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ASTM C231-08

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method

Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method covers the determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete. The test determines the air content of freshly mixed concrete exclusive of any air that may exist inside voids within aggregate particles. For this reason, it is applicable to concrete made with relatively dense aggregate particles and requires determination of the aggregate correction factor (see 6.1 and 10.1).
This test method and Test Method C 138/C 138M and C 173/C 173M provide pressure, gravimetric, and volumetric procedures, respectively, for determining the air content of freshly mixed concrete. The pressure procedure of this test method gives substantially the same air contents as the other two test methods for concretes made with dense aggregates.
The air content of hardened concrete may be either higher or lower than that determined by this test method. This depends upon the methods and amount of consolidation effort applied to the concrete from which the hardened concrete specimen is taken; uniformity and stability of the air bubbles in the fresh and hardened concrete; accuracy of the microscopic examination, if used; time of comparison; environmental exposure; stage in the delivery, placement and consolidation processes at which the air content of the unhardened concrete is determined, that is, before or after the concrete goes through a pump; and other factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete from observation of the change in volume of concrete with a change in pressure.
1.2 This test method is intended for use with concretes and mortars made with relatively dense aggregates for which the aggregate correction factor can be satisfactorily determined by the technique described in Section 6. It is not applicable to concretes made with lightweight aggregates, air-cooled blast-furnace slag, or aggregates of high porosity. In these cases, Test Method C 173/C 173M should be used. This test method is also not applicable to nonplastic concrete such as is commonly used in the manufacture of pipe and concrete masonry units.
1.3 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.)

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jan-2008
ICS
91.100.30 - Concrete and concrete products
Technical Committee
C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Drafting Committee
C09.60 - Testing Fresh Concrete
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C231-04 - Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method
Effective Date
15-Jan-2008
Replaced By
ASTM C231-08a - Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method
Effective Date
15-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM C173/C173M-16 - Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method
Effective Date
15-Jan-2008
Referred By
ASTM C110-20 - Standard Test Methods for Physical Testing of Quicklime, Hydrated Lime, and Limestone
Effective Date
15-Jan-2008
Referred By
ASTM C1646/C1646M-16 - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Resistance of Coarse Aggregate to Freezing and Thawing in Air-Entrained Concrete
Effective Date
15-Jan-2008

