ASTM D276-00a(2008)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles
Standard Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods are a generally reliable means of identifying the generic types of fibers present in a sample of textile material of unknown composition. The methods are generally not useful for distinguishing fibers of the same generic class from different manufacturers or for distinguishing different fiber types of the same generic class from one producer.
Many fibers are chemically modified by their producers in various ways so as to alter their properties. It is possible for such modifications to interfere seriously with the analyses used in these test methods. Considerable experience and diligence of the analyst may be necessary to resolve satisfactorily these difficulties.
Dyes, lubricants, and delustrants are not present normally in amounts large enough to interfere with the analyses.
These test methods are not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because of the qualitative nature of the results and because of the limitations previously noted.
Note 2—For statements on precision and bias of the standard quantitative test methods for determining physical properties for confirmation of fiber identification refer to the cited test method. The precision and bias of the nonstandard quantitative test methods described are strongly influenced by the skill of the operator. The limited use of the test methods for qualitative identification cannot justify the effort that would be necessary to determine the precision and bias of the techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the identification of the following textile fibers used commercially in the United States:
Acetate (secondary)Nylon Acrylic Nytril Anidex Olefin Aramid Polycarbonate AsbestosPolyester Cotton Ramie Cuprammonium rayonRayon (viscose) Flax Saran FluorocarbonSilk Glass Spandex Hemp Triacetate Jute Vinal LycocellVinyon ModacrylicWool Novoloid
1.2 Man-made fibers are listed in 1.1 under the generic names approved by the Federal Trade Commission and listed in Terminology D 123, Annex A1 (except for fluorocarbon and polycarbonate). Many of the generic classes of man-made fibers are produced by several manufacturers and sold under various trademark names as follows (Note 1):
Acetate Acele®, Aviscon®, Celanese®, Chromspun®, Estron® Acrylic Acrilan®, Courtelle®, Creslan®, Dralon®, Orlon®, Zefran® Anidex Anim/8® Aramid Arenka®, Conex®, Kevlar®, Nomex®, Twaron® CuprammoniumBemberg® FluorocarbonTeflon® Glass Fiberglas®, Garan®, Modiglass®, PPG®, Ultrastrand® Lyocell Tencel® ModacrylicDynel®, Kanecaron®, Monsanto SEF®, Verel® NovoloidKynol® Polyamide (Nylon) 6Caprolan®,Enka®, Perlon®, Zefran®, Enkalon® Polyamide (Nylon) 6, 6Antron®, Blue C®, Cantrece®, Celanese Phillips®, Enka®Nylon Polyamide (Nylon) (other)Rilsan®(nylon 11), Qiana®, StanylEnka®,(Nylon 4,6) Nytril Darvan® Olefin Durel®, Herculon®, Marvess®, Polycrest® PolyesterAvlin®, Beaunit®, Blue C®, Dacron®, Encron®, Fortrel®, Kodel®, Quintess®, Spectran®, Trevira®, Vyoron®, Zephran®, Diolen®, Vectran® Rayon Avril®, Avisco®, Dynacor®, Enka®, Fiber 700®, Fibro®, Nupron®, Rayflex®, Suprenka®, Tyrex®, Tyron®, Cordenka® Saran Enjay®, Saran® Spandex Glospun®, Lycra®, Numa®, Unel® TriacetateArnel® Vinyon Avisco®, Clevyl®, Rhovyl®, Thermovyl®, Volpex®
Note 1—The list of trademarks in 1.2 does not include all brands produced in the United States or abroad and imported for sale in the United States. The list does not include examples of fibers from two (or more) generic classes of polymers spun into a single filament. Additional information on fiber types and trademarks is given in References (1, 2, and 3).
1.3 Most manufacturers offer a variety of fiber types of a specific generic class. Differences in tenacity, linear density, bulkiness, or the presence of inert delustrants normally do not interfere with analytic tests, but chemical modifications (for such purposes as increased dyeability with certain dyestuffs) may affect the infrared spec...
