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ASTM D7008-03

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Geosynthetic Alternate Daily Covers

Standard Specification for Geosynthetic Alternate Daily Covers

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for reusable and nonreusable geosynthetic alternate daily covers (ADCs) used on the working face of municipal solid waste landfills (MSWLF). Geosynthetic ADCs include a wide range of products including, but not limited to, reinforced film, unreinforced film, reinforced sheet, unreinforced sheet, coated geotextile and uncoated geotextile. Geosynthetic ADC are classified as nonreusable geosynthetic ADC, and reusable geosynthetic ADC. The breaking factor, tear resistance, and puncture strength of the nonreusable ADC shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed. The grab strength, trapezoidal tear, and puncture resistance of the reusable ADC shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for reusable and nonreusable geosynthetic alternate daily covers (ADCs) used on the working face of municipal solid waste landfills (MSWLF). Geosynthetic ADCs include a wide range of products including, but not limited to, reinforced film, unreinforced film, reinforced sheet, unreinforced sheet, coated geotextile and uncoated geotextile.
1.2 This standard addresses the base ADC materials and does not address grommets, straps or other fabricated parts.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2003
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.03 - Permeability and Filtration
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D7008-08 - Standard Specification for Geosynthetic Alternate Daily Covers
Effective Date
01-Dec-2008

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ASTM D7008-03 - Standard Specification for Geosynthetic Alternate Daily Covers
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 7008 – 03
Standard Specification for
Geosynthetic Alternate Daily Covers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7008; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 701 Standard
Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation of Textiles
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for reusable
Geosynthetic Research Institute (GRI) Specification
and nonreusable geosynthetic alternate daily covers (ADCs)
GM11 AcceleratedWeatheringofGeomembranesusinga
used on the working face of municipal solid waste landfills
Fluorescent UVA-Condensation Exposure Device
(MSWLF). Geosynthetic ADCs include a wide range of
products including, but not limited to, reinforced film, unrein-
3. Terminology
forced film, reinforced sheet, unreinforced sheet, coated geo-
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms related to geosyn-
textile and uncoated geotextile.
thetics, refer to Terminology D 4439.
1.2 This standard addresses the base ADC materials and
3.1.1 alternate daily cover, n—an alternative to the tradi-
does not address grommets, straps or other fabricated parts.
tional 15 cm (6 in.) soil cover required by the USEPA for
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
landfill working faces to “control disease vectors, fires, odors,
standard.
blowing liter, and scavenging, without presenting a threat to
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
human health and the environment.”
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.2 fire retardant, adj—in geosyntheticADCs,meetingthe
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
requirementsofNFPA701,Method1,StandardMethodofFire
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Tests for Flame Propagation of Textiles and Films.
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
3.1.3 nonreusable, adj—in geosynthetics, a fabric or film
2. Referenced Documents intended to be placed once and then disposed of, discarded, or
left in place.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.4 reusable, adj—in geosynthetics, a fabric or membrane
D 882 Test Methods for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
material intended to be retrieved and installed more than once
Sheeting
to perform the cover function.
D 1004 Test Method for Initial Tear Resistance of Plastic
3.1.5 working face, n—the area of a landfill in which waste
Film and Sheeting
is actively being deposited.
D 4355 Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles by
ExposuretoLight,MoistureandHeatinaXenonArcType
4. Classification of Geosynthetic ADCs
Apparatus
4.1 Nonreusable—Nonreusable geosynthetic ADCs consist
D 4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
of disposable films or geotextiles, intended to be left in place
D 4533 Test Method for Trapezoid Tearing Strength of
without retrieval. Special equipment exists to facilitate the
Geotextiles
placement and anchoring of these materials to cover the
D 4632 Test Method for Grab Breaking Load and Elonga-
workingfaceoflandfills.Thecovermaycontainpro-degradant
tion of Geotextiles
additives to accelerate degradation within the waste to allow
D 4833 Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance of
the free flow of fluids and gases within the waste mass. Three
Geotextiles, Geomembranes and Related Products
classes of nonreusable ADCs are specified based on tensile,
D 6523 Guide for Evaluation and Selection of Alternative
tear and puncture properties (see Table 1).
Daily Covers (ADCs) for Sanitary Landfills
4.2 Reusable—ReusablegeosyntheticADCsconsistofvari-
E 96 Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Mate-
ous types of fabric or plastic membranes that have either been
rials
developed or adapted for use as a daily cover material. Panels
2.2 Other Standards:
fabricated from these materials are placed over the working
face at the end of the day, and retrieved prior to the start of the
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
next operating day. Special mechanized equipment can be used
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Perme-
tofacilitatetheplacementandretrievalofpanels.Threeclasses
ability and Filtration.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2003. Published February 2004.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D7008–03
TABLE 1 Classes for Nonreusable ADCs
6.3 Scavenging is controlled by security procedures and
Property Test Method Units Class 1N Class 2N Class 3N other operating practices more than by the ADC. The ADC
contributes to scavenger control by liter control, odor control
Breaking Factor ASTM D 882 N/m (lb/in.) 93 (21) 62 (14) 31 (7)
Tear Resistance ASTM D 1004 N (lb) 18 (4) 13 (3) 9 (2)
and,tosomeextent,throughdurability,resistingpenetrationby
Puncture Strength ASTM D 4833 N (lb) 62 (14) 44 (10) 27 (6)
scavengers. Scavenging control is evaluated by assessment of
the other
...

