ASTM D5364-14(2024)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Design, Fabrication, and Erection of Fiberglass Reinforced (FRP) Plastic Chimney Liners with Coal-Fired Units
Standard Guide for Design, Fabrication, and Erection of Fiberglass Reinforced (FRP) Plastic Chimney Liners with Coal-Fired Units
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides information, requirements and recommendations for design professionals, fabricators, installers and end-users of FRP chimney liners. FRP is a cost-effective and appropriate material of construction for liners operating at moderate temperatures in a corrosive chemical environment.
4.2 This guide provides uniformity and consistency to the design, fabrication, and erection of fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) liners for concrete chimneys with coal-fired units. Other fossil fuels will require a thorough review of the operating and service conditions and the impact on material selection.
4.3 This guide is limited specifically to FRP liners within a supporting concrete shell and is not applicable to other FRP cylindrical structures.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide offers direction and guidance to the user concerning available techniques and methods for design, material selection, fabrication, erection, inspection, confirmatory testing, quality control and assurance.
1.2 These minimum guidelines, when properly used and implemented, can help ensure a safe and reliable structure for the industry.
1.3 This guide offers minimum requirements for the proper design of a FRP liner once the service conditions relative to thermal, chemical, and erosive environments are defined. Due to the variability in liner height, diameter, and the environment, each liner must be designed and detailed individually.
1.4 Selection of the necessary resins and reinforcements, composition of the laminate, and proper testing methods are offered.
1.5 Once the material is selected and the liner designed, procedures for proper fabrication of the liner are developed.
1.6 Field erection, sequence of construction, proper field-joint preparation, and alignment are reviewed.
1.7 Quality control and assurance procedures are developed for the design, fabrication, and erection phases. The quality-assurance program defines the proper authority and responsibility, control of design, material, fabrication and erection, inspection procedures, tolerances, and conformity to standards. The quality-control procedures provide the steps required to implement the quality-assurance program.
1.8 Appendix X1 includes research and development subjects to further support recommendations of this guide.
1.9 Disclaimer—The reader is cautioned that independent professional judgment must be exercised when data or recommendations set forth in this guide are applied. The publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of ASTM that this information is suitable for general or particular use, or freedom from infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use. The design of structures is within the scope of expertise of a licensed architect, structural engineer, or other licensed professional for the application of principles to a particular structure.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
1.10 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Section
Introduction and Background
Scope and Objective
1
Referenced Documents
2
ASTM Standards
2.1
ACI Standard
2.2
NFPA Standard
2.3
ASME Standards
2.4
Terminology
3
ASTM Standard General Definitions
3.1
Applicable Definitions
3.2
Descriptions of Terms Specific to This ...
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5364 − 14 (Reapproved 2024)
Standard Guide for
Design, Fabrication, and Erection of Fiberglass Reinforced
(FRP) Plastic Chimney Liners with Coal-Fired Units
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5364; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Federal and state environmental regulations have imposed strict requirements to clean the gases
leaving a chimney. These regulations have resulted in taller chimneys (600–1000 ft (183–305 m)) and
lower gas temperatures (120–200°F (49–93°C)) due to the use of Air Quality Compliance Systems
(ACQS). These regulations led to the development of fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) chimney liners
in the 1970’s.
Fiberglass-reinforced plastic liners have proven their capability to resist corrosion and carry loads
over long periods of time. Successful service has been demonstrated in the utility and general-process
industries for over 40 years. The taller FRP structures and larger diameters (10–30 ft (3–9 m)) imposed
new design, fabrication, and erection challenges.
The design, fabrication, and erection of FRP liners involves disciplines which must address the
specific characteristics of the material. Areas that have been shown to be of importance include the
following:
(1) Flue-gas characteristics such as chemical composition, water and acid dew points, operating and excursion temperature,
velocity, etc.
(2) Plant operation as it relates to variations in the flue-gas characteristics.
(3) Material selection and laminate design.
(4) Quality control throughout the design, fabrication, and erection process to ensure the integrity of the corrosion barrier and
the structural laminate.
(5) Secondary bonding of attachments, appurtenances, and joints.
(6) Installation and handling.
(7) Inspections and Confirmation Testing.
Chimney components include an outer shell, one or more inner liners, breeching ductwork, and miscellaneous platforms,
elevators, ladders, and miscellaneous components. The shell provides structural integrity to environmental forces such as wind,
earthquake, ambient temperatures, and supports the liner or liners. The liner or liners inside the shell protects the shell from the
thermal, chemical, and abrasive environment of the hot boiler gases (generally 120–560°F (49–293°C)). These liners have been
made of FRP, acid-resistant brick, carbon steel, stainless steel, high-alloy steel, shotcrete-coated steel, and shotcrete-coated shells.