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D276 – 00a (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Methods for
Identification of Fibers in Textiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D276; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
Methods D276 – 62 T, Identification of Fibers in Textiles were discontinued in 1969 because the
responsible subcommittee failed to recommend adoption as standard after several years publication as
a tentative. The subcommittee action was based on the members’ knowledge that the standard did not
include several fiber types introduced to the textile trade after the methods were published, and that
the techniques required to identify these fibers were lacking in the text, so that the text had become
outofdate.Reinstatementasastandardusingthepreviouslyassigneddesignationwasrequestedsince
the listed procedures were reliable and the text was considered to be the best available, though not
all-inclusive. Extensive editorial changes were made in various sections in 1972, and the methods
were reinstated as D276 – 72.
The methods have been revised completely, emphasizing infrared spectroscopic techniques for
identifying man-made fiber types. Methods for determining several physical properties and solubility
data useful for confirming infrared spectral identifications have been included. The longitudinal and
cross-section photographs of the various fibers have been omitted since they are published elsewhere
andtheusefulnessforidentificationislimited.Extensiveeditorialchangeshavebeenmadethroughout
the text.
AATCCTest Method 20 was first published in 1947 and has been revised or reaffirmed on a regular
basis since that time. The most current version is AATCC “Test Method 20–1999” .
1. Scope
Jute Vinal
Lycocell Vinyon
1.1 These test methods cover the identification of the
Modacrylic Wool
followingtextilefibersusedcommerciallyintheUnitedStates: Novoloid
Acetate (secondary) Nylon
1.2 Man-made fibers are listed in 1.1 under the generic
Acrylic Nytril
namesapprovedbytheFederalTradeCommissionandlistedin
Anidex Olefin
Aramid Polycarbonate
Terminology D123, Annex A1 (except for fluorocarbon and
Asbestos Polyester
polycarbonate). Many of the generic classes of man-made
Cotton Ramie
fibers are produced by several manufacturers and sold under
Cuprammonium rayon Rayon (viscose)
Flax Saran
various trademark names as follows (Note 1):
Fluorocarbon Silk
Acetate AceleT, AvisconT, CelaneseT, ChromspunT, EstronT
Glass Spandex
Acrylic AcrilanT, CourtelleT, CreslanT, DralonT, OrlonT, ZefranT
Hemp Triacetate
Anidex Anim/8T
Aramid ArenkaT, ConexT, KevlarT, NomexT, TwaronT
Cuprammonium BembergT
Fluorocarbon TeflonT
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on
Glass FiberglasT, GaranT, ModiglassT, PPGT, UltrastrandT
Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.51 on Conditioning
Lyocell TencelT
and, Chemical and Thermal Properties.
Modacrylic DynelT, KanecaronT, Monsanto SEFT, VerelT
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originally
Novoloid KynolT
approved in 1927. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D276 – 00a. DOI:
Polyamide
10.1520/D0276-00AR08.
(Nylon) 6 CaprolanT,EnkaT, PerlonT, ZefranT, EnkalonT
AATCC Technical Manual, available from theAmericanAssociation of Textile
Polyamide
Chemists and Colorists, P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D276 – 00a (2008)
(Nylon) 6, 6 AntronT,BlueCT, CantreceT, Celanese PhillipsT, Section
EnkaTNylon Summary of Test Methods 4
Polyamide Significant and Use 5
(Nylon) (other) RilsanT(nylon 11), QianaT, StanylEnkaT,(Nylon 4,6)
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Nytril DarvanT
Olefin DurelT, HerculonT, MarvessT, PolycrestT
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Polyester AvlinT, BeaunitT,BlueCT, DacronT, EncronT, FortrelT,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
KodelT, QuintessT, SpectranT, TreviraT, VyoronT,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ZephranT, DiolenT, VectranT
Rayon AvrilT, AviscoT, DynacorT, EnkaT, Fiber 700T, FibroT,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Note 3.
