ASTM D5364-14(2024)

Standard Guide for Design, Fabrication, and Erection of Fiberglass Reinforced (FRP) Plastic Chimney Liners with Coal-Fired Units

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides information, requirements and recommendations for design professionals, fabricators, installers and end-users of FRP chimney liners. FRP is a cost-effective and appropriate material of construction for liners operating at moderate temperatures in a corrosive chemical environment.  
4.2 This guide provides uniformity and consistency to the design, fabrication, and erection of fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) liners for concrete chimneys with coal-fired units. Other fossil fuels will require a thorough review of the operating and service conditions and the impact on material selection.  
4.3 This guide is limited specifically to FRP liners within a supporting concrete shell and is not applicable to other FRP cylindrical structures.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide offers direction and guidance to the user concerning available techniques and methods for design, material selection, fabrication, erection, inspection, confirmatory testing, quality control and assurance.  
1.2 These minimum guidelines, when properly used and implemented, can help ensure a safe and reliable structure for the industry.  
1.3 This guide offers minimum requirements for the proper design of a FRP liner once the service conditions relative to thermal, chemical, and erosive environments are defined. Due to the variability in liner height, diameter, and the environment, each liner must be designed and detailed individually.  
1.4 Selection of the necessary resins and reinforcements, composition of the laminate, and proper testing methods are offered.  
1.5 Once the material is selected and the liner designed, procedures for proper fabrication of the liner are developed.  
1.6 Field erection, sequence of construction, proper field-joint preparation, and alignment are reviewed.  
1.7 Quality control and assurance procedures are developed for the design, fabrication, and erection phases. The quality-assurance program defines the proper authority and responsibility, control of design, material, fabrication and erection, inspection procedures, tolerances, and conformity to standards. The quality-control procedures provide the steps required to implement the quality-assurance program.  
1.8 Appendix X1 includes research and development subjects to further support recommendations of this guide.  
1.9 Disclaimer—The reader is cautioned that independent professional judgment must be exercised when data or recommendations set forth in this guide are applied. The publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of ASTM that this information is suitable for general or particular use, or freedom from infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use. The design of structures is within the scope of expertise of a licensed architect, structural engineer, or other licensed professional for the application of principles to a particular structure.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.10 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
Section    
Introduction and Background  
Scope and Objective  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
ASTM Standards  
2.1  
ACI Standard  
2.2  
NFPA Standard  
2.3  
ASME Standards  
2.4    
Terminology  
3  
ASTM Standard General Definitions  
3.1  
Applicable Definitions  
3.2  
Descriptions of Terms Specific to This ...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2024
• ICS: 83.140.99 - Other rubber and plastics products
• Technical Committee: D20 - Plastics
• Drafting Committee: D20.23 - Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D5364-14(2019) - Standard Guide for Design, Fabrication, and Erection of Fiberglass Reinforced (FRP) Plastic Chimney Liners with Coal-Fired Units
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2024

Overview

ASTM D5364-14(2024) is the authoritative standard guide that addresses the design, fabrication, and erection of fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) chimney liners used alongside coal-fired units. Developed by ASTM International, this standard delivers essential guidance for professionals tasked with specifying, producing, installing, and maintaining FRP chimney liners within concrete shells.

Fiberglass-reinforced plastic is recognized for its resistance to corrosion in chemically harsh environments and has over four decades of proven service in coal-fired power plants and related process industries. The guide emphasizes creating safe, reliable, and long-lasting chimney liner systems, considering operational, environmental, and regulatory demands.

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Key Topics

ASTM D5364-14(2024) covers a comprehensive range of subjects for FRP chimney liners:

• Service and Operating Environments: Analysis of chemical, thermal, and erosive conditions specific to coal-fired units. The guide helps define acid condensation zones, temperature ranges, and abnormal operation cases that influence material selection and design.
• Material Selection: Recommendations on resins and reinforcements compatible with expected service conditions, including guidance for Type E and E-CR glass fibers and corrosion-resistant veils.
• Design Requirements: Methods for evaluating factors such as loading (dead, wind, earthquake, thermal), liner thickness, allowable stresses, and structural integrity tailored to the unique requirements of each chimney installation.
• Fabrication & Erection Methods: Best practices for manufacturing and assembling FRP liners, including sequence of construction, field joint preparation, alignment, and handling both at the fabrication facility and installation site.
• Quality Assurance & Control: Framework for establishing rigorous QA/QC programs, inspection protocols, tolerances, submittals, and confirmatory testing to safeguard integrity and performance throughout the project lifecycle.
• Safety & Environmental Considerations: Reminders for users to implement appropriate safety, health, and regulatory practices in line with the specific characteristics of FRP and the installation environment.

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Applications

The guidance in ASTM D5364-14(2024) is pertinent to a range of stakeholders:

• Design Professionals: Structural engineers and architects utilize the guide to adapt FRP liners to exacting project needs, ensuring robust and compliant system design for concrete chimney shells in coal-fired plants.
• Fabricators & Manufacturers: The standard provides a basis for developing manufacturing procedures, from raw material selection to final lamination and quality verification.
• Installers/Contractors: Step-by-step direction on safe handling, field erection, and joint assembly assists installers in meeting project specifications and minimizing on-site risks.
• Plant Owners & Operators: Ensures long-term durability and regulatory compliance of chimney liners, protecting expensive assets from corrosion, thermal degradation, and associated maintenance costs.

Due to its specificity, the standard applies to FRP liners within concrete chimney shells for coal-fired units. If other fossil fuels are used, a thorough assessment of service environments and materials is required.