The selection of the material type depends on the chemical composition and temperature of the flue gas, liner height, diameter, and
seismic zone. Also, variations in flue-gas characteristics and durations of transient temperatures affect material selection and
design. For FRP liners, the flue gas maximum operating temperature is generally limited to 200°F (90°C) for 2 hours and for
maximum transient temperatures to 400°F (204°C) for 30 minutes.
1. Scope terial selection, fabrication, erection, inspection, confirmatory
testing, quality control and assurance.
1.1 This guide offers direction and guidance to the user
concerning available techniques and methods for design, ma-
1.2 These minimum guidelines, when properly used and
implemented, can help ensure a safe and reliable structure for
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and the industry.
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced Thermosetting
Resin Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment. 1.3 This guide offers minimum requirements for the proper
Current edition approved April 1, 2024. Published April 2024. Originally
design of a FRP liner once the service conditions relative to
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D5364 – 14(2019).
thermal, chemical, and erosive environments are defined. Due
DOI: 10.1520/D5364-14R24.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5364 − 14 (2024)
to the variability in liner height, diameter, and the environment,
Other Operating and Service Environments 5.7
Static Electricity Build-Up 5.8
each liner must be designed and detailed individually.
Flame Spread 5.9
Materials 6
1.4 Selection of the necessary resins and reinforcements,
Raw Materials 6.1
composition of the laminate, and proper testing methods are
Laminate Composition 6.2
offered.
Laminate Properties 6.3
Design 7
1.5 Once the material is selected and the liner designed,
Design 7.1
procedures for proper fabrication of the liner are developed. Assumptions 7.2
Dead Loads 7.3
1.6 Field erection, sequence of construction, proper field-
Wind Loads 7.4
Earthquake Loads 7.5
joint preparation, and alignment are reviewed.
Thermal Loads 7.6
Circumferential Pressure Loads 7.7
1.7 Quality control and assurance procedures are developed
Load Factors 7.8
for the design, fabrication, and erection phases. The quality-
Resistance Factors 7.9
assurance program defines the proper authority and
Loading Combinations 7.10
Allowable Longitudinal Stresses 7.11
responsibility, control of design, material, fabrication and
Allowable Circumferential Stresses 7.12
erection, inspection procedures, tolerances, and conformity to
Design Limits 7.13
standards. The quality-control procedures provide the steps
Tolerances 7.14
Deflections 7.15
required to implement the quality-assurance program.
Critical Deign Considerations and Details 7.16
1.8 Appendix X1 includes research and development sub- Fabrication 8
Fabrication 8.1
jects to further support recommendations of this guide.
Reponsibility of Fabricator 8.2
Fabrication Facility 8.3
1.9 Disclaimer—The reader is cautioned that independent
General Construction 8.4
professional judgment must be exercised when data or recom-
Fabrication Equipment 8.5
mendations set forth in this guide are applied. The publication
Resin Systems 8.6
Reinforcement 8.7
of the material contained herein is not intended as a represen-
Fabrication Procedures 8.8
tation or warranty on the part of ASTM that this information is
Handling and Transportation 8.9
suitable for general or particular use, or freedom from infringe-
Erection Appurtenances 8.10
Tolerances 8.11
ment of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this
Erection of FRP Liners 9
information assumes all liability arising from such use. The
Erection Scheme and Sequence 9.1
design of structures is within the scope of expertise of a
Handling and Storage on Site 9.2
Erection Appurtenances 9.3
licensed architect, structural engineer, or other licensed profes-
Field Joints 9.4
sional for the application of principles to a particular structure.
Field Joints Lamination Procedure 9.5
Quality Assurance and Quality Control 10
NOTE 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
Quality Assurance and Quality Control 10.1
Quality-Assurance Program 10.2
1.10 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be re-
Quality-Assurance Surveillance 10.3
garded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
Inspections 10.4
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for Submittals 10.5
Operation Maintenance and Start-Up Procedures 11
information only and are not considered standard.
Initial Start-Up 11.1
Operation and Maintenance 11.2
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Annex
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Typical Inspection Checklist Annex A1
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Appendix
Commentary Appendix X1
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
References
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.12 This international standard was developed in accor-
Section
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Introduction and Background
Scope and Objective 1
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Referenced Documents 2
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
ASTM Standards 2.1
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
ACI Standard 2.2
NFPA Standard 2.3
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASME Standards 2.4
Terminology 3
2. Referenced Documents
ASTM Standard General Definitions 3.1
Applicable Definitions 3.2 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard 3.3
C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
Symbols 3.4
Significance and Use 4
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
Service and Operating Environments 5
Service Conditions 5.1
Environmental Severity 5.2
Chemical Environment 5.3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Erosion/Abrasion Environment 5.4
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Operating Temperature Environment 5.5
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Abnormal Environments 5.6
the ASTM website.