NupronT, RayflexT, SuprenkaT, TyrexT, TyronT, Cord-
enkaT
Saran EnjayT, SaranT 2. Referenced Documents
Spandex GlospunT, LycraT, NumaT, UnelT
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Triacetate ArnelT
Vinyon AviscoT, ClevylT, RhovylT, ThermovylT, VolpexT
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
NOTE 1—The list of trademarks in 1.2 does not include all brands
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
produced in the United States or abroad and imported for sale in the
United States. The list does not include examples of fibers from two (or tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
more) generic classes of polymers spun into a single filament.Additional
D941 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
informationonfibertypesandtrademarksisgiveninReferences(1,2,and
cificGravity)ofLiquidsbyLipkinBicapillaryPycnometer
3).
D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
1.3 Most manufacturers offer a variety of fiber types of a
cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
specific generic class. Differences in tenacity, linear density,
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
bulkiness, or the presence of inert delustrants normally do not
E131 Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
interfere with analytic tests, but chemical modifications (for
E175 Terminology of Microscopy
such purposes as increased dyeability with certain dyestuffs)
2.2 AATCC Method:
may affect the infrared spectra and some of the physical
Test Method 20 for Identification of Fibers in Textiles
properties, particularly the melting point. Many generic classes
of fibers are sold with a variety of cross-section shapes
3. Terminology
designed for specific purposes. These differences will be
3.1 Definitions:
evident upon microscopical examination of the fiber and may
3.1.1 birefringence (double refraction), n— a property of
interfere with the measurements of refractive indices and
anisotropic materials which manifests itself as a splitting of a
birefringence.
light ray into components having different vibration directions
1.4 Microscopical examination is indispensable for positive
which are transmitted at different velocities.
identification of the several types of cellulosic and animal
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The vibration directions of the compo-
fibers, because the infrared spectra and solubilities will not
nents are the principal axes of the material and the correspond-
distinguish between species. Procedures for microscopic iden-
ing indices of refraction are its principal (maximum or mini-
tification are published in AATCC Method 20 and in Refer-
mum) refractive indices. Numerically, birefringence is the
ences (4-12).
difference between the maximum and minimum refractive
1.5 Analyses by infrared spectroscopy and solubility rela-
indices.
tionships are the preferred methods for identifying man-made
3.1.2 density—mass per unit volume.
fibers.The analysis scheme based on solubility is very reliable.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Due to the volume of included air, the
The infrared technique is a useful adjunct to the solubility test
apparent density of fibers and yarns will differ from the
method. The other methods, especially microscopical exami-
densities of the materials of which the fibers and yarns are
nation are generally not suitable for positive identification of
composed. Test results for fiber density will also vary depend-
most man-made fibers and are useful primarily to support
ingonthetestmethodused.Densityiscommonlyexpressedas
solubility and infrared spectra identifications.
grams per cubic centimetre (g/cm ), but the preferred term in
1.6 This includes the following sections:
the International System of units is kilograms per cubic metre
Section
3 3 3
(kg/m ). Multiply g/cm by 1000 to obtain kg/m and multiply
Referenced Documents 2
3 3
Birefringence
lb/ft by 16.018 to obtain kg/m .
by difference of refractive indices 34, 35
3.1.3 fiber birefringence, n—the algebraic difference of the
Terminology 3
Density 24-27 index of refraction of the fiber for plane polarized light
Infrared Spectroscopy, Fiber Identification by 17-23
vibrating parallel to the longitudinal axis of the fiber and the
Melting Point 28-33
index of refraction for light vibrating perpendicular to the long
Microscopical Examination, Fiber Identification by 9,10
axis.
Reference Standards 7
Sampling, Selection, Preparation and Number of Specimens 6
Scope 1
Solubility Relationships, Fiber Identification Using 11-16
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this method. the ASTM website.
