ASTM D5111-99
(Guide)Standard Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Methods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban Locations
Standard Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Methods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban Locations
SCOPE
1.1 This guide assists individuals or agencies in identifying suitable locations and choosing appropriate sampling strategies for monitoring atmospheric deposition at non-urban locations. It does not purport to discuss all aspects of designing atmospheric deposition monitoring networks.
1.2 The guide is suitable for use in obtaining estimates of the dominant inorganic constituents and trace metals found in acidic deposition. It addresses both wet and dry deposition and includes cloud water, fog and snow.
1.3 The guide is best used to determine estimates of atmospheric deposition in non-urban areas although many of the sampling methods presented can be applied to urban environments.
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Designation:D5111–99
Standard Guide for
Choosing Locations and Sampling Methods to Monitor
Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban Locations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5111; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 collocated sampling—the use of more than one sam-
1.1 This guide assists individuals or agencies in identifying
pling device within a monitoring site.
suitablelocationsandchoosingappropriatesamplingstrategies
3.2.2 event sampling—a special form of intermittent sam-
for monitoring atmospheric deposition at non-urban locations.
pling (Terminology D 1356) where the duration of a sampling
It does not purport to discuss all aspects of designing atmo-
period is defined as a single, discrete occurrence of precipita-
spheric deposition monitoring networks.
tion, dew, fog or frost.
1.2 The guide is suitable for use in obtaining estimates of
3.2.3 fetch—a vector within the local area which describes
the dominant inorganic constituents and trace metals found in
the direction and area of, or within, an air mass that will be
acidic deposition. It addresses both wet and dry deposition and
sampled by a sampling device.
includes cloud water, fog and snow.
3.2.4 filter-pack—a sampling device comprised of one or
1.3 The guide is best used to determine estimates of
more filters in series where each filter is designed to sample an
atmospheric deposition in non-urban areas although many of
atmospheric chemical species or remove interferences to a
the sampling methods presented can be applied to urban
subsequent filter. Filters may be of different design; material;
environments.
or be coated or impregnated to obtain the specificity of
2. Referenced Documents chemical species required.
3.2.5 inferential sampling—an indirect sampling method
2.1 ASTM Standards:
thatutilizesamathematicalmodeltoquantifyanunmeasurable
D 1356 Terminology Relating to Atmospheric Sampling
or difficult to measure property of atmospheric deposition.
and Analysis of Atmospheres
3.2.6 local area—an area of a few square kilometers which
D 1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient
describesanareaofcommonvegetation,land-surfaceformand
Atmospheres
land use surrounding the monitoring site and defines the local
D 3249 Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Proce-
characteristics surrounding the sampling device, see Fig. 1.
dures
3.2.7 monitoring site—a radius of a few decameters which
D 4841 Practice for Estimation of Holding Time for Water
immediately surrounds the sampling device, see Fig. 1.
Samples Containing Organic and Inorganic Constituents
3.2.8 regional area—an area between the local area and a
D 5012 Guide for Preparation of Materials Used for the
threshold that defines where any single local area characteristic
Collection and Preservation of Atmospheric Wet Deposi-
can not be distinguished from regional characteristics, see Fig.
tion
1.
3. Terminology
3.2.9 sequential sampling—withdrawal of a portion of the
atmosphere over a period of time with continuous analysis or
3.1 For definitons of terms used in this guide, refer to
with separation of the desired material continuously and in a
Terminology D 1356.
linear form. Such a sample may be obtained with a consider-
able concentration of the contaminant but it still indicates
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality
fluctuations in that property which occur during the period of
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheres
sampling (Terminology D 1356; see sample, running).
and Source Emissions.
3.2.10 surrogate surface sampling—a sampling technique
Current edition approved September 10, 1999. Published November 1999.
Originally published as D 5111 – 90. Last previous edition D 5111 – 95. that utilizes an artificial surface to estimate dry deposition.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Ideally, the artificial surface chosen will approximate the real
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
surface’s roughness and wetness properties. In practice this is
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5111–99
The questionnaire will describe the chosen location in detail.
Examples of these questionnaires can be found in Refs (1-3).