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Related Standards

ASTM D5364-14(2024) references several complementary documents and standards for FRP chimney liner projects:

• ASTM C582: Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced Thermosetting Plastic Laminates for Corrosion-Resistant Equipment
• ASTM D3299: Specification for Filament-Wound Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Resin Corrosion-Resistant Tanks
• ACI 307: Specification for the Design and Construction of Reinforced Concrete Chimneys
• NFPA 77: Recommended Practice on Static Electricity
• ASME RTP-1: Reinforced Thermoset Plastic Corrosion Resistant Equipment

Reviewing these standards along with ASTM D5364 ensures comprehensive coverage of material properties, design safety, and installation best practices for fiberglass reinforced plastic chimney liners in demanding industrial applications.

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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5364 − 14 (Reapproved 2024)
Standard Guide for
Design, Fabrication, and Erection of Fiberglass Reinforced
(FRP) Plastic Chimney Liners with Coal-Fired Units
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5364; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Federal and state environmental regulations have imposed strict requirements to clean the gases
leaving a chimney. These regulations have resulted in taller chimneys (600–1000 ft (183–305 m)) and
lower gas temperatures (120–200°F (49–93°C)) due to the use of Air Quality Compliance Systems
(ACQS). These regulations led to the development of fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) chimney liners
in the 1970’s.
Fiberglass-reinforced plastic liners have proven their capability to resist corrosion and carry loads
over long periods of time. Successful service has been demonstrated in the utility and general-process
industries for over 40 years. The taller FRP structures and larger diameters (10–30 ft (3–9 m)) imposed
new design, fabrication, and erection challenges.
The design, fabrication, and erection of FRP liners involves disciplines which must address the
specific characteristics of the material. Areas that have been shown to be of importance include the
following:
(1) Flue-gas characteristics such as chemical composition, water and acid dew points, operating and excursion temperature,
velocity, etc.
(2) Plant operation as it relates to variations in the flue-gas characteristics.
(3) Material selection and laminate design.
(4) Quality control throughout the design, fabrication, and erection process to ensure the integrity of the corrosion barrier and
the structural laminate.
(5) Secondary bonding of attachments, appurtenances, and joints.
(6) Installation and handling.
(7) Inspections and Confirmation Testing.
Chimney components include an outer shell, one or more inner liners, breeching ductwork, and miscellaneous platforms,
elevators, ladders, and miscellaneous components. The shell provides structural integrity to environmental forces such as wind,
earthquake, ambient temperatures, and supports the liner or liners. The liner or liners inside the shell protects the shell from the
thermal, chemical, and abrasive environment of the hot boiler gases (generally 120–560°F (49–293°C)). These liners have been
made of FRP, acid-resistant brick, carbon steel, stainless steel, high-alloy steel, shotcrete-coated steel, and shotcrete-coated shells.
The selection of the material type depends on the chemical composition and temperature of the flue gas, liner height, diameter, and
seismic zone. Also, variations in flue-gas characteristics and durations of transient temperatures affect material selection and
design. For FRP liners, the flue gas maximum operating temperature is generally limited to 200°F (90°C) for 2 hours and for
maximum transient temperatures to 400°F (204°C) for 30 minutes.
1. Scope terial selection, fabrication, erection, inspection, confirmatory
testing, quality control and assurance.
1.1 This guide offers direction and guidance to the user
concerning available techniques and methods for design, ma-
1.2 These minimum guidelines, when properly used and
implemented, can help ensure a safe and reliable structure for
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and the industry.
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced Thermosetting
Resin Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment. 1.3 This guide offers minimum requirements for the proper
Current edition approved April 1, 2024. Published April 2024. Originally
design of a FRP liner once the service conditions relative to
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D5364 – 14(2019).
thermal, chemical, and erosive environments are defined. Due
DOI: 10.1520/D5364-14R24.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5364 − 14 (2024)
to the variability in liner height, diameter, and the environment,
Other Operating and Service Environments 5.7
Static Electricity Build-Up 5.8
each liner must be designed and detailed individually.
Flame Spread 5.9
Materials 6
1.4 Selection of the necessary resins and reinforcements,
Raw Materials 6.1
composition of the laminate, and proper testing methods are
Laminate Composition 6.2
offered.
Laminate Properties 6.3
Design 7
1.5 Once the material is selected and the liner designed,
Design 7.1
procedures for proper fabrication of the liner are developed. Assumptions 7.2
Dead Loads 7.3
1.6 Field erection, sequence of construction, proper field-
Wind Loads 7.4
Earthquake Loads 7.5
joint preparation, and alignment are reviewed.
Thermal Loads 7.6
Circumferential Pressure Loads 7.7
1.7 Quality control and assurance procedures are developed
Load Factors 7.8
for the design, fabrication, and erection phases. The quality-
Resistance Factors 7.9
assurance program defines the proper authority and
Loading Combinations 7.10
Allowable Longitudinal Stresses 7.11
responsibility, control of design, material, fabrication and
Allowable Circumferential Stresses 7.12
erection, inspection procedures, tolerances, and conformity to
Design Limits 7.13
standards. The quality-control procedures provide the steps
Tolerances 7.14
Deflections 7.15
required to implement the quality-assurance program.
Critical Deign Considerations and Details 7.16
1.8 Appendix X1 includes research and development sub- Fabrication 8
