ASTM D6399-99a
(Guide)Standard Guide for Selecting Instruments and Methods for Measuring Air Quality In Aircraft Cabins
Standard Guide for Selecting Instruments and Methods for Measuring Air Quality In Aircraft Cabins
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers information and guidance for the selection of instrumentation and test methods for measuring air quality in aircraft passenger cabins as well as in areas limited to flightcrew access.
1.2 This guide assumes that a list of pollutants to be measured, or analytes of interest, which are present, or may be present, in aircraft cabins is available.
1.3 This guide provides information and guidance to identify levels of concern pertaining to public and occupational exposures to relevant air pollutants. This guide does not address levels of concern, if any, related to degradation of materials or aircraft components because of the presence of air pollutants.
1.4 Based on levels of concern for public and occupational exposures for each pollutant of interest, this guide provides recommendations for developing three aspects of data quality objectives (a)detection limit; (b) precision; and (c) bias.
1.5 This guide summarizes information on technologies for measurement of different groups or classes or air pollutants to provide a basis for selection of instruments and methods. The guide also identifies information resources on types of available measurement systems.
1.6 This guide provides general recommendations for selection of instruments and methods. These recommendations are based on concepts associated with data quality objectives discussed in this guide and the information on available instruments and methods summarized in this guide.
1.7 This guide is specific to chemical contaminants and does not address bioaerosols, which may be present in the cabin environment.
1.8 This guide does not provide details on use or operation of instruments or methods for the measurement of cabin air quality.
1.9 This guide does not provide information on the design of monitoring strategy, including issues such as frequency of measurement or placement of samplers.
1.10 Users of this guide should be familiar with, or have access to, individuals who have a background in (a) use of instruments and methods for measurement of air pollutants and (b) principles of toxicology and health-effects of environmental exposure to air pollutants.
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 6399 – 99a
Standard Guide for
Selecting Instruments and Methods for Measuring Air
Quality In Aircraft Cabins
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6399; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.10 Users of this guide should be familiar with, or have
access to, individuals who have a background in (a) use of
1.1 This guide covers information and guidance for the
instruments and methods for measurement of air pollutants and
selection of instrumentation and test methods for measuring air
(b) principles of toxicology and health-effects of environmental
quality in aircraft passenger cabins as well as in areas limited
exposure to air pollutants.
to flightcrew access.
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.2 This guide assumes that a list of pollutants to be
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
measured, or analytes of interest, which are present, or may be
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
present, in aircraft cabins is available.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.3 This guide provides information and guidance to iden-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tify levels of concern pertaining to public and occupational
exposures to relevant air pollutants. This guide does not
2. Referenced Documents
address levels of concern, if any, related to degradation of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
materials or aircraft components because of the presence of air
D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
pollutants.
Atmospheres
1.4 Based on levels of concern for public and occupational
D 1914 Practice for Conversion Units and Factors Relating
exposures for each pollutant of interest, this guide provides
to Atmospheric Analysis
recommendations for developing three aspects of data quality
D 3162 Test Method for Carbon Monoxide in the Atmo-
objectives (a) detection limit; (b) precision; and (c) bias.
sphere (Continuous Measurement by Nondispersive Infra-
1.5 This guide summarizes information on technologies for
red Spectrometry)
measurement of different groups or classes of air pollutants to
D 3631 Test Methods for Measuring Atmospheric Pressure
provide a basis for selection of instruments and methods. The
D 4023 Terminology Relating to Humidity Measurements
guide also identifies information resources on types of avail-
D 4490 Practice for Measuring the Concentration of Toxic
able measurement systems.
Gases or Vapors Using Detector Tubes
1.6 This guide provides general recommendations for selec-
D 4861 Practice for Sampling and Selection of Analytical
tion of instruments and methods. These recommendations are
Techniques for Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls
based on concepts associated with data quality objectives
in Air
discussed in this guide and the information on available
D 5149 Test Method for Ozone in the Atmosphere: Con-
instruments and methods summarized in this guide.
tinuous Measurement by Ethylene Chemiluminescence
1.7 This guide is specific to chemical contaminants and does
D 5156 Test Methods for Continuous Measurement of
not address bioaerosols, which may be present in the cabin
Ozone in Ambient, Workplace, and Indoor Atmospheres
environment.
(Ultraviolet Absorption)
1.8 This guide does not provide details on use or operation
D 5197 Test Method for Determination of Formaldehyde
of instruments or methods for the measurement of cabin air
and Other Carbonyl Compounds in Air (Active Sampler
quality.
