,” depending upon the yarn numbering system used.
American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor, New
York, NY 10036. (See also yarn linear density.)
Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,
3.1.19 yarn numbering system, n—a system expressing the
MD 20899.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 2260
A
TABLE 1 Conversion Factors for Converting from One Yarn Numbering System to Another
System for Which Yarn Number is Known
System for Which Yarn Number is
American Cotton Worsted Metric Linen Lea
B
Needed
Tex Denier Woolen Run Yd/lb
Grain Count Count Count Count Woolen Cut
B
den 590.541 885.812 310.034 1 000 1 653.52 496 055
Tex (g/1000 m) tex = . 0.590 541
9 3 gr cc wc wr mc lea y
Denier (g/9000 m) den = 9 3 tex . 5.314 87 5 314.87 7 972.31 2 790.31 9 000 14 881.6 4 464 492
3 gr
cc wc wr mc lea y
American Grain Count (grains/120 yd) gr = tex den . 1 000 1 500 525 1 693.36 2 800 840 000
0.590 541 5.314 87 cc wc wr mc lea y
Cotton count (840 yd lengths/lb) cc = 590.541 5 314.87 1 000 . wc wr 0.590 541 lea y
tex den gr 1.5 0.525 3 mc 2.8 840
Worsted count (560 yd lengths/lb) wc = 885.812 7 972.31 1 500 1.5 3 cc . wr 0.885 812 lea y
tex den gr 0.35 3mc 1.866 67 560
Woolen run (1600 yd lengths/lb) wr = 310.034 2 790.31 525 0.525 3 cc 0.35 3 wc . 0.310 034 0.187 5 y
tex den gr 3 mc 3lea 1 600
Metric count (1000 m/kg) mc = 1 000 9 000 1 693.36 cc wc wr . lea y
tex den gr 0.590 541 0.885 812 0.310 034 1.653 52 496.055
Linen lea (300 yd lengths/lb) lea = 1 653.52 14 881.6 2 800 2.8 3 cc 1.866 67 0.187 5 1.653 52 . y
tex den gr 3 wc 3 wr 3 mc 300
496 055 4 464 492 840 000
Yards per pound (yd/lb) y = 840 3 cc 560 3 wc 1600 3 wr 496.055 300 3 lea .
tex den gr 3 mc
A
The conversion factors are based on the following relationships given in Metric Practice E 380: 1 yard = 0.9144 m, exactly, and 1 lb (avoirdupois) = 0.453 592 37 kg,
exactly. The conversion factors in Table 1 containing fewer than six significant digits are exact values.
B
Multiples and submultiples of this basic unit may be used as a convenience to avoid large numbers or decimal fractions. For example, decitex (dtex) or tex 3 10 is
suitable for fine yarns and fibers; millitex (mtex) or tex 3 1000 is suitable for fibers; while kilotex (ktex) or tex/1000 is often used for ropes, cords, rovings, tops, and slivers.
Examples of Table 1 use:
1) The English worsted count equivalent to a cotton count of 10 is 1.5 times 10, or 15 English worsted count.
2) The cotton count equivalent to 30 tex is 590.54 divided by 30, or 19.7 cotton count.
size of a yarn as a relationship between its length and 7. Derivation of Data in Table 2
associated mass. (See also yarn number, yarn linear density,
7.1 Tables 1 and 2 are based on the following exact
direct yarn numbering system, indirect yarn numbering sys-
equivalents:
tem.)
7.1.1 1 yd = 0.9144 m.
3.1.20 For definitions of other textile terms used in these
7.1.2 1 lb = 453.592 37 g.
Tables, refer to Terminology D 123.
7.1.3 1 lb = 7000 grains.
4. Conversion Factors for Equivalent Yarn Numbers 7.2 The following conversion factors have been computed
where y = yards per pound.
4.1 Calculate any equivalent value using the appropriate
7.2.1 Woolen run (wr) = y/1600.
factor listed in Table 1.
7.2.2 cotton count (cc) = y/840.
5. Use of Previously Calculated Equivalent Yarn
7.2.3 denier (den) = 4 464 492/y.
Numbers
7.2.4 Worsted count (wc) = y/560.
5.1 For a specific number in a stated system, read the
7.2.5 American grain count per 120 yd (gr) = 840 000/y.
equivalent in the various other systems from Table 2.
7.2.6 linen lea (lea) = y/300.
