ASTM E228-06
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear thermal expansion of rigid solid materials using push-rod dilatometers. This method is applicable over any practical temperature range where a device can be constructed to satisfy the performance requirements set forth in this standard.Note 1
Initially, this method was developed for vitreous silica dilatometers operating over a temperature range of -180 to 900°C. The concepts and principles have been amply documented in the literature to be equally applicable for operating at higher temperatures. The precision and bias of these systems is believed to be of the same order as that for silica systems up to 900°C. However, their precision and bias have not yet been established over the relevant total range of temperature due to the lack of well-characterized reference materials and the need for interlaboratory comparisons.
1.2 For this purpose, a rigid solid is defined as a material that, at test temperature and under the stresses imposed by instrumentation, has a negligible creep or elastic strain rate, or both, thus insignificantly affecting the precision of thermal-length change measurements. This includes, as examples, metals, ceramics, refractories, glasses, rocks and minerals, graphites, plastics, cements, cured mortars, woods, and a variety of composites.
1.3 The precision of this comparative test method is higher than that of other push-rod dilatometry techniques (for example, Test Method D 696) and thermomechanical analysis (for example, Test Method E 831) but is significantly lower than that of absolute methods such as interferometry (for example, Test Method E 289). It is generally applicable to materials having absolute linear expansion coefficients exceeding 0.5 m/(mC) for a 1000°C range, and under special circumstances can be used for lower expansion materials when special precautions are used to ensure that the produced expansion of the specimen falls within the capabilities of the measuring system. In such cases, a sufficiently long specimen was found to meet the specification.
1.4 Computer- or electronic-based instrumentation, techniques, and data analysis systems may be used in conjunction with this test method, as long as it is established that such a system strictly adheres to the principles and computational schemes set forth in this method. Users of the test method are expressly advised that all such instruments or techniques may not be equivalent and may omit or deviate from the methodology described hereunder. It is the responsibility of the user to determine the necessary equivalency prior to use.
1.5 SI units are the standard.
1.6 There is no ISO method equivalent to this standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:E228–06
Standard Test Method for
Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-
1
Rod Dilatometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E228; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.4 Computer- or electronic-based instrumentation, tech-
niques, and data analysis systems may be used in conjunction
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear
with this test method, as long as it is established that such a
thermal expansion of rigid solid materials using push-rod
system strictly adheres to the principles and computational
dilatometers. This method is applicable over any practical
schemes set forth in this method. Users of the test method are
temperature range where a device can be constructed to satisfy
expressly advised that all such instruments or techniques may
the performance requirements set forth in this standard.
not be equivalent and may omit or deviate from the method-
NOTE 1—Initially, this method was developed for vitreous silica
ology described hereunder. It is the responsibility of the user to
dilatometers operating over a temperature range of –180 to 900°C. The
determine the necessary equivalency prior to use.
concepts and principles have been amply documented in the literature to
1.5 SI units are the standard.
be equally applicable for operating at higher temperatures. The precision
1.6 There is no ISO method equivalent to this standard.
and bias of these systems is believed to be of the same order as that for
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
silica systems up to 900°C. However, their precision and bias have not yet
been established over the relevant total range of temperature due to the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
lack of well-characterized reference materials and the need for interlabo-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ratory comparisons.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.2 For this purpose, a rigid solid is defined as a material bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
that, at test temperature and under the stresses imposed by
2. Referenced Documents
instrumentation, has a negligible creep or elastic strain rate, or
2
both, thus insignificantly affecting the precision of thermal- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
length change measurements. This includes, as examples, D696 Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Ex-
metals, ceramics, refractories, glasses, rocks and minerals, pansion of Plastics Between Ø30°C and 30°C with a
graphites, plastics, cements, cured mortars, woods, and a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer
variety of composites. E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
1.3 The precision of this comparative test method is higher Comparison Techniques
than that of other push-rod dilatometry techniques (for ex- E289 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Rigid
ample,TestMethodD696)andthermomechanicalanalysis(for Solids with Interferometry
example,TestMethodE831)butissignificantlylowerthanthat E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe-
of absolute methods such as interferometry (for example, Test ology
Method E289). It is generally applicable to materials having E644 Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Ther-
absolutelinearexpansioncoefficientsexceeding0.5µm/(m·°C) mometers
for a 1000°C range, and under special circumstances can be E831 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
used for lower expansion materials when special precautions Materials by Thermomechanical Analysis
are used to ensure that the produced expansion of the specimen E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
falls within the capabilities of the measuring system. In such
3. Terminology
cases, a sufficiently long specimen was found to meet the
specification. 3.1 Definitions—The following terms are applicable to this
test method and are listed in Terminologies E473 and E1142:
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE37onThermal
Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.05 on Thermo-
2
physical Properties. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2006. Published November 2006. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 1995 as E228–95, which was Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document
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