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4.1 The use of reinforced geomembranes as barrier materials has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the quality of seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. This test method is used for quality control purposes and is intended to provide quality control and quality assurance personnel with data to evaluate seam quality.  
4.2 This standard arose from the need for a destructive test method for evaluating seams of reinforced geomembranes. Standards written for destructive testing of nonreinforced geomembranes do not include all break codes (Fig. 1) applicable to reinforced geomembranes.
FIG. 1 Break Codes for Dual Hot Wedge and Hot Air Seams of Reinforced Geomembranes Tested for Seam Strength in Shear and Peel Modes  
4.3 When reinforcement occurs in directions other than machine and cross-machine, scrim are cut at specimen edges, generally lowering results. To partially compensate for this, testing can be performed according to Test Method D7749 or the 2 in. wide strip specimen specified in this method can be utilized. Testing of 1 in. and 2 in. specimens is Method A and Method B, respectively.  
4.4 The shear test outlined in this method correlates to strength of parent material measured according to Test Method D7003/D7003M only if reinforcement is parallel to TD. For other materials, seam strength and parent material strength can be compared through Test Methods D7749 and D7004/D7004M. Values obtained with the strip methods shall not be compared to values obtained with grab methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes destructive quality control tests used to determine the integrity of thermo-fusion seams made with reinforced geomembranes. Test procedures are described for seam tests for peel and shear properties using strip specimens.  
1.2 The types of thermal field and factory seaming techniques used to construct geomembrane seams include the following:  
1.2.1 Hot Air—This technique introduces high-temperature air between two geomembrane surfaces to facilitate melting. Pressure is applied to the top or bottom geomembrane, forcing together the two surfaces to form a continuous bond.  
1.2.2 Hot Wedge—This technique melts the two geomembrane surfaces to be seamed by running a hot metal wedge between them. Pressure is applied to the top and bottom geomembrane to form a continuous bond. Some seams of this kind are made with dual tracks separated by a non-bonded gap. These seams are sometimes referred to as dual hot wedge seams or double-track seams.  
1.2.3 Extrusion—This technique encompasses extruding molten resin between two geomembranes or at the edge of two overlapped geomembranes to effect a continuous bond.  
1.2.4 Radio Frequency (RF) or Dielectric—High-frequency dielectric equipment is used to generate heat and pressure to form an overlap seam in factory fabrication.  
1.2.5 Impulse—Clamping bars heated by wires or a ribbon melt the sheets clamped between them. A cooling period while still clamped allows the polymer to solidify before being released.  
1.3 The types of materials covered by this test method include, but are not limited to, reinforced geomembranes made from the following polymers:  
1.3.1 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE).  
1.3.2 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).  
1.3.3 Flexible polypropylene (fPP).  
1.3.4 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).  
1.3.5 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE).  
1.3.6 Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA).  
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5.1 This practice covers test arrangements, measurement techniques, sampling methods, and calculations to be used for nondestructive evaluation of geomembranes using ultrasonic testing.  
5.2 Wave velocity may be established for particular geomembranes (for specific polymer type, specific formulation, specific density). Relationships may be established between velocity and both density and tensile properties of geomembranes. An example of the use of ultrasound for determining density of polyethylene is presented in Test Method D4883. Velocity measurements may be used to determine thickness of geomembranes (1, 2).4 Travel time and amplitude of transmitted waves may be used to assess the condition of geomembranes and to identify defects in geomembranes including surface defects (for example, scratches, cuts), inner defects (for example, discontinuities within geomembranes), and defects that penetrate the entire thickness of geomembranes (for example, pinholes) (3, 4). Bonding between geomembrane sheets can be evaluated using travel time, velocity, or impedance measurements for seam assessment (5-10). Examples of the use of ultrasonic testing for determining the integrity of field and factory seams through travel time and velocity measurements (resulting in thickness measurements) are presented in Practices D4437 and D4545, respectively. An ultrasonic testing device is routinely used for evaluating seams in prefabricated bituminous geomembranes in the field (11). Integrity of geomembranes may be monitored in time using ultrasonic measurements.
Note 1: Differences may exist between ultrasonic measurements and measurements made using other methods due to differences in test conditions such as pressure applied and probe dimensions. An example is ultrasonic and mechanical thickness measurements.  
5.3 The method is applicable to testing both in the laboratory and in the field for parent material and seams. The test durations are very short as wave transmission through ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a summary of equipment and procedures for ultrasonic testing of geomembranes using the pulse echo method.  
