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ASTM D4120-95

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver, and Top in Dynamic Tests

Standard Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver, and Top in Dynamic Tests

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1.1 This test method describes the measurement of fiber cohesion as the dynamic cohesive force required to maintain drafting in rovings, slivers or tops when they are subjected to stress induced by passing between pairs of drafting rolls of different surface speeds. The cohesive force is converted to cohesive tenacity based on the linear density of the material.
Note 1—For static tests refer to Test Method D 2612.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-1994
ICS
59.080.20 - Yarns
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D4120-01 - Standard Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver, and Top in Dynamic Tests
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001
Referred By
ASTM D4849-21 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
Effective Date
01-Jan-1995
Referred By
ASTM D2612-99(2018) - Standard Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Sliver and Top (Static Tests)
Effective Date
01-Jan-1995

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ASTM D4120-95 - Standard Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver, and Top in Dynamic TestsASTM D4120-95 - Standard Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver, and Top in Dynamic Tests
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ASTM D4120-95 - Standard Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver, and Top in Dynamic Tests
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 4120 – 95
Standard Test Method for
Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver, and Top in Dynamic Tests
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4120; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method describes the measurement of fiber 3.1 Definitions:
cohesion as the dynamic cohesive force required to maintain 3.1.1 fiber cohesion, n—in textiles, the interaction between
drafting in rovings, slivers or tops when they are subjected to two or more fibers due to the combined effects of the surface
stress induced by passing between pairs of drafting rolls of characteristics, length, crimp, finish, and linear density of the
different surface speeds. The cohesive force is converted to fibers. (Syn. cling, drag)
cohesive tenacity based on the linear density of the material. 3.1.1.1 Discussion—Cohesive interaction should not be
confused with adhesion or sticking together as with a glutinous
NOTE 1—For static tests refer to Test Method D 2612.
substance.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.2 cohesive force, n—in a textile strand, the force re-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
quired to overcome fiber cohesion as the strand is being
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
reduced in linear density.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In dynamic tests, cohesive force is the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
force required to maintain drafting in a roving, sliver, or top. In
static tests, cohesive force is measured while a test specimen is
2. Referenced Documents
held in fixed position between two slowly separating clamps.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.3 roving, n—a loose assemblage of fibers drawn or
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
rubbed into a single strand, with very little twist. In spun yarn
D 519 Test Method for Length of Fiber in Wool Top
systems, the product of the stage, or stages, just prior to
D 1440 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of
spinning.
Cotton Fibers (Array Method)
3.1.4 sliver, n—a continuous strand of loosely assembled
D 1447 Test Method for Length and Length Uniformity of
fibers that is approximately uniform in cross-sectional area and
Cotton Fibers by Fibrograph Measurement
without twist.
D 1575 Test Method for Fiber Length of Wool in Scoured
3.1.5 tenacity, n—in a tensile test, the force exerted on the
Wool and in Card Sliver
specimen based on the linear density of the unstrained speci-
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
men.
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
3.1.5.1 Discussion—In this method, tenacity is a drafting
D 2612 Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Sliver and Top in
tenacity, the stress required to slide or pull fibers apart without
Static Tests
drawing or stretching them.
D 3333 Practice for Sampling Man-Made Staple Fibers,
3.1.6 top, n—(1) worsted process—a sliver in which the
Sliver, or Tow for Testing
fibers have been parallelized, and usually combed; (2) man-
D 3660 Test Method for Staple Length of Man-Made Fi-
made fibers or tow to top process—a sliver obtained by
bers, Average and Distribution (Fiber Array Method)
drafting, along with breaking or cutting a multifilament tow.
D 3661 Test Method for Staple Length of Man-Made Fi-
(See also wool top.)
bers, Average and Distribution (Single-Fiber Length Ma-
3.1.7 For definitions of terms related to force and deforma-
chine Method)
tion in textiles refer to Terminology D 4848. For definitions of
D 4848 Terminology Relating to Force and Deformation
other textile terms used in this test method refer to Terminol-
Properties of Textiles
ogy D 123.
4. Summary of Test Method
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
4.1 This test method provides an indication of the ability of
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarn and Fiber Test
Methods. fibers to hold together by measuring the force required to slide
Current edition approved May 15, 1995. Published July 1995. Originally
fibers in a direction parallel to their length. Specific lengths of
published as D 4120 – 82. Last previous edition D 4120 – 93.
roving, sliver, or top are drafted between two pairs of rollers,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
with each pair moving at a different peripheral speed. The draft
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 4120
forces are recorded. Test specimens are then weighed and the 6. Apparatus and Materials
linear density calculated. Drafting tenacity, calculated as the 4
6.1 Cohesion Meter , with rollers and controls for varying
draft resisting force per unit linear density, is considered to be
drafts and rates of drafting.
a measure of the dynamic fiber cohesion. 4
6.2 Tensiometer , with accessory equipment including
measuring heads, integrator, (or computer or programmable
5. Significance and Use
calculator), and recorder for sensing, accumulating, and re-
cording drafting forces.
5.1 Test Method D 4120 for the determination of cohesion
6.3 Calibration Mass, 1 kg, NBS Class T.
in sliver, roving, or top in dynamic tests may be used for the
6.4 Tachometer, capable of measuring roll surface speed to
acceptance testing of commercial shipments but caution is
within 0.1 m/min.
advised since information on between-laboratory precision is
6.5 Balance, with sufficient capacity and sensitivity to
lacking. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advis-
weigh specimens to within 0.1 % of specimen mass.
able.
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
7. Sampling
reported test results when using Test Method D 4120 for
7.1 Lot Sampling—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and
take at random the number of shipping containers directed in
the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
the applicable material specification or other agreement be-
there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
tween the purchaser and supplier, such as an agreement to use
statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
Practice D 3333 or Practice D 2258. Consider shipping con-
bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test tainers to be the primary sampling units.
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which
NOTE 2—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
purchaser or supplier requires taking into account the variability between
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers
shipping units, between packages, ends or other laboratory sampling unit
within a shipping unit if applicable, and within specimens from a single
to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
package, end or other laboratory sampling unit to provide a sampling plan
laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test and an
with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality
acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before
level, and limiting quantity level.
the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be
7.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for ac-
found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must
ceptance testing, take at random from each shipping container
agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known
in the lot sample the number of laboratory sampling units as
bias.
directed in an applicable material specification or other agree-
5.2 The cohesive forces overcome in continuous drafting of
ment between purchaser and supplier such as an agreement to
slivers, rovings, or tops are aff
...