Methodology)
1.9 This guide does not provide information on the design
D 5466 Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic
of a monitoring strategy, including issues such as frequency of
Chemicals in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodol-
measurement or placement of samplers.
ogy)
D 6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents and Pumped
This standard is under the jurisdiction of Committee D-22 on Sampling and
Analysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of D22.05 on Indoor Air.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1999. Published November 1999. Originally
published as D 6399 – 99. Last previous edition D 6399 – 99. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 6399
Sampling/Thermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for precision. At the 99 % (3s) statistical confidence level, the
Volatile Organic Compounds in Air overall uncertainty may be calculated using the following
formula:
D 6245 Guide for Using Indoor Carbon Dioxide Concen-
trations to Evaluate Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation
¯
?X 2 X ? 1 3s
ref
OU 5 3 100 (1)
2.2 Other Standards:
X
ref
14 CFR 25 Airworthiness Standards
where:
29 CFR 1910.1450 Occupational Exposure to Hazardous
¯
X = mean value of results of a number (n) of repeated
Chemicals in Laboratories
measurements,
40 CFR 50 National Ambient Air Quality Standards
X = true or accepted reference value of measurement
ref
40 CFR 53 Ambient Air Monitoring Reference and Equiva-
result, and
lent Methods
s = standard deviation of a number (n) of repeated
measurements.
40 CFR 60 Standards of Performance for New Stationary
3.2.10 permissible exposure limit (PEL), n—the OSHA-
Sources—Appendix A: Test Methods
mandated time-weighted-average (TWA) concentration of a
RTCA/DO-160 Environmental Conditions and Test Proce-
chemical in air that must not be exceeded during any 8-h
dures for Airborne Equipment
workshift or 40-h work week.
3.2.11 safety factor, n—a dimensionless number, greater
3. Terminology
than unity, to account for incomplete understanding of errors
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide,
encountered in extrapolating exposure or health effects derived
refer to Terminology D 1356.
for one set of conditions or basis to another.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.12 spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations
3.2.1 analyte, n—designated chemical species to be mea-
(SMACs), n—developed by the National Aeronautics and
sured by a monitor or to be identified and quantitated by an
Space Administration and the Committee on Toxicology from
analyzer.
the National Research Council, based on exposure duration of
3.2.2 bioaerosol, n—airborne material of biological origin,
1 h to 180 days.
including viable microorganisms, pollens, spores, bacteria,
3.2.13 short-term-exposure limit (STEL), n—American
viruses, allergens, and biological debris.
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)-
3.2.3 ceiling limit, n—a maximum allowable air concentra-
recommended 15-min TWA air concentration for a chemical
tion, established by the Occupational Safety and Health Ad-
which should not be exceeded at any time during a workday,
ministration (OSHA), that must not be exceeded during any
even if the 8-h TWA concentration is within the threshold limit
part of the workday.
value (TLV).
3.2.4 concentration range, n—a semiquantitative term re-
3.2.14 threshold limit value (TLV), n—ACGIH-
ferring to the extreme uppermost portion of the distribution of
recommended TWA air concentration of a chemical for a
anticipated measurements. This term (and the dose or risk
normal 8-h workday and a 40-h workweek, to which nearly all
analogues) traditionally refers to the portion of the distribution
workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effects.
th
that conceptually falls above about the 98 percentile of the
4. Summary of Guide
distribution, but is not higher than the highest individual
measurement.
4.1 This guide provides procedures and recommendations
3.2.5 data quality objectives (DQOs), n—qualitative and
for the selection of test methods and equipment suited to
quantitative statements of the overall level of uncertainty that
measuring air quality in aircraft cabins.
a decision-maker is willing to accept in results or decisions
4.2 Major steps in the selection process include identifying
derived from environmental data. Minimum DQOs include
one or more levels of concern for each analyte to be monitored,
method detection limit, precision, and bias.
selecting the most appropriate level of concern for each
3.2.6 level of concern, n—an exposure level or concentra-
analyte, defining minimum data quality objectives that are
tion that is not to be exceeded by regulation or, for unregulated
compatible with the level of concern, defining desirable oper-
pollutants, an exposure level or concentration that is believed
ating characteristics that are compatible with the aircraft cabin
to be associated with odor, sensory irritation, and other adverse
environment, and selecting instruments and test methods that
health or toxic effects.
meet these objectives.
3.2.7 lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL), n—the
5. Significance and Use
lowest exposure at which there is a significant increase in an
observable effect.