Fabrication 8.1
jects to further support recommendations of this guide.
Reponsibility of Fabricator 8.2
Fabrication Facility 8.3
1.9 Disclaimer—The reader is cautioned that independent
General Construction 8.4
professional judgment must be exercised when data or recom-
Fabrication Equipment 8.5
mendations set forth in this guide are applied. The publication
Resin Systems 8.6
Reinforcement 8.7
of the material contained herein is not intended as a represen-
Fabrication Procedures 8.8
tation or warranty on the part of ASTM that this information is
Handling and Transportation 8.9
suitable for general or particular use, or freedom from infringe-
Erection Appurtenances 8.10
Tolerances 8.11
ment of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this
Erection of FRP Liners 9
information assumes all liability arising from such use. The
Erection Scheme and Sequence 9.1
design of structures is within the scope of expertise of a
Handling and Storage on Site 9.2
Erection Appurtenances 9.3
licensed architect, structural engineer, or other licensed profes-
Field Joints 9.4
sional for the application of principles to a particular structure.
Field Joints Lamination Procedure 9.5
Quality Assurance and Quality Control 10
NOTE 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
Quality Assurance and Quality Control 10.1
Quality-Assurance Program 10.2
1.10 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be re-
Quality-Assurance Surveillance 10.3
garded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
Inspections 10.4
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for Submittals 10.5
Operation Maintenance and Start-Up Procedures 11
information only and are not considered standard.
Initial Start-Up 11.1
Operation and Maintenance 11.2
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Annex
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Typical Inspection Checklist Annex A1
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Appendix
Commentary Appendix X1
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
References
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.12 This international standard was developed in accor-
Section
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Introduction and Background
Scope and Objective 1
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Referenced Documents 2
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
ASTM Standards 2.1
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
ACI Standard 2.2
NFPA Standard 2.3
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASME Standards 2.4
Terminology 3
2. Referenced Documents
ASTM Standard General Definitions 3.1
Applicable Definitions 3.2 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard 3.3
C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
Symbols 3.4
Significance and Use 4
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
Service and Operating Environments 5
Service Conditions 5.1
Environmental Severity 5.2
Chemical Environment 5.3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Erosion/Abrasion Environment 5.4
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Operating Temperature Environment 5.5
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Abnormal Environments 5.6
the ASTM website.
D5364 − 14 (2024)
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus provided for reference:
C518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission 3.2.1 accelerator—a material added to the resin to increase
Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus the rate of polymerization (curing).
C581 Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance of
3.2.2 axial—in the direction of the axis (lengthwise center-
Thermosetting Resins Used in Glass-Fiber-Reinforced
line) of the equipment.
Structures Intended for Liquid Service
3.2.3 Barcol hardness—measurement of the degree of cure
C582 Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced Thermo-
by means of resin hardness. The Barcol impressor is the
setting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion-Resistant
instrument used (see Test Method D2583).
Equipment
3.2.4 binder—chemical treatment applied to the random
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
arrangement of glass fibers to give integrity to mats. Specific
D648 Test Method for Deflection Temperature of Plastics
binders are utilized to promote chemical compatibility with
Under Flexural Load in the Edgewise Position
various laminating resins used.
D695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid
Plastics 3.2.5 blister—refer to Terminology D883.
D790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced
3.2.6 bonding—joining of two or more parts by adhesive
and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-
forces.
als
3.2.7 bond strength—force per unit area (psi) necessary to
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
rupture a bond in interlaminar shear.
D2393 Test Method for Viscosity of Epoxy Resins and
3.2.8 buckling—a mode of failure characterized by an un-
Related Components (Withdrawn 1992)
stable lateral deflection due to compressive action on the
D2471 Practice for Gel Time and Peak Exothermic Tempera-
structural element involved.
ture of Reacting Thermosetting Resins (Withdrawn 2008)
D2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plas-
3.2.9 burned areas—areas of laminate showing evidence of
tics by Means of a Barcol Impressor (Withdrawn 2022)
decomposition (for example, discoloration and cracking) due
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
to excessive resin exotherm.
Resins
3.2.10 burn out (burn off)—thermal decomposition of the
D3299 Specification for Filament-Wound Glass-Fiber-
organic materials (resin and binders) from a laminate specimen
Reinforced Thermoset Resin Corrosion-Resistant Tanks
in order to determine the weight percent and lamination
D4398 Test Method for Determining the Chemical Resis-
sequence of the glass reinforcement.
tance of Fiberglass-Reinforced Thermosetting Resins by
3.2.11 carbon veil—a nonwoven surface veil that is made of
One-Side Panel Exposure (Withdrawn 2015)
carbon fiber or is coated with conductive carbon for purposes
E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
of providing static dissipation. This could be carbon veil, or
Building Materials
polyester veil impregnated with carbon.