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C231–08
Standard Test Method for
Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure
1
Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C231; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* C138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight),
Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete
1.1 This test method covers determination of the air content
C172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete
of freshly mixed concrete from observation of the change in
C173/C173M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly
volume of concrete with a change in pressure.
Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method
1.2 This test method is intended for use with concretes and
C192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete
mortars made with relatively dense aggregates for which the
Test Specimens in the Laboratory
aggregate correction factor can be satisfactorily determined by
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
the technique described in Section 6. It is not applicable to
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
concretes made with lightweight aggregates, air-cooled blast-
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
furnaceslag,oraggregatesofhighporosity.Inthesecases,Test
ASTM Test Methods
Method C173/C173M should be used. This test method is
also not applicable to nonplastic concrete such as is commonly
3. Significance and Use
used in the manufacture of pipe and concrete masonry units.
3.1 This test method covers the determination of the air
1.3 The text of this test method references notes and
content of freshly mixed concrete. The test determines the air
footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes
contentoffreshlymixedconcreteexclusiveofanyairthatmay
and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not
exist inside voids within aggregate particles. For this reason, it
be considered as requirements of this standard.
is applicable to concrete made with relatively dense aggregate
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
particlesandrequiresdeterminationoftheaggregatecorrection
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
factor (see 6.1 and 9.1).
information only.
3.2 This test method and Test Method C138/C138M and
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
C173/C173M provide pressure, gravimetric, and volumetric
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
procedures, respectively, for determining the air content of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
freshly mixed concrete. The pressure procedure of this test
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
method gives substantially the same air contents as the other
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh
two test methods for concretes made with dense aggregates.
hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause
2 3.3 The air content of hardened concrete may be either
chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.)
higher or lower than that determined by this test method. This
2. Referenced Documents depends upon the methods and amount of consolidation effort
3
applied to the concrete from which the hardened concrete
2.1 ASTM Standards:
specimenistaken;uniformityandstabilityoftheairbubblesin
the fresh and hardened concrete; accuracy of the microscopic
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
examination, if used; time of comparison; environmental
Concrete and ConcreteAggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
exposure; stage in the delivery, placement and consolidation
C09.60 on Testing Fresh Concrete.
processes at which the air content of the unhardened concrete
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2008. Published February 2008. Originally
is determined, that is, before or after the concrete goes through
approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C231–04.
2
Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing,
a pump; and other factors.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 194
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C231–04 Designation:C231–08
Standard Test Method for
Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure
1
Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C231; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversdeterminationoftheaircontentoffreshlymixedconcretefromobservationofthechangeinvolume
of concrete with a change in pressure.
1.2This1.2 Thistestmethodisintendedforusewithconcretesandmortarsmadewithrelativelydenseaggregatesforwhichthe
aggregatecorrectionfactorcanbesatisfactorilydeterminedbythetechniquedescribedinSection6.Itisnotapplicabletoconcretes
made with lightweight aggregates, air-cooled blast-furnace slag, or aggregates of high porosity. In these cases, Test Method
C173/C173M should be used. This test method is also not applicable to nonplastic concrete such as is commonly used in the
manufacture of pipe and concrete masonry units.
1.3 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information.These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.
1.4 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.Thevaluesgiveninparenthesesareforinformation
only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and
2
tissue upon prolonged exposure.)
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete
C172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete
C173/C173M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method
C192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
3. Significance and Use
3.1This3.1 This test method covers the determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete. The test determines the air
content of freshly mixed concrete exclusive of any air that may exist inside voids within aggregate particles. For this reason, it is
applicabletoconcretemadewithrelativelydenseaggregateparticlesandrequiresdeterminationoftheaggregatecorrectionfactor
(see 6.1 and 9.1).
3.2This3.2 This test method and Test Method C138/C138M and C173/C173M and C173/C173M provide pressure,
gravimetric, and volumetric procedures, respectively, for determining the air content of freshly mixed concrete. The pressure
procedureofthistestmethodgivessubstantiallythesameaircontentsastheothertwotestmethodsforconcretesmadewithdense
aggregates.
3.3 The air content of hardened concrete may be either higher or lower than that determined by this test method. This depends
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and ConcreteAggregates, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.60 on
Testing Fresh Concrete.
Current edition approved July 1, 2004.Jan. 15, 2008. Published July 2004.February 2008. Originally approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 20032004 as
C231–034.
2
Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
3
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C231–08
upon the methods and amount of consolidation effort applied to the concrete from which the hardened concrete specimen is taken;
uniformity and stability of th
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Tests performed at the same location across a span of years may be used to detect a reduction of infiltration rate of the pervious concrete, thereby identifying the need for remediation.  
5.2 The infiltration rate obtained by this method is valid only for the localized area of the pavement where the test is conducted. To determine the infiltration rate of the entire pervious pavement multiple locations must be tested and the results averaged.  
5.3 The field infiltration rate is typically established by the design engineer of record and is a function of the design precipitation event.  
5.4 This test method does not measure the influence on in-place infiltration rate due to sealing of voids near the bottom of the pervious concrete slab. Visual inspection of concrete cores is the best approach for determining sealing of voids near the bottom of the pervious concrete slab.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the field water infiltration rate of in place pervious concrete.
Note 1: For permeable unit pavement systems, Test Method C1781/C1781M should be used. Test Method C1781/C1781M is functionally identical to this test method but includes added provisions for positioning and securing the test ring to a discontinuous surface. Both tests methods give comparable results  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes that provide explanatory material. These notes shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C173/C173M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method covers the determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete. It measures the air contained in the mortar fraction of the concrete, but is not affected by air that may be present inside porous aggregate particles.  
4.1.1 Therefore, this is the appropriate test to determine the air content of concretes containing lightweight aggregates, air-cooled slag, and highly porous or vesicular natural aggregates.  
4.2 This test method requires the addition of sufficient isopropyl alcohol, when the meter is initially being filled with water, so that after the first or subsequent rollings little or no foam collects in the neck of the top section of the meter. If more foam is present than that equivalent to 2 % air above the water level, the test is declared invalid and must be repeated using a larger quantity of alcohol. Addition of alcohol to dispel foam any time after the initial filling of the meter to the zero mark is not permitted.  
4.3 The air content of hardened concrete may be either higher or lower than that determined by this test method. This depends upon the methods and amounts of consolidation effort applied to the concrete from which the hardened concrete specimen is taken; uniformity and stability of the air bubbles in the fresh and hardened concrete; accuracy of the microscopic examination, if used; time of comparison; environmental exposure; stage in the delivery, placement and consolidation processes at which the air content of the unhardened concrete is determined, that is, before or after the concrete goes through a pump; and other factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete containing any type of aggregate, whether it be dense, cellular, or lightweight.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C138/C138M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete

ABSTRACT
This test method covers determination of the density of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating the unit weight, yield or relative yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the component materials. The test method shall use the following apparatuses: balance or scale; tamping rod, which is a round straight steel rod having the tamping end rounded to a hemispherical tip; internal vibrator which may have rigid of flexible shafts, preferably powered by electric motors; measure, which is a cylindrical container made of steel or other suitable metal specified herein; strike-off plate; mallet; and scoop of a size large enough so each amount of concrete obtained from the sampling receptacle is representative and small enough so it is not spilled during placement in the measure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the density (see Note 1) of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating the yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the component materials.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: Unit weight was the previous terminology used to describe the property determined by this test method, which is mass per unit volume.  
1.3 The text of this test method refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.(Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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