5.2 With a few exceptions, fractional traditional indirect
7.2.7 metric count (mc) = y/496.055.
counts have been omitted from Table 2; the rounded tex system
7.2.8 tex (tex) = 496 055/y.
values for most fractional traditional indirect counts can be
7.2.9 For the woolen system, use the column and row
obtained by interpolation.
headed linen lea.
7.3 The data in Table 2 was derived using the National
6. Implementation of the Tex Yarn Numbering System
Institute of Standards and Technology values in the NIST
6.1 In Table 2, to encourage the implementation of the tex
Circular M121, January, 1936. Based on current values, when
system in the United States, rounded tex values were chosen to
calculating yards per pound for a specified denier, the table will
accommodate as many yarn numbers as possible for the
understate the value by 12 yd out of 4.5 million yd or 11 m out
traditional yarn numbering systems without encroaching on
of 4.1 million m. When calculating yards per pound for a
established tolerances. In addition to the rounded tex system
specified tex value, the table will understate the value by 5 yd
values, the decitex (dtex) equivalents have been included
out of 0.5 million yd or 4.6 m out of 0.46 million m. Therefore,
because they can be used throughout most of the count range
those who need more precise data for denier and tex should
without employing decimal fractions. The choice of unit is
recalculate the data needed using the current values in Table 1.
entirely a matter to be determined by each sector of the trade;
decitex, for example, is particularly suitable for fine yarns
8. Keywords
(whether spun or filament) and tex for medium and coarse
yarns. 8.1 yarn number; yarns per pound
D 2260
TABLE 2 Equivalent Yarn Number Conversion Table
NOTE 1—In any row with a boldface type number, the other equivalents are computed from the boldface value to the nearest four significant figures.
Indirect Systems Direct Systems
yd/lb for
Exact Cotton
B
Linen
Rounded Tex- Deviation
Worsted Woolen Metric American Rounded Rounded
Equivalent Count
A Woolen Denier
Value
Count Run Count Grain Count Value Value
Cut
dtex yd/lb cc wc wr lea mc gr den tex dtex %
CC C C C
1.111 4 465 000 0.188 1.00 0.11 1.1 −1.0
CC C C C
1.333 1.2 0.13 1.3 −2.5
CC C C C
1.444 1.3 0.14 1.4 −3.1
CC C C C
1.667 1.5 0.17 1.7 +2.0
CC C C C
1.889 1.7 0.19 1.9 +0.6
CC C C C
2.000 2 232 000 1.8 0.20 2.0 0.0
CC C C C
2.222 0.376 2.00 0.22 2.2 −1.0
CC C C C
2.444 2.2 0.24 2.4 −1.8
CC C C C
2.556 2.3 0.26 2.6 +1.7
CC C C C
2.778 2.5 0.27 2.8 +0.8
CC C C C
3.000 2.7 0.30 3.0 0.0
CC C C C
3.333 3.00 0.33 3.3 −1.0
CC C C C
3.556 3.2 0.36 3.6 +1.2
CC C C C
4.000 3.6 0.40 4.0 0.0
CC C C C
4.111 3.7 0.41 4.1 −0.3
CC C C C
4.444 4.00 0.44 4.4 −1.0
CC C C C
4.667 4.2 0.47 4.7 +0.7
CC C C C
5.000 4.5 0.50 5.0 0.0
CC C C C
5.555 893 000 0.941 5.00 0.56 5.6 +0.7
CC C C C
6.111 0.9406 5.5 0.61 6.1 −0.2
CC C C C
6.667 6.00 0.67 6.7 −0.5
CC C C C
7.778 7.00 0.78 7.8 +0.3
CC C C C
7.889 8.00 0.89 8.9 +0.1
CC C C C
10.00 496 055 1.693 9.00 1.0 10 0
CC C C C
11.00 450 959 1.881 10.00 1.1 11 −1.0
CC C C C
12.22 413 379 11 1.2 12 −1.8
CC C C C
13.33 381 581 12 1.3 13 −2.5
CC C C C
15.56 310 034 14 1.6 16 +2.8
CC C C C
16.67 291 797 15 1.7 17 +2.0
CC C C C
20.00 248 028 3.387 18.00 2.0 20 0
CC C C C
22.22 225 480 3.763 20.00 2.2 22 −1.0
25.56 190 790 23 2.6 26 +1.7
27.78 177 162 25 2.8 28 +0.8
30.00 165 352 196.8 295.3 103.3 551.1 333.3 5.080 27.00 3.0 30 0
31.11 160 018 28 3.1 31 −0.4
33.33 150 320 177.1 265.7 93.00 496.0 300.0 5.645 30.00 3.3 33 −1.0
35.56 141 730 32 3.5 35 −1.6
38.89 124 014 35 4.0 40 +2.8
40.00 121 191 147.6 221.4 77.51 413.4 250.0 6.774 36.00 4.0 40 0
44.44 112 740 132.9 199.3 69.75 372.0 225.0 7.527 40.00 4.4 44 −1.0
45.00 110 200 131.2 196.8 68.89 367.4 222.2 7.620 40.50 4.5 45 0
47.78 103 345 43 4.8 48 +0.5
49.21 100 800 120.0 180.0 63.00 336.0 203.2 8.333 44.29 4.9 41 +1.6