E228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer 3.2.12 catalyst—an organic peroxide material used to acti-
vate the polymerization of the resin.
2.2 American Concrete Institute (ACI) Standard:
ACI Standard 307 Specification for the Design and Con-
3.2.13 chopped-strand mat—reinforcement made from ran-
struction of Reinforced Concrete Chimneys
domly oriented glass strands that are held together in a mat
2.3 NFPA Standard:
form by means of a binder.
NFPA 77 Recommended Practice on Static Electricity
3.2.14 chopper gun—a machine used to cut continuous
2.4 ASME Standards:
fiberglass roving to predetermined lengths [usually 0.5–2 in.
Section X Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels
(13–51 mm)] and propel the cut strands to the mold surface. In
RTP-1 Reinforced Thermoset Plastic Corrosion Resistant
the spray-up process, a catalyzed resin is deposited simultane-
Equipment
ously on the mold. When interspersed layers are provided in
filament winding, the resin spray is not used.
3. Terminology
3.2.15 contact molding—process for molding reinforced
3.1 Definitions:
plastics in which reinforcement and resin are placed on an open
3.1.1 Terms used in this guide are from Terminology D883
mold or mandrel. Cure is without application of pressure;
unless otherwise indicated in 3.2.
includes both hand-lay-up and spray-up.
3.2 The following applicable definitions in this guide are
3.2.16 corrosion barrier—the integral inner barrier of the
laminate which is made from resin, veil, and chopped mat.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. 3.2.17 coverage—see winding cycle.
Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington
3.2.18 crazing—the formation of tiny hairline cracks in
Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.concrete.org.
varying degrees throughout the resin matrix, particularly in
Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
resin-rich areas.
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
3.2.19 cut edge—end of a laminate resulting from cutting
International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
www.asme.org. that is not protected by a corrosion barrier.
D5364 − 14 (2024)
3.2.20 delamination—physical separation or loss of bond 3.2.40 gel time—time from the initial mixing of the resin
between laminate plies. with catalyst to gelation.
3.2.21 dry spot—an area where the reinforcement fibers 3.2.41 glass—see fiber(glass).
have not been sufficiently wetted with resin.
3.2.42 glass content—weight percent of glass-fiber rein-
3.2.22 edge sealing—application of reinforcement and
forcement in the laminate.
resin, or resin alone, to seal cut edges and provide a corrosion-
3.2.43 gun roving—fiberglass roving designed for use in a
resistant barrier. The final layer should be paraffinated.
chopper gun.
3.2.23 entrapped-air void—see void.
3.2.44 hand lay-up—see contact molding.
3.2.24 environment—state of the surroundings in contact
3.2.45 heat-deflection temperature (HDT)—temperature at
with the internal and external surfaces, including the
which a specified bar specimen deflects 0.010 in. (0.25 mm)
temperature, pressure, chemical exposure, relative humidity,
when loaded as a simple beam at a constant 264 psi (1820 kPa).
and presence of liquids or gases.
Test Method D648 usually refers to a cured-resin casting, not
3.2.25 exotherm—evolution of heat by the resin during the
a laminate.
polymerization reaction.
3.2.46 helical winding—filament winding where the angle
3.2.26 exotherm ply—that ply of chopped mat at which the
at which the reinforcement is placed is other than 0 or 90°.
lamination process is stopped to allow gelation and exotherm
3.2.47 hoop winding—filament winding where the winding
of the existing laminate.
angle is essentially 90°. The winding strands are applied
3.2.27 fabricator—the producer of the equipment who com-
immediately adjacent to the strands applied on the previous
bines resin and reinforcing fibers to produce the final product.
mandrel revolution.
3.2.28 fatigue—the change in properties of the laminate
3.2.48 intersperse—chopped fiberglass used in a filament-
over time under cycling of loads, including mechanical,
wound laminate, usually in thin layers between winding
temperature, and other environmental exposures.
coverages.
3.2.29 fiber(glass)—a fine, continuously formed thread of
3.2.49 isotropic—having uniform properties in all direc-
glass. E-glass is used for strength and durability, E-CR-glass is
tions. The measured properties of the material are independent
a modified E-glass with improved corrosion resistance to most
of the axis of testing. The opposite is anisotropic, which is the
acids, and C-glass is resistant to corrosion by most acids.
case for FRP laminates.
3.2.30 fiberglass roving—see roving.
3.2.50 joint overlay—an overlay that joins the adjoining
surfaces of two contacting parts or elements.
3.2.31 fiberglass woven roving—heavy fabric woven from
strands of glass fiber.
3.2.51 laminate—the total of the part constructed by com-
bining one or more layers of material (reinforcement and
3.2.32 fiber wetting—coating of the fiberglass with resin by
resin). As used in this guide, the laminate consists of the
means of rollout or immersion.
corrosion barrier on the inner surface, the interior structural
3.2.33 filament winding—a process for forming FRP parts
layer, and the outer surface.
by winding resin-saturated continuous-roving strands onto a
3.2.52 laminate composition—the sequence of reinforce-
rotating mandrel.
ment materials on a type, class, and category basis that make
3.2.34 fillers—inert materials that are added to the resin to
up a laminate.
increase density, increase viscosity, improve abrasion
3.2.53 lamination analysis—procedure by which, given the
resistance, enhance resin-application properties, decrease resin
amount and properties of the resin and the properties and
shrinkage, and reduce cost.
orientation of the reinforcement, it is possible to calculate the
3.2.35 fill picks—the rovings in a woven roving that run in
elastic physical and mechanical properties of the individual
the transverse direction of the fabric, that is, across the fabric
layers of a laminate and using weighted-averaging techniques
roll width.
to determine the elastic properties of the total laminate (see
3.2.36 flame-retardant resin—halogenated resins that can be
section 2.4).
used with or without additives to provide a laminate having a