6.1.3 Fig. 1 illustrates the concentric organization of loca-
tion guidelines used in this document. Monitoring site require-
ments are common to all types of monitoring stations, while
regionalarearequirementsinvokeacombinationofmonitoring
site, local area and regional area guidelines. Which guidelines
within each area category are chosen and whether all area
categories are used will depend upon the purpose of the
monitoring effort.
6.1.4 Some specific atmospheric deposition sample types
require that additional criteria be met. These are identified
towards the end of each sampling location section with an
appropriate key word; DRY for dry deposition; FOG for fog;
etc. Guidelines that contain no key word are common to all
FIG. 1 Diagram of Siting Guidelines
types of deposition monitoring within their monitoring site,
local area, or regional area grouping.
6.1.5 The user of this guide should use all of the guidelines
impossible. Therefore, comparisons of the surrogate surface to listed for the deposition type being monitored and all of the
the real surface must always be done as a part of the technique. guidelines that are not deposition type specific. Exceptions to
3.2.11 wet deposition—the deposition of water from the the use of all of the guidelines should be noted on the
atmosphere in the form of hail, mist, rain, sleet and snow. worksheet in Appendix X1 of the guide and be accompanied
Deposits of dew, fog and frost are excluded (Terminology with a brief exclusion statement.
D 1356; see precipitation, meteorological). 6.2 Regional Area Guidelines:
6.2.1 Regional area guidelines should be based upon a
4. Significance and Use consensus interpretation of the concept of regional representa-
tiveness by the monitoring project management. Regions may
4.1 The guide consolidates into one document, siting crite-
be identified based upon physiography, meteorology, demog-
ria and sampling strategies used routinely in various North
raphy or some other more specific goal of the monitoring
American atmospheric deposition monitoring programs.
project. Ground-based concepts of representativeness, such as
4.2 The guide leads the user through the steps of site
theecologicalclassificationsofBaileyandothers(4,5)orareas
selection, sampling frequency and sampling equipment selec-
sensitive to acid deposition, are often more easily defined than
tion, and presents quality assurance techniques and other
meteorological concepts which tend to be highly variable both
considerations necessary to obtain a representative deposition
spatially and temporally. For this reason definitions of regional
sample for subsequent chemical analysis.
representativeness based heavily upon meteorological phe-
4.3 The guide extends Practice D 1357 to include specific
nomena are best developed a posteriori using mathematical
guidelines for sampling atmospheric deposition including
and statistical models (6).
acidic deposition.
6.2.2 When developing regional area guidelines, distance
criteria should reflect the thresholds where any characteristics
5. Summary of Guide
of a local area become indistinguishable from those of other
5.1 The guide assists the user in establishing siting guide-
local areas and are instead typical of the area that will be
lines and in choosing sampling frequencies and sampling
declared a region.
devices for atmospheric deposition monitoring. Special con-
6.2.3 Population centers of greater than 10 000 should be at
siderations for the monitoring of specific types of atmospheric
least 10 km from the sampling device. This distance should be
deposition are discussed.
increased dramatically if the sampling device is located down-
5.2 Aworksheet is provided to assist the user in document-
wind of the center in the prevailing wind direction.
ing the final siting criteria and sampling strategy chosen—see
6.2.4 All industrial and natural sources of emissions greater
Appendix X1.
than 10 000 tons per annum of each analyte of interest should
5.3 The guide references site selection and sampling docu-
be at least 10 km from the sampling device. This distance
mentsofsomeofthecurrentlyoperatingdepositionmonitoring
should be increased dramatically if the sampling device is
networks in North America (Appendix X2).
located downwind of the source in the prevailing wind direc-
tion.
6. Sampling Locations
6.2.5 Complexterrainshouldbeavoidedunlessitsinfluence
6.1 General Requirements:
is necessary to meet the specific goal of the monitoring effort.
6.1.1 General requirements for choosing atmospheric depo-
6.3 Local Area Guidelines:
sition sampling locations follow Practice D 1357. This guide
should be used in conjunction with that document.
6.1.2 A standardized site description questionnaire should
be developed and completed during the site selection process. Boldface numbers in parentheses refer to references at the end of this guide.