D276 – 00a (2008)
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Fiber birefringence may be either posi- 5.3 Dyes, lubricants, and delustrants are not present nor-
tive or negative, and is not necessarily referred to the principal mally in amounts large enough to interfere with the analyses.
optical axes of the material. 5.4 Thesetestmethodsarenotrecommendedforacceptance
3.1.4 fiber density, n—mass per unit volume of the solid testing of commercial shipments because of the qualitative
matter of which a fiber is composed, measured under specified nature of the results and because of the limitations previously
conditions. noted.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Unless otherwise indicated, fiber den-
NOTE 2—For statements on precision and bias of the standard quanti-
sity is understood to be measured by immersion (buoyancy)
tative test methods for determining physical properties for confirmation of
techniques, at 21 6 1°C, excluding effects due to included air
fiber identification refer to the cited test method.The precision and bias of
and swelling or dissolving of the fiber by the immersion fluid. the nonstandard quantitative test methods described are strongly influ-
enced by the skill of the operator. The limited use of the test methods for
3.1.5 refraction, n—the deflection from a straight path
qualitative identification cannot justify the effort that would be necessary
undergonebyalightrayinpassingobliquelyfromonemedium
to determine the precision and bias of the techniques.
(as air) into another (as glass) in which its velocity is different.
3.1.6 refractive index (index of refraction), n—the ratio of
6. Sampling, Selection, Preparation, and Number of
the velocity of radiation (as light) in the first of two media to Specimens
its velocity in the second as it passes from one into the other.
6.1 The quantity of material per specimen and the number
3.1.6.1 Discussion—When refractive index is referred to as
of specimens required differ according to the types of analyses
a property of a substance, the first medium is understood to be
that aretobeconducted. It ispossibletomakeanidentification
vacuum.The index of refraction is equal to the ratio of the sine
using a sample of less than 10 mg of each type of fiber present.
of the angle of the incident ray to the sine of the angle of the
6.2 In order to identify the components of a textile material
refractedray(anglesmeasuredfromthenormaltothecommon
reliably, it is essential that an adequate sample of each type of
boundary). In general the refractive index of a substance varies
fiber present be isolated physically, and vice-versa. It is not
with the frequency of the radiation (13).
possible,ingeneral,toidentifythecomponentsofamixtureby
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in these test methods
analysis of the mixture’s infrared spectrum and, in fact, false
refer to Terminology D123 for textiles, Terminology E131 for
conclusions may be drawn if such a procedure is attempted.
terms relating to infrared spectroscopy, and Terminology E175
Comparisonofthespectraofunknownmaterialstoaproperset
for terms relating to microscopy.
of reference spectra of various fiber types (see 7.1) can be
useful for avoiding these problems.
4. Summary of Test Method
6.3 An essential first step in isolation and identification of
fibers is visual examination and physical separation of all
4.1 The fiber generic type is identified from its solubility in
visually different types of fibers in the material. In order to
various reagents, using a solubility decision scheme (Fig. 1).
accomplish this, it is necessary to consider the following:
4.2 Alternatively, infrared spectra of fibers from textile
6.3.1 Asingleyarnmaybecomposedofmorethanonetype
materials to be identified are obtained using a FTIR (Fourier
of fiber (a blend of polyester and cotton staples, for instance).
Transform Infrared) or a double-beam spectrophotometer.
In such cases it may be impractical to separate the fibers
Identification of the fiber generic class is made by analysis of
mechanically. A selective solvent (refer to Table 1 of Test
the fiber spectrum using a decision chart (Fig. 2).
Methods D629) can be very useful in these cases, if one can be
4.3 For plant (native cellulose) and animal hair fibers
found. The density gradient column may also be used for
microscopical examination of longitudinal and cross-sections
separation.
is used to distinguish species.