3.2.54 lamination theory—see lamination analysis.
reduced flame-spread rating as measured in accordance with
3.2.55 mandrel—mold around which a laminate is formed to
Test Method E84. The resins are not flame retardant in their
fabricate a cylindrical section.
liquid state.
3.2.37 flame-spread rating—index number for any laminate 3.2.56 macro—denotes the properties of the laminate as a
total structural element.
of definite composition resulting from testing in accordance
with Test Method E84.
3.2.57 matrix—resin phase of a fiberglass-reinforced lami-
3.2.38 gap filling—the filling of voids between joined parts, nate.
elements, or components with resin putty or resin.
3.2.58 micro—denotes the properties of the constituent ele-
3.2.39 gel—the initial jelly-like solid phase that develops ments of the laminate; that is, matrix and reinforcements and
during the polymerization of resin. interface only, and their effect on the laminate properties.
D5364 − 14 (2024)
3.2.59 mold—form over or into which resin and reinforce- 3.2.78 spray-up—method of contact molding where resin
ments are placed to form the laminate product shape. and chopped strands of continuous-filament glass fiber are
deposited on the mold directly from a chopper gun.
3.2.60 monomer—the basic polymerizing element for the
3.2.79 strain—elongation per unit length.
formation of the matrix; in FRP-liner fabrication, this is mostly
styrene.
3.2.80 stress—load per unit area.
3.2.61 overlay—laminate applied over base FRP structures
3.2.81 structural layer—the portion of the laminate having
to secure a joint, seal a seam, or attach a nozzle.
the primary mechanical strength.
3.2.62 paraffınated resin—resin containing a small amount 3.2.82 surface preparation—the act of roughening, priming,
of dissolved paraffin wax. This wax will come out of the
or otherwise treating the laminate surface to achieve surface
solution during cure and bloom to the surface, preventing the
conditions that are conducive to adhesion of a subsequently
normal air inhibition at the atmospheric exposed surface.
applied laminate.
3.2.63 parting agents—compounds that assist in releasing 3.2.83 surfacing veil—a very thin (10 to 20 mils) mat of
the FRP part from its mold; also referred to as mold-release C-glass or synthetic material such as non-woven polyester
fabric, used to reinforce the corrosion-resistant resin on the
agents.
inside or outside surface of the FRP laminate.
3.2.64 pass—in filament winding, one “round trip” of the
3.2.84 unidirectional roving—continuous parallel roving
carriage (which applies the winding strand to the mandrel)
held together with periodic stitching.
from one end of the mandrel to the other and return.
3.2.85 vinyl ester resin—resin characterized by reactive
3.2.65 pit—crater-like area in the surface of the laminate.
unsaturation, located predominately in terminal positions that
3.2.66 polyester resin—resin produced by the condensation
can be compounded with styrene and reacted to produce
of dihydroxy glycols and dibasic organic acids or anhydrides.
crosslinked copolymer matrices.
In FRP fabrications, the polyester plastic contains at least one
3.2.86 void—unfilled space caused by air or gas in the resin
unsaturated constituent and is dissolved in styrene and subse-
mix or entrapment of such gases during lay-up of individual
quently reacted to give a highly crosslinked thermoset matrix.
plies of glass.
3.2.67 profile—the roughness (or smoothness) of a surface
3.2.87 warp ends—the strands in a woven roving that run in
that has been prepared for bonding.
the longitudinal direction of the fabric, that is, along the roll
3.2.68 promoter—a material which activates the catalyst
length of the fabric.
that cures the resin.
3.2.88 winding angle—the angle between the winding
3.2.69 PVA—abbreviation for polyvinyl alcohol, a widely
strand and the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical liner,
used parting agent.
sometimes called the helix angle. The winding angle can be
determined by measuring the included angle along the longi-
3.2.70 reinforcement—glass fibers in the form of continuous
tudinal axis of the pipe at the intersection of strands and
strand, chopped-strand, or fabric. These fibers are added to the
dividing this angle by two.
resin matrix to give strength and other properties to the
laminate.
3.2.89 winding cycle—the complete covering of the mandrel
surface by two bi-directional layers of filament winding. Hoop
3.2.71 release film—film used to facilitate removal of the
winding will use one pass; in helical winding many passes are
fabricated part from the mold. Oriented polyester film, 3 to 5
required to complete one winding cycle.
mils thick has been found suitable for this purpose.
3.2.90 woven roving—a plain-weave reinforcement fabric
3.2.72 resin putty—resin filled with clay, silica fume, milled
made of rovings. The standard configuration requires five
fibers, or other inert materials, or both, to yield a material for
rovings in the warp direction and four rovings in the weft
filling gaps, cracks, and fillets.
2 2
direction and a nominal weight of 24 oz/yd (814 g/m ).
3.2.73 resin richness—excessive amounts or uneven distri-
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
bution of resin in the laminate. Such areas are the result of
3.3.1 can—an individual fabricated cylindrical liner section.
improper wetout or drainage and are prone to cracking.
3.3.2 quality assurance (QA)—a system, employed by the
3.2.74 roll-out—densification of the laminate by working
owner or his designate, to monitor the manufacturer’s quality
reinforcement into and air out of the resin, using a serrated
control and to recognize and resolve any nonconformances.
thermoplastic or metal roller.
This system is administered by a quality-assurance represen-
3.2.75 roving—a number of strands or filaments gathered
tative who is empowered to verify the QA and the resolution of
with little or no twist in a package called a roving ball. Also see
all noncompliances.
woven roving.
3.3.3 quality-assurance program—a plan that documents
3.2.76 secondary bond strength—adhesive force that holds a
the procedures or instructions used to ensure the quality control
separately cured laminate to the basic substrate laminate.
of the manufacturing process.
3.2.77 sizing—surface treatment or coating applied to fila- 3.3.4 quality control (QC)—a system of measurements and