50.00 99 211 118.1 177.2 62.01 330.7 200.0 8.466 45.00 5.0 50 0
50.04 118 −0.1
50.91 97 266 116 5.1 51 +0.2
51.35 115 +1.3
51.80 95 395 114 5.2 52 +0.4
52.22 47 −0.4
52.72 93 595 112 5.3 53 +0.5
53.68 110 −1.3
54.68 90 192 108 5.5 55 +0.6
50.91 116.0 174.0 60.90 324.8 196.4 8.621 45.82 5.1 51
53.69 110.0 165.0 57.75 308.0 186.3 9.091 48.32 5.4 54
55.00 107.4 161.1 56.37 300.6 290.9 9.314 49.50 5.5 55
55.56 106.3 159.5 55.81 297.7 180.0 9.406 50.00 5.6 56 +0.8
D 2260
TABLE 2 Continued
Indirect Systems Direct Systems
yd/lb for
Exact Cotton
B
Linen
Rounded Tex- Deviation
Worsted Woolen Metric American Rounded Rounded
Equivalent Count
A
Woolen Denier
Value
Count Run Count Grain Count Value Value
Cut
dtex yd/lb cc wc wr lea mc gr den tex dtex %
55.71 88 581 106 5.6 56 +0.5
56.24 105 −0.4
56.78 87 027 104 5.7 57 +0.4
57.78 52 +0.4
57.89 102 +0.2
58.00 85 527 5.8 58 0
59.05 84 077 100.0 150.0 52.50 28.00 169.3 10.00 53.15 5.9 59 −0.1
60.00 98.42 147.6 51.67 275.6 166.7 10.16 54.00 6.0 60 0
60.26 82 676 98 6.0 60 −0.4
61.10 96.64 145.0 50.74 270.6 163.7 10.35 55.00 6.1 61 0
61.51 96 +0.8
62.16 80 009 95 6.2 62 −0.3
62.22 56 −0.4
62.82 78 739 94 6.3 63 +0.3
64.18 77 509 92 6.4 64 −0.3
65.00 90.85 136.3 47.70 254.4 153.8 11.01 58.50 6.5 65 0
65.61 75 160 90.00 135.0 47.25 252.0 152.4 11.11 59.06 6.6 66 +0.6
67 88.59 132.9 46.51 248.0 150.0 11.29 60.00 6.7 66.66
67.10 74 038 88 6.7 67 −0.1
69.47 71 892 86 6.9 69 +0.7
69.47 85 +0.8
70.00 70 865 84.36 126.5 44.29 236.2 142.29 11.85 63.00 7.0 70 0
70.30 84 −0.4
72.01 69 867 82 7.1 71 −1.4
72.22 68 897 81.98 122.7 42.94 229.0 138.5 12.23 65.00 7.2 72 −0.3
73.82 67 034 80.00 120.0 42.00 224.0 135.5 12.50 66.44 7.4 74 +0.3
74.75 66 141 79 7.5 75 +0.3
75.00 78.74 118.1 41.34 220.5 133.3 12.70 67.50 7.5 75 4
75.07 78.67 118.0 41.30 220.3 133.2 12.71 67.57 7.5 75 4
75.16 78.57 117.9 41.25 220.0 133.0 12.73 67.65 7.5 75 4
75.62 78.10 117.1 41.00 218.7 132.2 12.80 68.06 7.6 76 4
75.71 65 270 78.00 117.0 40.95 218.4 132.1 12.82 68.14 7.6 76 +0.4
76.34 77.36 116.0 40.61 216.6 131.0 12.93 68.71 7.6 76 2
76.55 77.14 115.7 40.50 216.0 130.6 12.96 68.90 7.7 77 2
76.69 64 423 77.00 115.5 40.42 215.6 130.4 12.99 69.03 7.7 77 +0.4
77.78 75.93 113.9 39.86 212.6 128.6 13.17 70.00 7.8 78 +0.3
77.70 76.00 114.0 39.90 212.8 128.7 13.16 69.94 7.8 78 +0.4
78.00 63 597 75.72 113.6 39.75 212.0 128.2 13.21 70.20 7.8 78 0
78.74 62 792 75.00 112.5 39.38 210.0 127.0 13.33 70.87 7.9 79 +0.3
79.09 74.67 126.4 39.2
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM D7267-19a(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Edge Ravel Resistance of Finished Loop Pile, Pile Yarn Floor Covering

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The satisfactory performance of a loop pile floor covering depends, to a considerable extent, on the installation and maintenance of the product. A loop pile floor covering with inadequate edge ravel strength may result in loops pulling out from the backing, resulting in an aesthetically displeasing appearance. Tuft rows located at the seam of a loop pile floor covering are the most susceptible to raveling.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force required to ravel a straight sewn yarn from the edge of a loop pile, textile floor covering.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6611-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Wet and Dry Yarn-on-Yarn Abrasion Resistance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for testing dry and wet abrasion resistance of manufactured fiber yarns. This test method is useful for ropes intended for use in the marine environment and for knitted hoses for various applications. The test method has been used with yarns having linear densities ranging from 65 tex to 335 tex, but may be used with yarns outside these ranges.  
