ASTM D5589-09(2013)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining the Resistance of Paint Films and Related Coatings to Algal Defacement
Standard Test Method for Determining the Resistance of Paint Films and Related Coatings to Algal Defacement
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Defacement of paint and coating films by algal growth is a common phenomenon under certain conditions. It is generally known that differences in the environment, lighting, temperature, substrate, and other factors in addition to the coating composition affect the susceptibility of a given painted surface. This test method attempts to provide a means to comparatively evaluate different coating formulations for their relative performance under a given set of conditions. It does not imply that a coating that resists growth under these conditions will necessarily resist growth in the actual application (see Note 1).
4.2 Familiarity with microbiological techniques is required. This test method should not be used by persons without at least basic microbiological training.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an accelerated method for determining the relative resistance of a paint or coating film to algal growth. Note 1—It is hoped that a ranking of relative performance would be similar to that ranked from outdoor exposures. However, this test method should not be used as a replacement for exterior exposure since many other factors, only a few of which are listed will affect those results.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D5589 − 09 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Resistance of Paint Films and Related
Coatings to Algal Defacement
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5589; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope a mixture of the proper algal species, (3) expose the inoculated
samples under the appropriate conditions for growth, and (4)
1.1 This test method covers an accelerated method for
provide a schedule and guidelines for visual growth ratings.
determining the relative resistance of a paint or coating film to
This test method is not designed to include all the necessary
algal growth.
procedures to maintain the proper microbiological techniques
NOTE 1—It is hoped that a ranking of relative performance would be
required to provide the most accurate results.
similar to that ranked from outdoor exposures. However, this test method
should not be used as a replacement for exterior exposure since many
4. Significance and Use
other factors, only a few of which are listed will affect those results.
4.1 Defacementofpaintandcoatingfilmsbyalgalgrowthis
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information a common phenomenon under certain conditions. It is gener-
ally known that differences in the environment, lighting,
only.
temperature, substrate, and other factors in addition to the
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
coating composition affect the susceptibility of a given painted
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
surface. This test method attempts to provide a means to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
comparatively evaluate different coating formulations for their
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
relative performance under a given set of conditions. It does
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
not imply that a coating that resists growth under these
2. Referenced Documents
conditions will necessarily resist growth in the actual applica-
tion (see Note 1).
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D822 Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Expo-
4.2 Familiarity with microbiological techniques is required.
sures of Paint and Related Coatings
This test method should not be used by persons without at least
D4141 Practice for Conducting Black Box and Solar Con-
basic microbiological training.
centrating Exposures of Coatings
D4587 Practice for Fluorescent UV-Condensation Expo-
5. Apparatus and Materials
sures of Paint and Related Coatings
5.1 Balance, capable of weighing to 0.10 g.
D5031 Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposure Tests of
Paint and Related Coatings
5.2 Incubator, or other device capable of maintaining a
D6695 Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposures of Paint and
constant temperature between 25 6 2°C, relative humidity of
Related Coatings
≥85 %, and having a constant fluorescent light source.
5.3 Refrigerator.
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 This test method outlines a procedure to (1) prepare a 5.4 Petri Dishes, 100 by 15 mm (3.9 by 0.6 in.).
suitable specimen for testing, (2) inoculate the specimen with
5.5 Autoclave.
1 3
5.6 Paint Brush, coarse bristle, 12 to 19 mm ( ⁄2 to ⁄4 in.).
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
5.7 Test Substrate, filter paper, either regular paper or glass
Subcommittee D01.28 on Biodeterioration.
fiber, 4.2 cm (1.65 in.) in diameter, or drawdown paper
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2013. Published October 2013. Originally
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D5589 – 09. DOI:
(unlaquered chart paper) 21.6 by 28.0 cm (8.5 by 11 in.), cut
10.1520/D5589-09R13.
into ten 21.6 by 2.8-cm (8.5 by 1.1-in.) strips may be used.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.8 Tissue Grinder.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 5.9 Atomizer or Chromatography Sprayer.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5589 − 09 (2013)
5.10 Sterile Glass Rods, Forceps, 250-mL Glass Erlenmeyer 6.3.2 Allen’s Agar—Prepare by dissolving 15 g of agar in
Flask, and other routine microbiological equipment. 1000 mL Allen’s Medium before autoclaving. Cool to 45 to
3 4 50°C before aseptically adding the ferric citrate.After mixing,
5.11 Allen’s Medium or Bold’s Basal Medium ingredients
pour the media into petri dishes.
(see 6.3).
6.4 Bold’s Basal Medium—Prepare ten individual stock
5.12 Distilled Water.
solutions in distilled water as indicated:
6. Reagents and Materials
Stock Solutions g/400 mL
6.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals should be
1. NaNo 10.0
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
2. MgSO ·7HO3.0
4 2
3. NaCl 1.0
all reagents should conform to the specifications of the
4. K HPO 3.0
2 4
Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical
5. KH PO 7.0
2 4
Society, where such specifications are available. Other grades
6. CaCl ·2HO1.0
2 2
may be used, provided they are first ascertained to be of
Trace Element Solutions: g/L
sufficiently high purity to permit use without decreasing the
accuracy of the determination.