ments to improve the filament-to-resin bond. checks employed to monitor the manufacture of the FRP
D5364 − 14 (2024)
TABLE 1 Stress and Modulus of Elasticity Symbols, psi
L = total length of the continuous liner
L
Stress Type
MRF = material resistance factor
Description
Membrane Membrane
P = external pressure, psi
Bending
Tension Compression
p' = atmosphere pressure at plant grade level, psi
t c b
Calculated longitudinal f f f
z z z r = average radius of the liner wall, in.
t c b
Calculated circumferential f f f
θ θ θ
R = displacement-induced seismic response (force,
t c b 1
Allowable longitudinal F F F
z z z
t c b
displacement, or stress)
Allowable circumferential F F F
θ θ θ
tu bu
Ultimate longitudinal F . . . F R = inertia-induced seismic response (force,
z z
tu bu
Ultimate circumferential F . . . F
θ θ
displacement, or stress)
cr
Critical buckling, longitudinal . . . F . . .
z
R = radius of the liner to the centroid of the stiffener
cr
Critical buckling, . . . F . . . c
θ
R = radius of the stiffener
circumferential
s
t c b
Modulus of elasticity, E E E
z z z R = total seismic response (force, displacement, or
t
longitudinal
stress)
t c b
Modulus of elasticity, E E E
θ θ θ
RF = capacity-reduction factor = MRF × TTRF
circumferential
†
Editorially corrected column alignment in March 2010.
t = thickness of the liner (structural) wall, in.
T = normal temperature load,
T = ambient air temperature, Degrees Fahrenheit
a
t = thickness of corrosion barrier, in.
c
chimney liner and to assess compliance of manufacture to the t = equivalent liner thickness, including stiffener
e
critical quality requirements. contribution, on basis of equal mass
T = flue gas temperature, Degrees Fahrenheit
g
3.4 Symbols: (see Table 1)
T = mean liner temperature, (T + T )/2, Degrees
m 1 2
Fahrenheit
a = winding angle (with respect to the longitudinal
T = annulus air temperature, Degrees Fahrenheit
n
axis of the liner), degree
T = temperature at inside surface of corrosion
A = hoop membrane stiffness of the liner wall, lb/in. o
θ
barrier, Degrees Fahrenheit
T = temperature at interface between corrosion bar-
AT = abnormal temperature load
rier and structural layer, Degrees Fahrenheit
CP = circumferential pressure load, psi
T = temperature at outside surface of structural
D = dead load 2
layer, Degrees Fahrenheit
D = theoretical draft (without losses), inches of
s
ΔT = flue-gas temperature difference across the di-
water g
ameter of the liner, at height z, °F
D , D = longitudinal and hoop bending stiffness, of the
x θ
(ΔT ) = ΔT at top of breeching, °F (minimum
liner wall, lb-in. /in. g BASE g
T = 25°F)
(EI)s = transformed flexural stiffness of ring stiffener,
gBASE
ΔT = difference of temperature, T , across the diam-
lb-in. m m
eter of the liner, °F
EQ = earthquake load
ΔT = temperature differential across the structural
f = ovalling natural frequency, cycles per second
w
layer, °F (T – T )
g = acceleration due to gravity, in/s
2 1
TTRF = time and temperature reduction factor
H = total height of liner above breeching, ft
h = flue-gas film coefficient of thermal W = wind load
W = compressive modulus of elasticity of the wind-
conductivity, BTU/ft /in/h/°F
cm
ing material (glass), psi
h = film coefficient of thermal conductivity outside
W = total weight of the continuous liner, including
of liner, BTU/ft /in/h/°F
L
corrosion barrier, and stiffeners
I = center-line moment of inertia of liner section,
4 3
W = tension modulus of elasticity of the winding
in. = πr t
tm
material (glass), psi
I = moment of inertia of one stiffener
s
z = distance from top of breeching, in.
k = coefficient of thermal conductivity for FRP
α = coefficient of thermal expansion in the direction
liner (in absence of data use k = 2), BTU/ft /
specified by subscript, in./in./°F
in/h/°F
μ = average Poisson’s ratio
k = knockdown factor
n
k = ratio of thermal resistance from gas stream to 1/2
R
5 μ × μ
~ !
zθ θz
the middle of the liner wall to the total radial
thermal resistance of liner
μ = Poisson’s ratio of longitudinal strain to an
θz
L = distance between lateral supports, ft
imposed hoop strain
L = spacing between full circumferential stiffeners,
μ = Poisson’s ratio of hoop strain to an imposed
zθ
in, determined as the sum of half the distance to
longitudinal strain
adjacent stiffeners on either side of the stiffener
γ = unit weight of liner, lb/in.
under consideration γ = specific weight of ambient air, lb/ft
a
LF = load factor γ = specific weight of gas, lb/ft
g
D5364 − 14 (2024)
infrequent, such as when precipitator electric power is out or
δ = longitudinal deflection, in.
when bag houses are bypassed. The duration should be
4. Significance and Use
determined, as the plant may reduce load or shut down when
such a condition occurs.
4.1 This guide provides information, requirements and rec-
5.4.3 Condition 3—High-velocity gas flow (higher than 100
ommendations for design professionals, fabricators, installers
and end-users of FRP chimney liners. FRP is a cost-effective fps (31 m/s)), by design, or at sharp corners, turning vanes, and
struts. Erosion will likely occur at these locations.
and appropriate material of construction for liners operating at
moderate temperatures in a corrosive chemical environment.
5.5 Operating Temperature Environment:
4.2 This guide provides uniformity and consistency to the
5.5.1 Condition 1—Saturated flue gas, ambient to 140°F
design, fabrication, and erection of fiberglass-reinforced plastic
(60°C). This is the usual operating condition for chimney liners
(FRP) liners for concrete chimneys with coal-fired units. Other
on systems with wet scrubbers without reheat. Start-up condi-
fossil fuels will require a thorough review of the operating and
tions are covered by the operating conditions. Where bypass of
service conditions and the impact on material selection.
scrubbers is provided, conditions are described in 5.6.
5.5.2 Condition 2—Normal gas temperature from 140 to
4.3 This guide is limited specifically to FRP liners within a
200°F (60 to 93°C), with moisture content and acid condensa-
supporting concrete shell and is not applicable to other FRP
tion determined by the individual conditions. This is the usual
cylindrical structures.
operating range for wet scrubber systems with reheat. Start-up,
5. Service and Operating Environments
high-temperature, and by-pass conditions will be the same as