5.2 Yarn to yarn friction is known to have a significant influence on abrasion resistance. To determine the coefficient of friction, use Test Method D3412.  
5.3 Limited interlaboratory correlation testing has been conducted to date. Single-laboratory testing, in accordance with ASTM practices, has been conducted. Test results should be used with caution.  
5.4 This test method is intended to provide additional data for specific applications such as mentioned in 5.1 and is not intended for quality control or test reports.  
5.5 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum the test samples used should be as homogeneous as possible, be drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained and be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two or more laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.6 This test method is conducted at one or several applied tensions that may depend upon the yarn material and size. The number and magnitudes of applied tensions and the number of eight specimen sets generally are agreed up...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the measurement of abrasion resistance properties for manufactured fiber yarns in dry and wet conditions.  
1.2 This test method applies to manufactured yarns used in rope and knitted hose making.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D1059-17(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-Length Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This is a quick method used for the determination of the approximate yarn number of short-length specimens taken from packages or fabrics.  
5.2 Because any error present in the reported length of the specimen is multiplied many times when calculating the theoretical yarn number using Eq 2 or Eq 3, it is extremely important that the length be measured as precisely as practicable.  
5.3 For the analysis of fabrics, this test method is adequate for estimating the approximate yarn number of the yarn used to weave or knit the fabric, but the results obtained by this test method may not agree with the nominal yarn number of the yarns actually used to make the fabric because of the changes in the yarn number produced by the weaving or knitting operations, the finishing treatments, and the dissecting operations. This test method is suitable for the evaluation of yarns as they occur in the finished fabric, when that information is needed.  
5.4 The yarn number obtained from the lengths taken from packages should not be expected to agree exactly with the values obtained by the use of the more precise methods of determining the yarn number included in Test Method D1907. If a sufficient number of consecutive specimens were tested, however, a close agreement with Option 1 of Test Method D1907 can be expected.  
5.5 This test method is designed to measure the yarn number of the single yarns present as a component of a plied yarn and the yarn number of the original single yarns used to produce a high twist yarn for a crepe fabric.  
5.6 This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing because of the short lengths used. In some cases, the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method, even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.  
5.6.1 In such a case, if there is disagreement arising from the differences in values reported by th...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the yarn number of all types of cotton, woolen, worsted, and man-made fiber yarns taken from packages; or from any textile fabrics in which the yarns are intact and can be removed in measurable lengths. The test method is not applicable to yarns taken from napped or cut pile fabrics. Because this test method is based on short-length specimens, the results should only be considered as approximations of yarn number.
Note 1: For a more precise procedure for the determination of yarn number, refer to Test Method D1907.