6.3.2 Apliedyarnmaybemadewithonetypeoffiberinone
4.4 Additional physical properties of the fiber, such as
ply and a different type in another ply.
density, melting point, regain, refractive indices, and birefrin-
6.3.3 Warp and filling yarns may be of different types and
gence are determined and are useful for confirming the
not every yarn in the warp (or filling) is necessarily made from
identification (see Table 1).
the same type of fiber.
5. Significance and Use
7. Reference Standards
5.1 These test methods are a generally reliable means of
7.1 Successful identification of fibers used in textile prod-
identifying the generic types of fibers present in a sample of
ucts depends on experience and familiarity with the fibers.An
textile material of unknown composition. The methods are
alternative test for identification of an unknown fiber is by
generally not useful for distinguishing fibers of the same
comparison with properly identified fibers
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D276–00 Designation: D 276 – 00a (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Methods for
Identification of Fibers in Textiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 276; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
Methods D 276 – 62 T, Identification of Fibers in Textiles were discontinued in 1969 because the
responsible subcommittee failed to recommend adoption as standard after several years publication as
a tentative. The subcommittee action was based on the members’ knowledge that the standard did not
include several fiber types introduced to the textile trade after the methods were published, and that
the techniques required to identify these fibers were lacking in the text, so that the text had become
outofdate.Reinstatementasastandardusingthepreviouslyassigneddesignationwasrequestedsince
the listed procedures were reliable and the text was considered to be the best available, though not
all-inclusive. Extensive editorial changes were made in various sections in 1972, and the methods
were reinstated as D 276 – 72.
The methods have been revised completely, emphasizing infrared spectroscopic techniques for
identifying man-made fiber types. Methods for determining several physical properties and solubility
data useful for confirming infrared spectral identifications have been included. The longitudinal and
cross-section photographs of the various fibers have been omitted since they are published elsewhere
andtheusefulnessforidentificationislimited.Extensiveeditorialchangeshavebeenmadethroughout
the text.
AATCCTest Method 20 was first published in 1947 and has been revised or reaffirmed on a regular
basis since that time. The most current version is AATCC “Test Method 20–1999” .
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the identification of the following textile fibers used commercially in the United States:
Acetate (secondary) Nylon
Acrylic Nytril
Anidex Olefin
Aramid Polycarbonate
Asbestos Polyester
Cotton Ramie
Cuprammonium rayon Rayon (viscose)
Flax Saran
Fluorocarbon Silk
Glass Spandex
Hemp Triacetate
Jute Vinal
Lycocell Vinyon
Modacrylic Wool
Novoloid
1.2 Man-made fibers are listed in 1.1 under the generic names approved by the Federal Trade Commission and listed in
Terminology D 123,AnnexA1 (except for fluorocarbon and polycarbonate). Many of the generic classes of man-made fibers are
produced by several manufacturers and sold under various trademark names as follows (Note 1):
These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D-13 onTextiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.51 on Chemical Conditioning
and Performance.
Current edition approved May 10, 2000. Published July 2000. Originally published as D276–27T. Last previous edition D276–99.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.51 on Conditioning and,
Chemical and Thermal Properties.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originally approved in 1927. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 276 – 00a.