described in 5.6.
5.1 Service Conditions:
5.1.1 To properly select the optimum design for an FRP 5.5.3 Condition 3—Normal gas temperature from 140 to
chimney liner, it is essential to define the operating and service 200°F (60 to 93°C), with temperatures high enough for
conditions and the effect they may have on the lining. The condensation not to occur during normal operation. This is the
chemical, erosion/abrasion, and temperature environments usual operating range for spray dryer-baghouse and spray
should be determined for the full height of the FRP liner.
dryer-precipitator combinations. Condensation at start-up is
5.1.2 Owing to the variability in details of design and minimized by not introducing water to the spray dryers until
system configuration, each FRP liner design must be consid-
coal firing is started. Temperatures during by-pass and for
ered individually. The information given is for coal-fired units, excursions are as described in 5.6.
but the general principles are applicable to units fired with
5.5.4 Condition 4—Normal gas temperature from 200 to
other fuels.
330°F (93 to 166°C). This is the usual operating range for
plants without scrubbers. This condition is also applicable to
5.2 Environmental Condition—The environment for a chim-
systems in which the particulate removal or flue-gas desulfu-
ney liner is classified as to its chemical, erosion, and tempera-
rization (FGD) system, or both, can be bypassed, with tem-
ture condition. Two chemical conditions, three erosion
peratures determined by the gas flow that can be bypassed
conditions, and four temperature conditions are identified,
compared to the total gas flow of the system.
together with the circumstances in which they usually occur.
5.5.5 This guide covers FRP liners for Conditions 1, 2, and
The combinations of circumstances applicable to a particular
3. Condition 4 is not covered in this guide, although applica-
chimney liner should be determined.
tions over 200°F (93°C) operating temperature condition are in
5.3 Chemical Environment:
service. Condition 4 requires additional considerations in
5.3.1 Condition 1—Occasional exposure of certain areas to
evaluating materials and composite designs.
low pH from acid condensation, occurring with reheated gas or
un-scrubbed gas at localized cold areas, such as the liner hood 5.6 Abnormal Environments—Abnormal environments,
such as stoppage of an air preheater or malfunction of the
or during start-up.
5.3.2 Condition 2—Constant exposure to low pH, acid scrubber sprays, or both, can result in short-term conditions
condensation with concentration based on equilibrium concen- more severe than those covered. The severity and duration of
the abnormal conditions depend on the design and operation of
tration of H SO , water vapor in the gas stream at temperatures
2 4
above the water dew point. This operating condition is usually the plant and should be determined for each project. In many
cases, these conditions are of short duration because a major
for scrubber systems without reheat, with essentially saturated
gas with temperatures from ambient to 140°F (60°C), or when upset in the boiler draft system, or in the FGD or particulate
removal system, means a reduction in load or plant shutdown
there is insufficient reheat to raise the gas temperature above
the acid dew point. Start-up conditions are covered by the to protect the equipment or stay within the emission criteria.
operating conditions. 5.6.1 Condition 1—Flue-gas-temperature excursion of up to
250°F (121°C) maximum, maintained by a quench system.
5.4 Erosion/Abrasion Environment:
5.6.2 Condition 2—Flue-gas-temperature excursion up to
5.4.1 Condition 1—Normal-velocity gas flow (45–100 fps
400°F (227°C) maximum.
(14–31 m/s)) with particulate removal equipment in service.
5.6.3 FRP liners may be used for abnormal Condition 1, but
Most particulate removal and flue-gas desulfurization (FGD)
its use for Condition 2 is not considered in this guide.
systems have velocities in this range.
5.4.2 Condition 2—Normal-velocity gas flow with particu- 5.6.4 The gas temperature shall be maintained by a quench
late removal equipment out of service. This condition would be system at or below a temperature of 250°F (121°C).
D5364 − 14 (2024)
5.6.5 In case of a gas-temperature upset 25°F (−4°C) above 6.1.3.1 Glass reinforcements shall be Type E or E-CR glass
the established operating temperature, an additional deluge fibers having a sizing compatible with the resin.
system should be used to bring the gas temperature back to
6.1.3.2 The surface veil used in the corrosion barrier should
normal operating temperatures.
be Type C glass fibers, or a synthetic material as approved by
the owner. If specified by the purchaser, a carbon veil may be
5.7 Other Operating and Service Environments:
added for static-charge dissipation as in section 6.3.6.
5.7.1 Start-up of coal-fired units is usually accomplished
with fuel other than coal, such as diesel oil, natural gas, or
6.2 Laminate Composition—FRP chimney-liner laminates
liquefied natural gas. These fuels, which result in flue-gas
consist of a corrosion barrier, a structural layer, and an exterior
compositions different from that produced by coal-firing,
surface. The FRP composition shall include a thermoset
should be considered in the design of the liner.
polyester or vinylester resin, reinforced with glass fiber and
5.7.2 The temperatures given are average temperatures of
containing various other raw materials to provide specific
flue gases entering the chimney liners. Gas temperatures vary
properties. The corrosion barrier provides primary corrosion
as the gas rises up the chimney and at breaching openings, and
resistance, flame retardant, and shall follow laminate construc-
they vary with the start-up condition of the unit.
tion described in Specification C582. The structural layer shall
primarily provide the mechanical properties and strength of the
5.8 Static Electricity Build-Up—FRP in a chimney-liner
design. The outer layer shall contain a paraffinated resin to
application is subject to the build-up of static electricity that
prevent air from inhibiting the cure process and shall provide
may be a consideration in some installations. A static-charge
weather or environmental protection, or both. Liner extending
dissipation system must be provided where considered neces-