D5364 − 14 (2024)
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus provided for reference:
C518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission 3.2.1 accelerator—a material added to the resin to increase
Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus the rate of polymerization (curing).
C581 Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance of
3.2.2 axial—in the direction of the axis (lengthwise center-
Thermosetting Resins Used in Glass-Fiber-Reinforced
line) of the equipment.
Structures Intended for Liquid Service
3.2.3 Barcol hardness—measurement of the degree of cure
C582 Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced Thermo-
by means of resin hardness. The Barcol impressor is the
setting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion-Resistant
instrument used (see Test Method D2583).
Equipment
3.2.4 binder—chemical treatment applied to the random
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
arrangement of glass fibers to give integrity to mats. Specific
D648 Test Method for Deflection Temperature of Plastics
binders are utilized to promote chemical compatibility with
Under Flexural Load in the Edgewise Position
various laminating resins used.
D695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid
Plastics 3.2.5 blister—refer to Terminology D883.
D790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced
3.2.6 bonding—joining of two or more parts by adhesive
and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-
forces.
als
3.2.7 bond strength—force per unit area (psi) necessary to
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
rupture a bond in interlaminar shear.
D2393 Test Method for Viscosity of Epoxy Resins and
3.2.8 buckling—a mode of failure characterized by an un-
Related Components (Withdrawn 1992)
stable lateral deflection due to compressive action on the
D2471 Practice for Gel Time and Peak Exothermic Tempera-
structural element involved.
ture of Reacting Thermosetting Resins (Withdrawn 2008)
D2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plas-
3.2.9 burned areas—areas of laminate showing evidence of
tics by Means of a Barcol Impressor (Withdrawn 2022)
decomposition (for example, discoloration and cracking) due
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
to excessive resin exotherm.
Resins
3.2.10 burn out (burn off)—thermal decomposition of the
D3299 Specification for Filament-Wound Glass-Fiber-
organic materials (resin and binders) from a laminate specimen
Reinforced Thermoset Resin Corrosion-Resistant Tanks
in order to determine the weight percent and lamination
D4398 Test Method for Determining the Chemical Resis-
sequence of the glass reinforcement.
tance of Fiberglass-Reinforced Thermosetting Resins by
3.2.11 carbon veil—a nonwoven surface veil that is made of
One-Side Panel Exposure (Withdrawn 2015)
carbon fiber or is coated with conductive carbon for purposes
E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
of providing static dissipation. This could be carbon veil, or
Building Materials
polyester veil impregnated with carbon.
E228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer 3.2.12 catalyst—an organic peroxide material used to acti-
vate the polymerization of the resin.
2.2 American Concrete Institute (ACI) Standard:
ACI Standard 307 Specification for the Design and Con-
3.2.13 chopped-strand mat—reinforcement made from ran-
struction of Reinforced Concrete Chimneys
domly oriented glass strands that are held together in a mat
2.3 NFPA Standard:
form by means of a binder.
NFPA 77 Recommended Practice on Static Electricity
3.2.14 chopper gun—a machine used to cut continuous
2.4 ASME Standards:
fiberglass roving to predetermined lengths [usually 0.5–2 in.
Section X Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels
(13–51 mm)] and propel the cut strands to the mold surface. In
RTP-1 Reinforced Thermoset Plastic Corrosion Resistant
the spray-up process, a catalyzed resin is deposited simultane-
Equipment
ously on the mold. When interspersed layers are provided in
filament winding, the resin spray is not used.
3. Terminology
3.2.15 contact molding—process for molding reinforced
3.1 Definitions:
plastics in which reinforcement and resin are placed on an open
3.1.1 Terms used in this guide are from Terminology D883
mold or mandrel. Cure is without application of pressure;
unless otherwise indicated in 3.2.
includes both hand-lay-up and spray-up.
3.2 The following applicable definitions in this guide are
3.2.16 corrosion barrier—the integral inner barrier of the
laminate which is made from resin, veil, and chopped mat.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. 3.2.17 coverage—see winding cycle.
Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington
3.2.18 crazing—the formation of tiny hairline cracks in
Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.concrete.org.
varying degrees throughout the resin matrix, particularly in
Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
resin-rich areas.
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
3.2.19 cut edge—end of a laminate resulting from cutting
International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
www.asme.org. that is not protected by a corrosion barrier.
D5364 − 14 (2024)
3.2.20 delamination—physical separation o
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