AATCC Technical Manual, available from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 276 – 00a (2008)
Acetate AceleT, AvisconT, CelaneseT, ChromspunT, EstronT
Acrylic AcrilanT, CourtelleT, CreslanT, DralonT, OrlonT, ZefranT
Anidex Anim/8T
Aramid ArenkaT, ConexT, KevlarT, NomexT, TwaronT
Cuprammonium BembergT
Fluorocarbon TeflonT
Glass FiberglasT, GaranT, ModiglassT, PPGT, UltrastrandT
Lyocell TencelT
Modacrylic DynelT, KanecaronT, Monsanto SEFT, VerelT
Novoloid KynolT
Polyamide
(Nylon) 6 CaprolanT,EnkaT, PerlonT, ZefranT, EnkalonT
Polyamide
(Nylon) 6, 6 AntronT,BlueCT, CantreceT, Celanese PhillipsT,
EnkaTNylon
Polyamide
(Nylon) (other) RilsanT(nylon 11), QianaT, StanylEnkaT,(Nylon 4,6)
Nytril DarvanT
Olefin DurelT, HerculonT, MarvessT, PolycrestT
Polyester AvlinT, BeaunitT,BlueCT, DacronT, EncronT, FortrelT,
KodelT, QuintessT, SpectranT, TreviraT, VyoronT,
ZephranT, DiolenT, VectranT
Rayon AvrilT, AviscoT, DynacorT, EnkaT, Fiber 700T, FibroT,
NupronT, RayflexT, SuprenkaT, TyrexT, TyronT, Cord-
enkaT
Saran EnjayT, SaranT
Spandex GlospunT, LycraT, NumaT, UnelT
Triacetate ArnelT
Vinyon AviscoT, ClevylT, RhovylT, ThermovylT, VolpexT
NOTE 1—The list of trademarks in 1.2 does not include all brands produced in the United States or abroad and imported for sale in the United States.
The list does not include examples of fibers from two (or more) generic classes of polymers spun into a single filament.Additional information on fiber
types and trademarks is given in References (1, 2, and 3) .
1.3 Mostmanufacturersofferavarietyoffibertypesofaspecificgenericclass.Differencesintenacity,lineardensity,bulkiness,
or the presence of inert delustrants normally do not interfere with analytic tests, but chemical modifications (for such purposes as
increased dyeability with certain dyestuffs) may affect the infrared spectra and some of the physical properties, particularly the
melting point. Many generic classes of fibers are sold with a variety of cross-section shapes designed for specific purposes. These
differences will be evident upon microscopical examination of the fiber and may interfere with the measurements of refractive
indices and birefringence.
1.4 Microscopical examination is indispensable for positive identification of the several types of cellulosic and animal fibers,
because the infrared spectra and solubilities will not distinguish between species. Procedures for microscopic identification are
published in AATCC Method 20 and in References (4-12).
1.5 Analyses by infrared spectroscopy and solubility relationships are the preferred methods for identifying man-made fibers.
The analysis scheme based on solubility is very reliable. The infrared technique is a useful adjunct to the solubility test method.
The other methods, especially microscopical examination are generally not suitable for positive identification of most man-made
fibers and are useful primarily to support solubility and infrared spectra identifications.
1.6 This includes the following sections:
Section
Referenced Documents 2
Birefringence
by difference of refractive indices 32, 33
Birefringence
by difference of refractive indices 34, 35
Terminology 3
Density 24, 25
Density 24-27
Infrared Spectroscopy, Fiber Identification by 17-23
Infrared Spectroscopy, Fiber Identification by 17-23
Melting Point 26-31
Melting Point 28-33
Microscopical Examination, Fiber Identification by 9,10
Reference Standards 7
Sampling, Selection, Preparation and Number of Specimens 6
Scope 1
Solubility Relationships, Fiber Identification Using 11-16
Summary of Test Methods 4
Significant and Use 5
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this method.
D 276 – 00a (2008)
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. See Note 3.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D 629Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
D789Test Methods for Determination of Relative Viscosity, Melting, Point, and Moisture Content of Polyamide (PA)
D792Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D1217Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
D1505Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient Technique
D1776Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
D 792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D 941 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer
D 1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
E 131 Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
E 175 Terminology of Microscopy
2.2 AATCC Method:
Test Method 20 for Identification of Fibers in Textiles
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 birefringence (double refraction), n— a property of anisotropic materials which manifests itself as a splitting of a light
ray into components having different vibration directions which are transmitted at different velocities.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The vibration directions of the components are the principal axes of the material and the corresponding
indices of refraction are its principal (maximum or minimum) refractive indices. Numerically, birefringence is the difference
between the maximum and minimum refractive indices.