D5111–99
6.3.1 The local area surrounding a monitoring site should twice the height of the object (2:1). This will ensure that no
describe a small geographic area where land use, topography object or structure will project onto the sampling device with
and meteorology are common and representative of the re- an angle greater than 30° from the horizontal.
gional area. No single emission source should dominate the air 6.4.3 With the exception of wind shields, objects with
quality at the site except as it typifies the common emission
sufficient mass to deflect the wind or otherwise change the
characteristicsoftheregionalarea.Idealsiteswillbelocatedin aerodynamic properties of the sampling device should be
areas where land use practices are not expected to change over
located no closer than 2 m from the sampling device.
the course of the monitoring effort.
NOTE 2—Wind shields are considered to be an integral part of the
6.3.2 Emission source amounts, their frequency and inten-
sampling device in this guide.
sity, and meteorological diversity will dominate the actual
6.4.4 Residential structures should be outside of a 30° cone
influence of each guideline on samples collected in any
of the prevailing wind direction.
monitoring program. Because of this, local area guidelines are
6.4.5 Sampling devices should be oriented towards the
typically the portion of a site selection plan that is not met. A
annualaveragedprevailingwind.Intheabsenceofsitespecific
relaxationoftheguidelinescanbetoleratedwhentheimpactof
wind direction information projects should standardize the
non-compliance on program objectives can be quantified.
orientation of the device to one direction.
6.3.3 Monitoring sites should be located away from popu-
6.4.6 Seasonal vegetation should be maintained at a level
lation centers. A recommended distance is 1 km per 1000
persons. that is at least 1 meter below the orifice of the sampling device
to a distance that defines one-half of the monitoring site.
6.3.4 Intensive agricultural and waste treatment activities
should be more than 500 meters from the sampling device. 6.4.7 Grazing animals and the cultivation of agricultural
Dairy operations, crop cultivation, especially in areas where crops should not be permitted within the monitoring site.
chemical applications are used and solid waste and wastewater
6.4.8 All activities not directly related to sampling should
treatment facilities are of particular concern. be discouraged within the monitoring site.
6.3.5 Transportation related sources of emissions should be
6.4.9 Snow—The sampling device should be located in a
no closer than 100 meters from the sampling device. Parking
settingthatisshelteredfromthewind.Locatingthemonitoring
lots, unpaved roadways and high volume vehicular, railroad
site within a forest clearing or installing a wind shield around
and airplane traffic are of particular concern. One hundred
the sampling device improves snow capture (8).
meters is a minimum acceptable distance cited by some of the
NOTE 3—Wind speeds in excess of 1 m/sec significantly reduce the
existing atmospheric monitoring networks (See X2.3-X2.5).
efficiency of snow sampling devices (8). Light, dry snows are the most
The distance should be increased in proportion to increases in
difficult to sample. Reducing or eliminating the wind around the sampling
traffic volume and diversity. One kilometer is considered
device by either shielding the device or locating the device below the
adequate under most conditions.
vegetation canopy improves snow capture and eliminates re-entrainment
of already collected samples.
6.3.6 The open or surface storage of agricultural or indus-
trial products should be kept at least 100 m from the sampling
6.4.10 Dry—For methods utilizing towers in the estimation
device. Examples of these products would include salt and
of atmospheric fluxes (9.2.3), the tower heights should be
sand piles, fuels and chemicals.
standardized and be at least 5 meters above the surface of
6.3.7 Dry—For methods employing the estimation or use of
interest(forexample,forestcanopyandagriculturalcrops).For
atmospheric fluxes (see 9.2.3 and 9.2.9), the surface micro-
measurements over bare ground this distance may need to be
meteorology and surface composition should be as uniform as
doubled.
possible within 500 m of the sampling device.
6.4.11 Dry—Methods utilizing micro-meteorological mea-
NOTE 1—The success of tower based eddy correlation techniques and surements in the estimation of atmospheric deposition require
many other dry deposition techniques utilizing deposition velocity esti-
stricter slope requirements of 5 % and stricter projection
mates,aredependentupontheuniformityoftheupwindsurfaceroughness
requirements of 5:1, see 6.4.1 and 6.4.2.
and wetness. If the upwind micro-meteorology and surface characteristics
enhance the turbulent mixing of the parameter of interest as it approaches
7. General Sampling Requirements
the point sampling then the distance requirements for fetch can sometimes
be relaxed. If on the other hand deposition ra
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