ASTM E2412-10

Standard Practice for Condition Monitoring of Used Lubricants by Trend Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Periodic sampling and analysis of lubricants have long been used as a means to determine overall machinery health. Atomic emission (AE) and atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy are often employed for wear metal analysis (for example, Test Method D5185). A number of physical property tests complement wear metal analysis and are used to provide information on lubricant condition (for example, Test Methods D445, D2896, and D6304). Molecular analysis of lubricants and hydraulic fluids by FT-IR spectroscopy produces direct information on molecular species of interest, including additives, fluid breakdown products and external contaminants, and thus complements wear metal and other analyses used in a condition monitoring program (1,3-7).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of FT-IR in monitoring additive depletion, contaminant buildup and base stock degradation in machinery lubricants, hydraulic fluids and other fluids used in normal machinery operation. Contaminants monitored include water, soot, ethylene glycol, fuels and incorrect oil. Oxidation, nitration and sulfonation of base stocks are monitored as evidence of degradation. The objective of this monitoring activity is to diagnose the operational condition of the machine based on fault conditions observed in the oil. Measurement and data interpretation parameters are presented to allow operators of different FT-IR spectrometers to compare results by employing the same techniques.
1.2 This practice is based on trending and distribution response analysis from mid-infrared absorption measurements. While calibration to generate physical concentration units may be possible, it is unnecessary or impractical in many cases. Warning or alarm limits (the point where maintenance action on a machine being monitored is recommended or required) can be determined through statistical analysis, history of the same or similar equipment, round robin tests or other methods in conjunction with correlation to equipment performance. These warning or alarm limits can be a fixed maximum or minimum value for comparison to a single measurement or can also be based on a rate of change of the response measured (1). This practice describes distributions but does not preclude using rate-of-change warnings and alarms.
Note 1—It is not the intent of this practice to establish or recommend normal, cautionary, warning or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits should be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.
1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.
1.4 This practice is designed as a fast, simple spectroscopic check for condition monitoring of in-service lubricants and can be used to assist in the determination of general machinery health through measurement of properties observable in the mid-infrared spectrum such as water, oil oxidation, and others as noted in 1.1. The infrared data generated by this practice is typically used in conjunction with other testing methods. For example, infrared spectroscopy cannot determine wear metal levels or any other type of elemental analysis. The practice as presented is not intended for the prediction of lubricant physical properties (for example, viscosity, total base number, total acid number, etc.). This practice is designed for monitoring in-service lubricants and can aid in the determination of general machinery health and is not designed for the analysis of lubricant composition, lubricant performance or additive package formulations.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of t...

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2010
• ICS: 75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
• Technical Committee: D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Drafting Committee: D02.96.03 - FTIR Testing Practices and Techniques Related to In-Service Lubricants