5.1 This guide may be used to identify instruments and
3.2.8 no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), n—the methods for measuring air quality in aircraft cabins. Such
highest exposure among all the available experimental studies
measurements may be undertaken to:
at which no adverse health or toxic effect is observed. 5.1.1 Conduct monitoring surveys to characterize the air-
3.2.9 overall uncertainty (OU), n—quantity used to charac- craft cabin environment and to assess environmental condi-
terize, as a whole, the statistical uncertainty of a measurement tions. Results of such measurements could then be compared
result compared to a true or accepted value. The overall with relevant standards or guidelines for assessment of health
uncertainty is expressed as a percentage that combines bias and and comfort of passengers and flight attendants.
D 6399
5.1.2 Investigate passenger and flight attendant complaints; 6.3 Use the following approach to prioritize and select
or levels of concern for each analyte identified from the above
sources of data:
5.1.3 Measure and compare the performance of new mate-
rials and systems for the aircraft cabin environment. 6.3.1 Since regulations applicable to the aircraft cabin
environment are developed based on the knowledge and data
6. Identify and Select Levels of Concern specific to that environment, give the highest priority to levels
of concern that are part of such regulations (for example, FAA
6.1 Identification and selection of the level of concern for
Airworthiness Standards). Similarly, available consensus-
each analyte of interest is the most important basis for defining
developed guidelines for cabin air quality should be also given
data quality objectives. The level of concern for each analyte is
high priority because these are developed considering the
defined from review of applicable regulations, standards, and
effects of air pollutants on passengers and flight attendants in
guidelines using procedures described below in 6.2 and 6.3.
the aircraft cabin environment.
6.2 Use the following sources to compile levels of concerns
6.3.2 Guidelines developed for the spacecraft environment
for each analyte identified for monitoring:
such as the SMACs developed for long-term exposures, such
6.2.1 FAA Airworthiness Standards (14 CFR 21), which
as the 180-day exposure period, should be considered at the
specify acceptable exposure levels for ozone, carbon dioxide,
next level of priority. The 180-day SMACs are based on
carbon monoxide, and cabin pressure that explicitly apply to
health-effect considerations over such extended periods of time
the aircraft cabin environment;
and are applicable to astronauts. These are considered as the
6.2.2 Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations
next best alternative to cabin air quality standards or guidelines
(SMACs), which have been defined for chemicals under
for passengers and flight attendants because the relative sus-
exposure conditions ranging from1hto180 days for the space
ceptibility of passengers (that is, general public) as compared
program;
to astronauts (that is, healthy worker population) is balanced
6.2.3 The Clean Air Act (40 CFR Part 50), which specifies
against the duration of exposure (that is, 180-day continuous
acceptable limits for general population exposure to criteria
exposure for astronauts versus intermittent exposure over much
pollutants (ozone, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, sulfur
shorter periods of time for passengers or even flight atten-
dioxide, particulate matter, and lead), and also regulates
dants).
population exposure to emissions of nearly 200 hazardous air
6.3.3 The next level of priority is for environmental stan-
pollutants;
dards such as ambient air quality standards that are developed
6.2.4 The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29
considering health effects of exposures to air contaminants by
CFR 1910), which establishes PELs and ceiling concentrations
the public.
to protect workers against the health effects of exposure to
6.3.4 The next level of priority is for standards or guidelines
approximately 200 hazardous substances;
for occupational exposures. It should be pointed out that, while
6.2.5 ACGIH Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Sub-
the aircraft cabin environment includes exposure of the general
stances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Values,
public (passengers) and occupational exposure (flight atten-
which gives TLVs and STELs to define acceptable limits for
dants) in the same airspace, the limits of exposure for the
workplace exposure.
public should be used, as those are more stringent. The reason
6.2.6 AIHA Odor Thresholds for Chemicals with Estab-
for stringency is that the public includes segments of more
lished Occupational Health Standards is a peer-reviewed
susceptible populations such as children, as compared to
document that contains odor thresholds for a wide variety of
healthy workers that are included in considerations for occu-
chemicals.
pational exposures.
6.2.7 For analytes not covered by items 6.2.1-6.2.6, special-
6.3.5 If a workplace standard is the only basis for defining
ized databases may be consulted to develop levels of concern.
a level of concern associated with passenger exposure, then a
Such resources include the Agency for Toxic Substances and
safety factor should be considered to account for uncertainties.
Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Health Effects Assessment
Sources of uncertainty include (a) extrapolating toxicological
Summary Tables (HEAST), the Integrated Risk Information
data from c
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