Note 2: The following additional methods for the determination of yarn number have been approved for yarns made from specific fibers: Specification D541, D578, and D681.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to yarns which stretch less than 5 % when tension on yarn is increased from 0.25 to 0.75 cN/tex (0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex). By mutual agreement it may be adapted to yarns which stretch more than 5 % by use of tension lower than that specified in the method for elastomers or use of tension higher than that specified in the method to pull the crimp out of textured yarns.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Co...

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5344-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Extension Force of Partially Oriented Yarn

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results are obtained, and are assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Elapsed time between spinning and testing has a marked effect on the results of the draw tension test, especially during the first 24 h. Therefore, if tested within 24 h of spinning, specimens should be compared only if tested after the same elapsed time. No specimen should be tested within 4 h of spinning because the aging process is at its most rapid rate during this period, and the differences in rate due to fiber structure are most pronounced.  
5.3 The extension force of manufactured filament yarns is related to the alignment of the molecules in the yarn filaments, which influences the yarn processing behavior. Knowledge of this property of partially oriented yarn is useful to determine processing conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of extension force developed while drawing a partially oriented filament yarn between pairs of draw rolls of different surface speeds.  
1.2 Extension force provides an estimate of the yarn orientation.  
1.3 This test method applies to partially oriented filament yarns less than 33.3 tex (300 denier), but it can be used for higher deniers by applying the test conditions as directed in Appendix X1.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D4974/D4974M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hot Air Thermal Shrinkage of Yarn and Cord Using a Thermal Shrinkage Oven

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarns and cords. Caution is advised because yarn and cord may contract in length over a period of time due to room temperature retraction. Thermal shrinkage values are reduced proportionately by the amount of room temperature retraction.
Note 1: Experience, especially with nylon, shows that yarn retraction, which may be observed directly as shortening of length (or indirectly as denier increase), will occur in unrestrained yarn or cord that is not at equilibrium (equilibrium in this case being defined as essentially zero thermal shrinkage yarn or fully relaxed yarn). Normally, retractive forces are present in most wound packages of yarn and cord; thus, unrestrained yarn near the surface is likely, with time, to undergo some retraction. After retraction, such yarns exhibit lower thermal shrinkage values than yarn or cord deeper within the package. The opposite condition of yarn on the surface exists with yarn or cord wound against or near a rigid package core, such as a metal or hardwood wind-up spool. Such core yarn or cord cannot move against this restraint, and thus, will exhibit thermal shrinkage values even several weeks later near to those which were measured immediately from the surface of the freshly wound package. Elevated humidity will accelerate retraction of unrestrained yarn, but moisture content in itself will have little influence on thermal shrinkage. Exposure of untensioned skeins of yarn or cord to 95 to 100 % relative humidity at room temperature for two days and reconditioning under standard laboratory conditions will cause most of the room temperature retraction that is possible within a sample to occur.  
5.1.1 In case of differences of practical significance in reported test results from two or more laboratories conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between them. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the invest...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of shrinkage of yarns and cords when exposed in a thermal shrinkage oven.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to yarns and cords made of nylon, polyester, and other polymers not detrimentally affected by the temperature used and with linear densities in the range from 20 to 700 tex [180 to 6300 denier].  
1.2.1 Yarns or cords for testing may be taken from yarn or cord packages or from fabrics.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. Referee decisions are to use SI units.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6774-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Crimp and Shrinkage Properties for Textured Yarns Using a Dynamic Textured Yarn Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D6774, for determining maximum total contraction, crimp, and residual fiber shrinkage in textured filament yarns is suitable for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The properties and their variability as measured by this method relate to bulk appearance, stretch and recovery of fabrics and dyeability of yarns.  
5.3 For some yarns, elapsed time between processing and testing has a marked effect on the results, of this test, especially during the first 72 h. The effect is caused by stress decay which is known to be minimal beyond the seventh day and after which time the yarn remains relatively stable. Therefore, specimens should only be compared if tested after the same elapsed time. Samples can be tested at-line, thus having little to no elapsed time between processing and testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of crimp contraction, residual fiber shrinkage and their variability of all types of filament yarns (partially oriented yarn (POY), fully oriented yarn (FOY), flat yarns, textured and bulked continuous filament (BCF) carpet yarns) using an automated tester.
Note 1: For another method of testing crimp in textured yarns, refer to Test Method D4031.  