1.2 Ultrasonic wave propagation in solid materials is correlated to physical and mechanical properties and condition of the materials. In ultrasonic testing, two wave propagation characteristics are commonly determined: velocity (based on wave travel time measurements) and attenuation (based on wave amplitude measurements). Velocity of wave propagation is used to determine thickness, density, and elastic properties of materials. Attenuation of waves in solid materials is used to determine microstructural properties of the materials. In addition, frequency characteristics of waves are analyzed to investigate the properties of a test material. Travel time, amplitude, and frequency distribution measurements are used to assess the condition of materials to identify damage and defects in solid materials. Ultrasonic measurements are used to determine the nature of materials/media in contact with a test specimen as well. Measurements are conducted in the time-domain (time versus amplitude) or frequency-domain (frequency versus amplitude).  
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ASTM
ASTM D5887/D5887M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Index Flux Through Saturated Geosynthetic Clay Liner Specimens Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method yields the flux of water through a saturated GCL specimen that is consolidated, hydrated, and permeated under a prescribed set of conditions.  
5.2 This test method can be performed to determine if the flux of a GCL specimen exceeds the maximum value stated by the manufacturer.  
5.3 This test method can be used to determine the variation in flux within a sample of GCL by testing a number of different specimens.  
5.4 This test method does not provide a flux value to be used directly in design calculations.
Note 1: Flux for in-service conditions depends on a number of factors, including confining pressure, type of hydration fluid, degree of hydration, degree of saturation, type of permeating fluid, and hydraulic gradient. Correlation between flux values obtained with this test method and flux through GCLs subjected to in-service conditions has not been fully investigated.  
5.5 This test method does not provide a value of hydraulic conductivity. Although hydraulic conductivity can be determined in a manner similar to the method described in this test method, the thickness of the specimen is needed to calculate hydraulic conductivity. This test method does not include procedures for measuring the thickness of the GCL nor of the clay component within the GCL. Refer to Appendix X2 for calculation of hydraulic conductivity.  
5.6 The apparatus used in this test method is commonly used to determine the hydraulic conductivity of soil specimens. However, flux values measured in this test are typically much lower than those commonly measured for most natural soils. It is essential that the leakage rate of the apparatus used in this test be less than 10 % of the flux.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an index test that covers laboratory measurement of flux through saturated geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) specimens using a flexible wall permeameter.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to GCL products having geotextile backing(s). It is not applicable to GCL products with geomembrane backing(s), geofilm backing(s), or polymer coating backing(s).  
1.3 This test method provides a measurement of flux under a prescribed set of conditions that can be used for manufacturing quality control. The test method can also be used to check conformance. The flux value determined using this test method is not considered to be representative of the in-service flux of GCLs.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5820-95(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation of Dual-Seamed Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The increased use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict liquid or gas movement, and the common use of dual-track seams in joining these sheets, has created a need for a standard nondestructive test by which the quality of the seams can be assessed for continuity and watertightness. The test is not intended to provide any indication of the physical strength of the seam.  
5.2 This practice recommends an air pressure test within the channel created between dual-seamed tracks whereby the presence of unbonded sections or channels, voids, nonhomogenities, discontinuities, foreign objects, and the like, in the seamed region can be identified.  
5.3 This technique is intended for use on seams between geomembrane sheets formulated from the appropriate polymers and compounding ingredients to form a plastic or elastomer sheet material that meets all specified requirements for the end use of the product.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a nondestructive evaluation of the continuity of parallel geomembrane seams separated by an unwelded air channel. The unwelded air channel between the two distinct seamed regions is sealed and inflated with air to a predetermined pressure. Long lengths of seam can be evaluated by this practice more quickly than by other common nondestructive tests.  
1.2 This practice should not be used as a substitute for destructive testing. Used in conjunction with destructive testing, this method can provide additional information regarding the seams undergoing testing.  
1.3 This practice supercedes Practice D4437/D4437M for geomembrane seams that include an air channel. Practice D4437/D4437M may continue to be used for other types of seams. The user is referred to the referenced standards or to EPA/530/SW-91/051 for additional information regarding geomembrane seaming techniques and construction quality assurance.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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