ASTM D6074-15
(Guide)Standard Guide for Characterizing Hydrocarbon Lubricant Base Oils
Standard Guide for Characterizing Hydrocarbon Lubricant Base Oils
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Refinery and re-refinery feedstock and the processes to which the feed is subject determine the composition of the base stock produced. Once produced, other potential sources of variation include storage, transportation and blending. It follows that lubricating base oils will be of variable chemical composition. For this reason, characterization criteria for hydrocarbon lubricant base oils are frequently chosen from properties such as those listed in Table 1 and/or Table 2. If specification limits are established, they are usually related to the intended use of the base oil.
4.2 The consistent performance of hydrocarbon lubricant base oils is a critical factor in a wide variety of applications such as engine oils, industrial lubricants, and metalworking fluids. In addition, in many of these applications humans are exposed to the base oils as a component of a formulated product such that health or safety considerations may need to be addressed. This guide suggests a compilation of properties and potential contaminants that are understood by those knowledgeable in the manufacture and use of hydrocarbon lubricants to be significant in some or all applications. A discussion of each of the suggested properties and potential contaminants is provided in Appendix X2, with each listed alphabetically within four categories.
4.3 The test methods, base oil properties, and potential contaminants suggested are those that would likely be useful in many common situations, although it is recognized that there are specific applications and situations that could have different requirements. Performance testing related to a specific application may serve as the basis for acceptability.
4.4 Issues such as frequency of testing and the specifics of how the test results are to be applied are not addressed in detail. It is the responsibility of the buyer and seller to determine and agree upon the implementation of this guide. This guide serves as a basis for that discussion.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide suggests physical, chemical, and toxicological test methods for characterizing hydrocarbon lubricant base oils derived from various refining processes including re-refining used oils and refining crude oil. This guide does not contain limits nor does it purport to cover all tests which could be employed; rather, it represents the first step in better describing important parameters of lubricant base oils affecting lubricant performance and safe handling. Tests have been identified to characterize the composition and performance of base oils in addition to verifying their consistency. Undesirable components have also been identified with a range of typical levels. These are not limits. It is the responsibility of the buyer and seller to determine and agree upon the implementation of this guide.
1.2 This guide applies only to base oils and not to finished lubricants.
1.3 Base oils containing detectable levels of esters, animal fats, vegetable oils, or other materials used as, or blended into, lubricants are not covered by this guide.
1.4 This guide is relevant to base oils composed of hydrocarbons and intended for use in formulating products including automotive and industrial lubricants. Although not intended to cover all base oil viscosity grades, this guide does cover the majority of viscosities that would be used in both automotive and industrial oil formulations. These base oils would typically have a viscosity of approximately 2 mm2/s to 40 mm2/s (cSt) at 100 °C (50 SUS to 3740 SUS at 100 °F).
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D6074 − 15
Standard Guide for
1
Characterizing Hydrocarbon Lubricant Base Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6074; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This guide suggests physical, chemical, and toxicologi- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
cal test methods for characterizing hydrocarbon lubricant base D91 Test Method for Precipitation Number of Lubricating
oils derived from various refining processes including re- Oils
refining used oils and refining crude oil. This guide does not D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland
contain limits nor does it purport to cover all tests which could Open Cup Tester
be employed; rather, it represents the first step in better D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
describingimportantparametersoflubricantbaseoilsaffecting Closed Cup Tester
lubricant performance and safe handling. Tests have been D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
identified to characterize the composition and performance of D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
base oils in addition to verifying their consistency. Undesirable leum Products by Copper Strip Test
components have also been identified with a range of typical D189 Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petro-
levels. These are not limits. It is the responsibility of the buyer leum Products
and seller to determine and agree upon the implementation of D287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and
this guide. Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
D341 Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid
1.2 This guide applies only to base oils and not to finished
Petroleum Products
lubricants.
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
1.3 Base oils containing detectable levels of esters, animal
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
fats, vegetable oils, or other materials used as, or blended into,
ity)
lubricants are not covered by this guide.
D524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of
Petroleum Products
1.4 This guide is relevant to base oils composed of hydro-
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products
carbons and intended for use in formulating products including
automotive and industrial lubricants.Although not intended to by Potentiometric Titration
D974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-
cover all base oil viscosity grades, this guide does cover the
majority of viscosities that would be used in both automotive Indicator Titration
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
and industrial oil formulations.These base oils would typically
2 2
haveaviscosityofapproximately2 mm /sto40mm /s(cSt)at Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
ucts by Hydrometer Method
100 °C (50 SUS to 3740 SUS at 100 °F).
D1401 TestMethodforWaterSeparabilityofPetroleumOils
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
and Synthetic Fluids
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
D1500 Test Method forASTM Color of Petroleum Products
only.
(ASTM Color Scale)
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D2007 Test Method for Characteristic Groups in Rubber
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Extender and Processing Oils and Other Petroleum-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Derived Oils by the Clay-Gel Absorption Chromato-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
graphic Method
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D2161 Practice for Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity to
Saybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol Viscosity
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
2
mittee D02.P0 on Recycled Products. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 1, 2015. Published May 2015. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D6074 – 08. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D6074-15. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D6074 − 15
D2270 Practice for Calculating Viscosi
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6074 − 08 D6074 − 15
Standard Guide for
1
Characterizing Hydrocarbon Lubricant Base Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6074; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This guide was generated in response to a request from automobile manufacturers that ASTM
Committee D02 develop a standard for re-refined base oils. As the document evolved through the
consensus process, it was agreed that it would be appropriate to present this information as an
educational guide and to include base oils from various refining processes, including both re-refining
of used oils and refining of crude oils.
This guide represents the first step in better describing important parameters of lubricant base oils
affecting lubricant performance and safe handling. Tests have been identified to characterize the
composition and performance of base oils in addition to verifying their consistency. Undesirable
components have also been identified, with a range of typical levels. These are not limits.
This guide does not intend to cover all base oil viscosity grades. However, it does cover the majority
of viscosities that would be used in both automotive and industrial oil formulations.
1. Scope*
1.1 This guide suggests physical, chemical, and toxicological test methods for characterizing hydrocarbon lubricant base oils
derived from various refining processes including re-refining used oils and refining crude oil. This guide does not contain limits
nor does it purport to cover all tests which could be employed. employed; rather, it represents the first step in better describing
important parameters of lubricant base oils affecting lubricant performance and safe handling. Tests have been identified to
characterize the composition and performance of base oils in addition to verifying their consistency. Undesirable components have
also been identified with a range of typical levels. These are not limits. It is the responsibility of the buyer and seller to determine
and agree upon the implementation of this guide.
1.2 This guide applies only to base oils and not to finished lubricants.
1.3 Base oils containing detectable levels of esters, animal fats, vegetable oils, or other materials used as, or blended into,
lubricants are not covered by this guide.
1.4 This guide is relevant to base oils composed of hydrocarbons and intended for use in formulating products including
automotive and industrial lubricants. Although not intended to cover all base oil viscosity grades, this guide does cover the majority
of viscosities that would be used in both automotive and industrial oil formulations. These base oils would typically have a
2 2
viscosity of approximately 22 mm /s to 40 mm /s (cSt) at 100°C (50 to 3740 SUS at 100°F).100 °C (50 SUS to 3740 SUS at
100 °F).
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D91 Test Method for Precipitation Number of Lubricating Oils
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.P0 on Recycled Products.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2008April 1, 2015. Published November 2008May 2015. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20052008 as
D6074–99(2005).D6074 – 08. DOI: 10.1520/D6074-08.10.1520/D6074-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6074 − 15
D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Clev
...
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