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ASTM D76/D76M-21

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles

Standard Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles

ABSTRACT
This specification covers operating characteristics of tensile testing machines for the determination of the force-elongation properties of textile materials. Types of tensile machine covered in this specification are constant-rate-of-extension, constant-rate-of-traverse, and constant-rate-of-loading. Testing machines calibration shall be verified using the methods indicated in this specification, especially when moved to different locations to make sure that they still meet the specified tolerances. Motor-driven machine is preferred over manually driven machine. Constant-rate-of-traverse type machines shall not be used for measuring forces below fifty times their resolution. Machines shall be equipped with a device for measuring force. Clamping or holding devices shall be prescribed in test methods. Maximum allowable error, indicated force, recorded elongation, nominal gage length, and moving clamp speed shall be within the tolerances prescribed in the individual standards. Verification methods for recorded clamp displacement, recorded elongation, and nominal gage length, shall conform to the procedures indicated in this specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the operating characteristics of three types of tensile testing machines used for the determination of the force-elongation properties of textile materials. These types of tensile testing machines are:  
1.1.1 Constant-rate-of-extension, CRE.  
1.1.2 Constant-rate-of-traverse, CRT.  
1.1.3 Constant-rate-of-loading (force), CRL.  
1.2 Specifications for tensile testing machines to measure other tensile-related properties of textile materials not covered by this standard are given in the ASTM standards using those machines.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Jun-2021
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D76/D76M −21
Standard Specification for
1
Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D76/D76M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 Thisspecificationcoverstheoperatingcharacteristicsof
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
three types of tensile testing machines used for the determina-
D2256Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the
tion of the force-elongation properties of textile materials.
Single-Strand Method
These types of tensile testing machines are:
D4849Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
1.1.1 Constant-rate-of-extension, CRE.
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1.1.2 Constant-rate-of-traverse, CRT.
E74Practices for Calibration and Verification for Force-
1.1.3 Constant-rate-of-loading (force), CRL.
Measuring Instruments
1.2 Specifications for tensile testing machines to measure
3. Terminology
other tensile-related properties of textile materials not covered
by this standard are given in the ASTM standards using those 3.1 For terminology related to tensile testing, see Terminol-
ogy D4849.
machines.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant for this standard:
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
bench marks, calibrate, capacity, clamp, constant-rate-of ex-
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
tension type tensile testing machine (CRE), constant-rate-of-
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
load tensile testing machine (CRL), constant-rate-of-traverse
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
tensile testing machine (CRT), effective carriage mass, effec-
used independently of the other, and values from the two
tive gauge length, grip, jaw face, jaw liner, jaws, least count,
systems shall not be combined.
nominal gauge length, response time, sensitivity, in electronic
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the systems, sensitivity, stress, tensile testing machine, test skein,
testmethodsdescribedinthisspecification: This standard does time-to-break, true gauge length.
not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, 3.1.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see
associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this Terminology D123.
standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environ-
4. Performance Requirements
mental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
4.1 Individual ASTM methods for tensile testing of textile
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
materials that prescribe apparatus which conforms to this
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- specification shall also include such other detailed specifica-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
tions as may be necessary to describe the testing machine and
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- its operation completely.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4.1.1 This specification shall not be construed as being
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
intended to preclude the evolution of improved methods of
testing or testing apparatus, which is recognized as being vital
in an advancing technology.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on
Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and
2
Fibers. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2021. Published August 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1920. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D76–11(2016). DOI: Standardsvolume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D0076_D0076M-21. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D76/D76M − 21
4.2 Comparison of results from tensile testing machines 5.2 Measuring Devices—Machinesshallbeequippedwitha
operating on different principles is not recommended. When suitable device for measuring the force and, when needed, a
these machines are used for comparison testing however, device to measur
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D76/D76M − 11 (Reapproved 2016) D76/D76M − 21
Standard Specification for
1
Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D76/D76M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers the operating characteristics of three types of tensile testing machines used for the determination of
the force-elongation properties of textile materials. These types of tensile testing machines are:
1.1.1 Constant-rate-of-extension, CRE.
1.1.2 Constant-rate-of-traverse, CRT.
1.1.3 Constant-rate-of-loading (force), CRL.
1.2 Specifications for tensile testing machines to measure other tensile-related properties of textile materials not covered by this
standard are given in the ASTM standards using those machines.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system mayare not benecessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used
independently of the other. Combiningother, and values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the
standard.shall not be combined.
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this specification: This standard does not
purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D2256 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the Single-Strand Method
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
Current edition approved July 1, 2016July 1, 2021. Published July 2016August 2021. Originally approved in 1920 .1920. Last previous edition approved in 20112016 as
D76 – 11.D76 – 11(2016). DOI: 10.1520/D0076_D0076M-11R16.10.1520/D0076_D0076M-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standardsvolume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D76/D76M − 21
E74 Practices for Calibration and Verification for Force-Measuring Instruments
3. Terminology
3.1 For terminology related to tensile testing, see Terminology D4849.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant for this standard: bench marks, calibrate, capacity, clamp, constant-rate-of extension type
tensile testing machine (CRE), constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine (CRL), constant-rate-of-traverse tensile testing
machine (CRT), effective carriage mass, effective gauge length, grip, jaw face, jaw liner, jaws, least count, nominal gauge length,
response time, sensitivity, in electronic systems, sensitivity, stress, tensile testing machine, test skein, time-to-break, true gauge
length.
3.1.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Terminology D123.
4. Performance Requirements
4.1 Individual ASTM methods for tensile testing of textile materials that prescribe apparatus which conforms to this specification
shall also include such other detailed specifications as may be necessary to describe the testing machine and its operation
completely.
4.1.1 This specification shall not be construed as being intended to preclude the evolution of improved methods of testing or
testing apparatus, which is recognized as being vital in an advancing techno
...

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5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.  
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a spe...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.
Note 1: Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3512/D3512M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics for resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because the between-laboratory precision is poor. In some cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available test method, even though the test method is not recommended for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors which may include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, fabric finishing treatments and refurbishing method. Testing before refurbishing may be adviseable. The pilling resistance of a specific fabric in actual wear varies more with general conditions of use and individual wearers than in replicate fabric specimens subjected to controlled laboratory tests. This experience should be borne in mind when adopting levels of acceptability for any series of standards.  
5.3 Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance and de...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the propensity of a fabric to form pills and other related surface changes on textiles using the random tumble pilling tester. The procedure is generally applicable to all types of woven and knitted apparel fabrics.  
Note 1: For other test methods for the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3514/D3514M, and D4970/D4970M.  
1.2 Some fabrics that have been treated with a silicone resin may not be satisfactorily tested by this procedure because the silicone resin may transfer onto the cork liners in the test chamber and cause erroneous results.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4966-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside the United States.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must be changed accordingly at freque...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, and AATCC TM93.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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