above the chimney cap shall be protected against ultraviolet
sary (see 6.3.6).
(UV) rays and in cold weather regions, against ice forming on
5.9 Flame Spread—FRP chimney liners are subject to con-
the liner surfaces from freezing of water droplets in the gas
ditions that propagate flame spread. Specific requirements will
phase.
vary, depending upon operating and maintenance conditions.
6.2.1 Corrosion Barrier—The corrosion barrier shall be as
However, all FRP liners shall have a flame-resistant resin as in
described in Specification C582. Additional plies of surfacing
6.3.5.
mat and chopped-strand mat may be used in particularly severe
chemical environments, but consideration shall be given to the
6. Materials
effects of thermal and mechanical shock.
6.1 Raw Materials:
6.2.2 Structural Layer—The structural layer shall meet the
6.1.1 Resin:
physical properties required by the design in Section 7. The
6.1.1.1 The selected resin shall be either a polyester or
fabrication process is typically filament winding, as described
vinylester that provides the properties necessary to withstand
in Specification D3299 and Section 8, but may include contact
the conditions of the operating environment described in
molding, as described in Specification C582, or a combination
Section 5. Resins shall conform to the requirements of Speci-
of both.
fication C582.
6.2.3 Outer Layer
6.1.1.2 FRP chimney liners are fabricated with a flame-
6.3 Laminate Properties:
retardant resin and, when required, additional flame-retardant
6.3.1 Physical and Mechanical—The following physical-
synergist added. The resin shall, at minimum, have been
property test methods are designed for use on entire laminates
demonstrated to withstand 25 % sulfuric acid at 180°F (82°C)
or individually on the corrosion barrier, the structural layer, or
for a duration of one year with a minimum retained strength of
repeating structural units, and external overlays. The following
50 %, in accordance with Practice C581, or under the actual
test methods shall be used for determination of initial design
anticipated environmental-service condition.
data and QA/QC procedures:
6.1.1.3 The resin in the corrosion barrier shall be chosen for
6.3.1.1 Tensile Modulus (Axial Direction)—Test Method
its corrosion resistance and flame-retardant properties. Due to
D638 shall be used; or the test results used in conjunction with
physical and mechanical requirements, a different corrosion-
laminate theory as in section 6.3.1.6.
resistant resin may be used in the corrosion barrier than in the
6.3.1.2 Flexural Modulus (Axial and Hoop Directions)—
structural layer.
Test Method D790 shall be used; or the test results used in
6.1.2 Other Additives—The resin may contain diluents such
conjunction with laminate theory as in section 6.3.1.6.
as added styrene, fillers, dyes, pigments, or flame retardants
only when agreed upon between the fabricator and the owner.
6.3.1.3 Compressive Modulus—The compressive modulus
Such uses shall conform to the descriptions of diluents, resin shall be obtained in accordance with Test Method D695, with
pastes, and ultraviolet absorbers as explained in Specification
the following modifications. The specimens shall be 2 in. (51
C582. Additionally, carbon filler may be added for static- mm) in the test direction by 0.5 in. (13 mm) thick with the
charge dissipation.
corrosion barrier removed by machining. Strain shall be
6.1.3 Reinforcements—Reinforcements shall conform to the measured by the use of an extensometer or other strain gages
requirements of Specification C582 for contact molding and centered on the specimen in the 2-in. direction. The extensom-
Specification D3299 for filament winding. These specifications eter arms shall be spaced to 1.5 in. (38 mm) apart at their
require the sizing and binder systems to be compatible with the attachment points to the specimen. The test results may be used
resins selected. in conjunction with laminate theory as in section 6.3.1.6.
D5364 − 14 (2024)
6.3.1.4 Coeffıcient of Thermal Expansion—Coefficient of and thermal gradient through the laminate with the temperature
thermal expansion shall be measured in accordance with Test at the corrosion liner/structural layer interface.
Method E228, over an appropriate temperature range using
6.3.5 Flame Retardancy—Selection of the flame spread
specimens constructed with the same composition, resin,
rating is governed by local building codes. The purchaser shall
construction sequence, glass content, type and weight of specify the rating for each location.
reinforcement, and cure conditions used in the actual liner. The
6.3.5.1 Flame spread is determined in accordance with Test
glass content of the test laminate should be within 5 % of the
Method E84 (see Note 2) by using a standard laminate
glass content of the actual chimney-liner laminate. The direc-
construction as determined in accordance with 4.1.2 of Speci-
tion of measurement in relation to the orientation of glass shall
fication C582. The standard laminate is 0.125 in. (3 mm) thick,
be considered in interpretation of the results. Unidirectional
flat, reinforced with all mat and has a glass content of 25 to
roving may be used to approximate filament winding.
30 % by weight. Flame-retardant synergists of the type and
level used in the actual laminate construction shall be used in
6.3.1.5 Coeffıcient of Thermal Conductivity—The coeffi-
this test.
cient of thermal conductivity shall be determined by Test
Method C177 or C518 on representative laminate for either the
NOTE 2—This flame-spread rating is based on a laboratory test, which
entire liner laminate to be used, or for each of the following
is not necessarily predictive of product performance in a real fire situation,
laminate components; that is, corrosion barrier, structure layer,
and is therefore not intended to reflect hazards presented by this or any
other material under actual fire conditions.
and exterior coating, if any. The representative laminate shall
be a flat laminate constructed with the same resin, construction
6.3.6 Static-Charge Dissipation—Operation of FRP chim-
sequence, glass content, type and weight of reinforcements,
ney liners can build up significant static charges. This may be
and cure conditions used in the actual laminate. The direction
a safety hazard to personnel and appropriate grounding shall be
of measurement in relation to t
...