1.1.1 This method may also be used for non-textured yarns.  
1.2 This test method is limited to crimped, multi-filament yarns ranging from 22.0 dtex to 890 dtex (15 denier to 800 denier) and for BCF yarns from 890 dtex to 4200 dtex (800 denier to 3800 denier).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound units in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6612-00(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Yarn Number and Yarn Number Variability Using Automated Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D6612 for yarn number and yarn number variability is satisfactory for acceptance of commercial shipments and is used in the trade.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for each comparative tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that results in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established tests values are used for this purpose. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.1.2 The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.2 Test Method D6612 also is used for the quality control of filament yarns.  
5.3 Indices of Variability:  
5.3.1 Coefficient of Variation—%CV is a standard statistical calculation and is the most common index of yarn unevenness. For most textile applications in the 80 to 330 dtex (70 to 300 denier) range, a 1.0 to 1.3 %CV is adequate. %CV of yarns coarser than 666 dtex (600 denier) is not routine and usually not meaningful. %CV is less discriminating that %DS.  
5.3.2 Bad/Good Test—%BGT...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of yarn number up to 4000 dtex (3600 denier) and related variability properties of filament and spun yarns using an automated tester with capability for measuring mass variability characteristics.  
1.2 Yarn number variability properties include percent density spread (%DS), coefficient of variation (%CV), density frequency variation.  
Note 1: For determination of yarn number by use of reel and balance, refer to Test Method D1907. For another method of measuring variability (unevenness) in yarn, refer to Test Method D1425.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore to ensure conformance with this standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.  
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.  
5.2.2 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define sampling and testing frequency based on the following: process capability or capability analysis, historical trends, level of detection rate required, confidence level requirements, known variations or special causes, or both. Every attempt to ensure conforming product is being produced, identify potential nonconforming product or proper isolation and identification, will be carried out by the manufacturer.  
5.2.3 Sampling count and number of specimens will be based on standard practice listed within the document. Increase or decrease in count or frequency might be applied based on typical standard deviation, precision and confidence level, Measurement System...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.  
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.  
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D1423/D1423M-16(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1423 for testing twist in yarns by direct-counting is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum use the samples for such comparative tests as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material that resulted in the disparate test results and randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The determination of twist in a straight section of a yarn is not the simple straightforward operation it appears to be, for the test results may be greatly influenced by variations in test procedures and techniques. In all manipulations, extreme care is necessary to prevent specimen rotation altering the twist level before testing begins.  
5.3 The twist in a yarn before it is packaged may be different from that of the yarn after it has been withdrawn from the package because of changes in tension and the effect of the method of withdrawal. If the yarn is withdrawn over-end, a slight increase or decrease in twist will take place, depending upon the direction of the twist in the yarn, the direction of winding on the package, and the length of the wrap on the package.  
5.4 When a yarn is incorporated into or removed from a more complex structure, alterations may occur as a result of ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount and direction of twist at the completion of any stage of twisting in single (spun or filament), plied, cabled, or novelty (exclusive of long-term repeat patterns) yarns. The procedures are designed primarily for yarns in packages, but, with special precautions, they are applicable to yarns taken from fabrics. The procedure for spun yarn in 9.2 is also applicable to rovings.  
1.2 For plied yarns, this test method covers the determination of the twist of the plied yarns and the twist of the single yarn before plying. For cabled yarns, the test method covers the determination of the cable or hawser twist; the twist of the plied yarn after plying, but prior to the last twisting operation; and the twist of the single yarn before plying. Procedures are also included for the determination of the twists of the single and plied yarn components as they lie in the final structure. Also, directions are included for the determination of twist in plied yarn made with direct cabling technology.  
1.3 This test method is not intended for yarns that extend more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. Following the procedures of this test method for such yarns would be independent of the bias and precision determined for this test method. The report from such testing should include the tension used for this testing.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: For a more rapid but less accurate method of determining twist in single spun yarns, refer to Test Method D1422.
Note 2: This test method has been evaluated for use in de...

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D3693-02(2021)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Labeled Length per Holder of Sewing Thread

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for the labeled lengths per holder of sewing threads of all materials. The test specimen is a thread holder whether a cone, tube, spool, ready-made bobbin, or any other holders. The observed length for all holders such as home sewing spools, ready-made bobbins, or all other holders which depends on the sampling size shall equal or exceed a certain percentage of the minimum allowable labeled length.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for the labeled lengths of sewing threads of all materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off