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5.1 Test Method D6612 for yarn number and yarn number variability is satisfactory for acceptance of commercial shipments and is used in the trade.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for each comparative tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that results in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established tests values are used for this purpose. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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5.2 Test Method D6612 also is used for the quality control of filament yarns.  
5.3 Indices of Variability:  
5.3.1 Coefficient of Variation—%CV is a standard statistical calculation and is the most common index of yarn unevenness. For most textile applications in the 80 to 330 dtex (70 to 300 denier) range, a 1.0 to 1.3 %CV is adequate. %CV of yarns coarser than 666 dtex (600 denier) is not routine and usually not meaningful. %CV is less discriminating that %DS.  
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1.2 Yarn number variability properties include percent density spread (%DS), coefficient of variation (%CV), density frequency variation.  
Note 1: For determination of yarn number by use of reel and balance, refer to Test Method D1907. For another method of measuring variability (unevenness) in yarn, refer to Test Method D1425.  
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5.3 The twist in a yarn before it is packaged may be different from that of the yarn after it has been withdrawn from the package because of changes in tension and the effect of the method of withdrawal. If the yarn is withdrawn over-end, a slight increase or decrease in twist will take place, depending upon the direction of the twist in the yarn, the direction of winding on the package, and the length of the wrap on the package.  
5.4 When a yarn is incorporated into or removed from a more complex structure, alterations may occur as a result of ...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount and direction of twist at the completion of any stage of twisting in single (spun or filament), plied, cabled, or novelty (exclusive of long-term repeat patterns) yarns. The procedures are designed primarily for yarns in packages, but, with special precautions, they are applicable to yarns taken from fabrics. The procedure for spun yarn in 9.2 is also applicable to rovings.  
1.2 For plied yarns, this test method covers the determination of the twist of the plied yarns and the twist of the single yarn before plying. For cabled yarns, the test method covers the determination of the cable or hawser twist; the twist of the plied yarn after plying, but prior to the last twisting operation; and the twist of the single yarn before plying. Procedures are also included for the determination of the twists of the single and plied yarn components as they lie in the final structure. Also, directions are included for the determination of twist in plied yarn made with direct cabling technology.  
1.3 This test method is not intended for yarns that extend more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. Following the procedures of this test method for such yarns would be independent of the bias and precision determined for this test method. The report from such testing should include the tension used for this testing.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: For a more rapid but less accurate method of determining twist in single spun yarns, refer to Test Method D1422.
Note 2: This test method has been evaluated for use in de...

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ASTM
ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.  
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.  
5.2.2 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define sampling and testing frequency based on the following: process capability or capability analysis, historical trends, level of detection rate required, confidence level requirements, known variations or special causes, or both. Every attempt to ensure conforming product is being produced, identify potential nonconforming product or proper isolation and identification, will be carried out by the manufacturer.  
5.2.3 Sampling count and number of specimens will be based on standard practice listed within the document. Increase or decrease in count or frequency might be applied based on typical standard deviation, precision and confidence level, Measurement System...
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1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.  
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.  
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...

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ASTM D2256/D2256M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the Single-Strand Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—Option A1 of Test Method D2256 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. However, this statement is not applicable to knot and loop breaking force tests, tests on wet specimens, tests on oven-dried specimens, or tests on specimens exposed to low or high temperatures and should be used with caution for acceptance testing because factual information on between-laboratory precision and bias is not available.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Fundamental Properties—The breaking tenacity, calculated from the breaking force and the linear density, and the elongation are fundamental properties that are widely used to establish limitations on yarn processing or conversion and on their end-use applications. Initial modulus is a measure of the resistance of the yarn to extension at forces below the yield point. The chord modulus is used to estimate the resistance to imposed strain. The breaking toughness is a measure of the work necessary to break the yarn.  
5.3 Comparison to Skein Testing—The single-strand method gives a more a...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile properties of monofilament, multifilament, and spun yarns, either single, plied, or cabled with the exception of yarns that stretch more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 0.05 to 1.0 cN/tex [0.5 to 1.0 gf/tex].  
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of breaking force and elongation of yarns and includes directions for the calculation of breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chord modulus, and breaking toughness.  
1.2.1 Options are included for the testing of specimens in: (A) straight, (B) knotted, and (C) looped form.  
1.2.2 Conditions of test are included for the testing of specimens that are: (1) conditioned air, (2) wet, not immersed, (3) wet, immersed, (4) oven-dried, (5) exposed to elevated temperature, or (6) exposed to low temperature.  
Note 1: Special methods for testing yarns made from specific fibers; namely, glass, flax, hemp, ramie, and kraft paper and for specific products; namely, tire cords and rope, have been published: Test Methods D885, and Specification D578.
Note 2: For directions covering the determination of breaking force of yarn by the skein method refer to Test Method D1578.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization estab...

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