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2412 − 10
Standard Practice for
Condition Monitoring of In-Service Lubricants by Trend
Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR)
1
Spectrometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2412; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.3 Spectraanddistributionprofilespresentedhereinarefor
illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as
1.1 This practice covers the use of FT-IR in monitoring
representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.
additive depletion, contaminant buildup and base stock degra-
1.4 This practice is designed as a fast, simple spectroscopic
dationinmachinerylubricants,hydraulicfluidsandotherfluids
checkforconditionmonitoringofin-servicelubricantsandcan
used in normal machinery operation. Contaminants monitored
be used to assist in the determination of general machinery
include water, soot, ethylene glycol, fuels and incorrect oil.
health through measurement of properties observable in the
Oxidation, nitration and sulfonation of base stocks are moni-
mid-infrared spectrum such as water, oil oxidation, and others
tored as evidence of degradation. The objective of this moni-
as noted in 1.1. The infrared data generated by this practice is
toring activity is to diagnose the operational condition of the
typically used in conjunction with other testing methods. For
machine based on fault conditions observed in the oil. Mea-
example, infrared spectroscopy cannot determine wear metal
surement and data interpretation parameters are presented to
levels or any other type of elemental analysis. The practice as
allow operators of different FT-IR spectrometers to compare
presented is not intended for the prediction of lubricant
results by employing the same techniques.
physical properties (for example, viscosity, total base number,
1.2 This practice is based on trending and distribution
total acid number, etc.). This practice is designed for monitor-
responseanalysisfrommid-infraredabsorptionmeasurements.
ing in-service lubricants and can aid in the determination of
While calibration to generate physical concentration units may
generalmachineryhealthandisnotdesignedfortheanalysisof
be possible, it is unnecessary or impractical in many cases.
lubricantcomposition,lubricantperformanceoradditivepack-
Warning or alarm limits (the point where maintenance action
age formulations.
on a machine being monitored is recommended or required)
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
can be determined through statistical analysis, history of the
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
same or similar equipment, round robin tests or other methods
standard.
in conjunction with correlation to equipment performance.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
These warning or alarm limits can be a fixed maximum or
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
minimumvalueforcomparisontoasinglemeasurementorcan
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
also be based on a rate of change of the response measured
2
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
(1). Thispracticedescribesdistributionsbutdoesnotpreclude
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
using rate-of-change warnings and alarms.
NOTE 1—It is not the intent of this practice to establish or recommend
2. Referenced Documents
normal, cautionary, warning or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits
3
should be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.
D445Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
andOpaqueLiquids(andCalculationofDynamicViscos-
ity)
1
D2896TestMethodforBaseNumberofPetroleumProducts
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
by Potentiometric Perchloric Acid Titration
mittee D02.96.03 on FTIR Testing Practices and Techniques Related to In-Service
Lubricants.
Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originally
3
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E2412–04. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI:10.1520/E2412-10. contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this standard. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM I
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E2412–04 Designation:E2412–10
Standard Practice for
Condition Monitoring of UsedIn-Service Lubricants by Trend
Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR)
1
Spectrometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2412; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the use of FT-IR in monitoring additive depletion, contaminant buildup and base stock degradation in
machinerylubricants,hydraulicfluidsandotherfluidsusedinnormalmachineryoperation.Contaminantsmonitoredincludewater,
soot, ethylene glycol, fuels and incorrect oil. Oxidation, nitration and sulfonation of base stocks are monitored as evidence of
degradation. The objective of this monitoring activity is to diagnose the operational condition of the machine based on fault
conditions observed in the oil. Measurement and data interpretation parameters are presented to allow operators of different FT-IR
spectrometers to compare results by employing the same techniques.
1.2 This practice is based on trending and distribution response analysis from mid-infrared absorption measurements. While
calibration to generate physical concentration units may be possible, it is unnecessary or impractical in many cases. Warning or
alarm limits (the point where maintenance action on a machine being monitored is recommended or required) can be determined
through statistical analysis, history of the same or similar equipment, round robin tests or other methods in conjunction with
correlation to equipment performance. These warning or alarm limits can be a fixed maximum or minimum value for comparison
2
to a single measurement or can also be based on a rate of change of the response measured (1) . This practice describes
distributions but does not preclude using rate-of-change warnings and alarms.
NOTE 1—Itisnottheintentofthispracticetoestablishorrecommendnormal,cautionary,warningoralertlimitsforanymachinery.Suchlimitsshould
be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.
1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for illustrative purposes only,only and are not to be construed as
representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.
1.4 This practice is designed as a fast, simple spectroscopic check for condition monitoring of usedin-service lubricants and can
be used to assist in the determination of general machinery health through measurement of properties observable in the
mid-infrared spectrum such as water, oil oxidation, and others as noted in 1.1. The infrared data generated by this practice is
typically used in conjunction with other testing methods. For example, infrared spectroscopy cannot determine wear metal levels
or any other type of elemental analysis.The practice as presented is not intended for the prediction of lubricant physical properties
(for example, viscosity, total base number, total acid number, etc.). This practice is designed for monitoring usedin-service
lubricants and can aid in the determination of general machinery health and is not designed for the analysis of lubricant
composition, lubricant performance or additive package formulations.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity))
D2896 Test Method for Base Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Perchloric Acid Titration
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.96 on
In-Service Lubricant Testing and Condition Monitoring Services.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published December 2004. DOI: 10.1520/E2412-04.
Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Pu
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