7. ZnSO ·7H O 8.82
4 2
MnCl ·4H O 1.44
2 2
6.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references
MoO 0.71
to water are understood to mean distilled water or water of
CuSO ·5H O 1.57
4 2
Co(NO ) ·6H O 0.49
3 2 2
equal or higher purity.
Distilled Water to 1 L
Autoclave to dissolve.
6.3 Allen’s Medium—Prepare liquid medium by dissolving
in 1000 mL of water the following reagents in the designated
8. H BO 11.42
3 3
amounts:
9. EDTA–KOH solution:
Reagent Amount, g/1000 mL
EDTA 50.0
NaNO 1.5
KOH 31.0
K HPO 0.039
2 4
MgSO ·7H O 0.075
4 2
10. FeSO ·7H O 4.98
4 2
CaCl ·2H O 0.027
2 2
H SO (concentrate) 1.0 mL
2 4
Na CO 0.020
2 3
Na SiO ·9H O 0.058
2 3 2
6.4.1 Combine 10 mL each of Stock Solutions 1 through 6
Citric acid 0.006
A
with 1 mL each of Stock Solutions 7 through 10 in 936 mL
EDTA 0.006
B
Allen’s trace element solution 1.0 mL distilled water. Autoclave at 121°C.
Distilled water to 1000 m
6.5 A variety of algal cultures, including wild strains iso-
Ferric citrate (see Note 2) 0.006 (see Note 2)
A
lated from paint films, may be used in this protocol. Choose
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, disodium salt
B
Allen’s Trace-Element Solution:
strains from the following list, use field isolates or use other
strains found to grow satisfactorily under the protocol condi-
Dissolve in 500 mL of distilled water:
tions. It is recommended to choose at least one culture from
eachtype.Thechoiceofstrainsshouldbeagreeduponbetween
the parties involved in the testing.
Reagent Amount, g
A
H BO 2.86
3 3 Algae Collection/Strain
MnCl ·4H O 1.81
Unicellular Green
2 2
ZnSO ·7H O 0.222
4 2 Chlorella sp. ATCC 7516
Na MoO ·2H O 0.391
Chlorella vulgaris ATCC 11468
2 4 2
CuSO ·5H O 0.079
4 2
Co(NO ) ·6H O 0.0494
3 2 2 Filamentous Green
Ulothrix gigas ATCC 30443
NOTE 2—The ferric citrate must be autoclaved separately. The ferric
Trentepohlia aurea UTEX 429
citrate should be added after the medium has cooled from being
Trentepohlia odorata CCAP 483/4
autoclaved.
Colony-forming Green
6.3.1 Adjust the pH of the medium to 7.8 using 1.0 M
Scenedesmus quadricauda ATCC 11460
NaOH/1.0 M HCl and autoclave at 121°C (without ferric
Filamentous Bluegreen
Oscillatoria sp. ATCC 29135
citrate added) to 45 to 50°C before aseptically adding the ferric
Calothrix sp. ATCC 27914
citrate (see Note 2).
A
Available from the following culture collections and found suitable for this test:
Bold, H. C., Wynne, M. J., “Introduction to the Algae,” Prentiss-Hall, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD
Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1978, pp. 574–5. 20852;UniversityofTexas(UTEX),DepartmentofBotany,TheUniversityofTexas
at Austin, Austin, TX 78713-7640; Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa
Kirsop B. E., and Snell J. J. S., “Maintenance of Microorganisms,” Academic
(CCAP),InstituteofFreshwaterEcology,TheWindermereLaboratory,FarSawrey,
Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Orlando, FL, 1984, p. 158.
5 Ambleside,CumbriaLA22OLP,U.K.Growpurchasedculturesinmediaandunder
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
incubation conditions recommended by culture collection.
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
6.6 Cultures should be maintained separately in liquid
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
media recommended by the culture supplier. Allen’s Medium
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
MD. (6.3) is commonly used for bluegreen and other algae. The
D5589 − 09 (2013)
recipe for Bold’s Basal Medium, which supports the growth of each type of preconditioning used. The results from the
a wide range of algae is given in 6.4. If preferred, individual preconditioned samples may be compared with those from the
cultures may be maintained on solid media prepared by unconditioned samples.
dissolving 1 to 1.5 % agar in liquid medium before autoclav-
NOTE 7—There are a variety of methods that can be used to simulate
ing.
accelerated effects of weathering (sunlight or rain, or both), on the
6.6.1 Cultures should be actively growing prior to use. Use
samples. For example, a leach test that is frequently used to simulate the
effects of rainwater (an important factor for algae growth) is outlined in
a tissue grinder to homogenize filamentous algae before
Note 8. Conditioning of specimens by artificial weathering can be do
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