3.1.2 density—mass per unit volume.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Due to the volume of included air, the apparent density of fibers and yarns will differ from the densities
of the materials of which the fibers and yarns are composed. Test results for fiber density will also vary depending on the test
method used. Density is commonly expressed as grams per cubic centimetre (g/cm ), but the preferred term in the International
3 3 3 3
System of units is kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m ). Multiply g/cm by 1000 to obtain kg/m and multiply lb/ft by 16.018 to
obtain kg/m .
3.1.3 fiber birefringence, n—the algebraic difference of the index of refraction of the fiber for plane polarized light vibrating
parallel to the longitudinal axis of the fiber and the index of refraction for light vibrating perpendicular to the long axis.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Fiber birefringence may be either positive or negative, and is not necessarily referred to the principal
optical axes of the material.
3.1.4 fiber density, n—mass per unit volume of the solid matter of which a fiber is composed, measured under specified
conditions.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Unless otherwise indicated, fiber density is understood to be measured by immersion (buoyancy)
techniques, at 21 6 1°C, excluding effects due to included air and swelling or dissolving of the fiber by the immersion fluid.
3.1.5 refraction, n—the deflection from a straight path undergone by a light ray in passing obliquely from one medium (as air)
into another (as glass) in which its velocity is different.
3.1.6 refractive index (index of refraction), n—the ratio of the velocity of radiation (as light) in the first of two media to its
velocity in the second as it passes from one into the other.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—When refractive index is referred to as a property of a substance, the first medium is understood to be
vacuum. The index of refraction is equal to the ratio of the sine of the angle of the incident ray to the sine of the angle of the
refracted ray (angles measured from the normal to the common boundary). In general the refractive index of a substance varies
with the frequency of the radiation (13).
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in these test methods refer to Terminology D 123 for textiles, Terminology E 131 for
terms relating to infrared spectroscopy, and Terminology E 175 for terms relating to microscopy.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The fiber generic type is identified from its solubility in various reagents, using a solubility decision scheme (Fig. 1).
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 07.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
D 276 – 00a (2008)
M = melts
S = soluble
I = insoluble
ppt = precipitate
RT = room temperature
A
Acidify with excess HCl, add lead acetate dropwise.
B
Rinse with water, allow to dry in room air.
C
Some modarylic fibers cannot be distinguished from acrylic fibers
in this solubility scheme.
FIG. 1 Scheme for Identification of Fibers According to Solubility
4.2 Alternatively, infrared spectra of fibers from textile materials to be identified are obtained using a FTIR (Fourier Transform
Infrared) or a double-beam spectrophotometer. Identification of the fiber generic class is made by analysis of the fiber spectrum
using a decision chart (Fig. 2).
4.3 For plant (native cellulose) and animal hair fibers microscopical examination of longitudinal and cross-sections is used to
distinguish species.
4.4 Additional physical properties of the fiber, such as density, melting point, regain, refractive indices, and birefringence are
determined and are useful for confirming the identification (see Table 1).
5. Significance and Use
5.1 These test methods are a generally reliable means of identifying the generic types of fibers present in a sample of textile
material of unknown composition. The methods are generally not useful for distinguishing fibers of the same generic class from
different manufacturers or for distinguishing different fiber types of the same generic class from one producer.
5.2 Many fibers are chemically modified by their producers in various ways so as to alter their properties. It is possible for such
modifications to interfere seriously with the analyses used in these test methods. Considerable experience and diligence of the
analyst may be necessary to resolve satisfactorily these difficulties.
D 276 – 00a (2008)
Bands located according to wavelength in m.
P = present A = absent A/W = absent or weak
A
located at ;5.75
B
located at 6.23, 6.30 & 6.70
FIG. 2 Scheme for Analysis of Infrared Spectra
5.3 Dyes, lubricants, and delustrants are not present normally in amounts large enough to interfere with the analyses.
5.4 These test methods are not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because of the qualitative nature
of the results and because of the limitations previously noted.
NOTE 2—F
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