ASTM E1416-23
(Practice)Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Weldments
Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Weldments
ABSTRACT
This test method covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this test method are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds. It applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a television monitor for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer. Unless otherwise specified by the applicable job order or contract, radioscopic examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure which includes: material and thickness range to be examined; equipment to be used, including specifications of source parameters and imaging equipment parameters; examination geometry, including source-to-object distance, object-to-detector-distance and orientation; image quality indicator designation and placement; test-object scan plan, indicating the range of motions and manipulation speeds through which the test object shall be manipulated in order to ensure satisfactory results; image-processing parameters; image-display parameters; and image storage.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds.
1.2 This practice applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a display screen (monitor) for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer.
1.3 The radioscopic extent, the quality level, and the acceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract, purchase order, product specification, or drawings.
1.4 This practice can be used for the detection of discontinuities. This practice also facilitates the examination of a weld from several directions, such as perpendicular to the weld surface and along both weld bevel angles. The radioscopic techniques described in this practice provide adequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for special applications, specific techniques using more stringent requirements may be needed to provide additional detection capability. The use of specific radioscopic techniques shall be agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 31-Jan-2023
- Technical Committee
- E07 - Nondestructive Testing
- Drafting Committee
- E07.01 - Radiography (X and Gamma) Method
Relations
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2018
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2018
- Effective Date
- 01-Jan-2018
- Effective Date
- 15-Jun-2017
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2017
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2016
- Effective Date
- 01-Aug-2016
- Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2016
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2016
Overview
ASTM E1416-23 is a standard practice developed by ASTM International for radioscopic examination of weldments. Radioscopic examination is a non-destructive testing (NDT) technique utilizing X-rays or gamma rays to generate real-time images of welded joints. This standard provides a uniform procedure to ensure consistent quality of radioscopic images presented on a display monitor for operator evaluation. While it sets requirements for image quality, it does not determine the acceptability of welds or apply to fully automated, computer-evaluated systems.
Radioscopic examination is critical in verifying the integrity of welds, enabling detection of internal discontinuities and imperfections. Adhering to ASTM E1416-23 helps ensure reliable, repeatable, and safety-focused inspections across a range of industries.
Keywords: radioscopic examination, weldments, ASTM E1416, nondestructive testing, image quality, X-ray, gamma ray
Key Topics
Scope and Applicability
- Covers manual or semi-automated radioscopic systems displaying images on television monitors.
- Excludes fully automated, computer-only evaluation systems.
- Intended for the detection of weld discontinuities but not to set weld acceptability criteria.
Procedural Requirements
- Inspections must follow a written procedure detailing equipment, material thicknesses, source parameters, imaging settings, examination geometry, scan plans, and image storage.
- Image quality indicators (IQIs) are required to demonstrate system sensitivity and capability.
System Qualification & Performance
- Emphasizes initial and periodic qualification of radioscopic systems.
- System performance must be validated using test objects or reference calibration blocks simulating actual welds.
- Routine use of IQIs, calibration blocks, and resolution test patterns such as line pair step wedges to assess unsharpness and contrast sensitivity.
Personnel and Agency Qualifications
- Radiographic operators should be qualified according to recognized national/international standards (e.g., ANSI/ASNT CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS 410, ISO 9712).
- NDT agencies must meet applicable agency qualification requirements.
Safety and Compliance
- Users must comply with all local, state, and federal safety regulations.
- Specific precautionary statements are outlined for safe handling of radiation-producing equipment.
Applications
Radioscopic examination as specified in ASTM E1416-23 is widely applied in industries requiring high confidence in welded joints, including:
- Aerospace: Ensures airframe and component weld quality without destructive testing.
- Manufacturing and Fabrication: Monitors weld consistency in pressure vessels, piping, and structural assemblies.
- Oil & Gas and Power Generation: Detects internal discontinuities in process piping, tanks, and boilers.
- Construction: Verifies weldment quality in structural steel and critical infrastructure.
The ability to view welds in real-time and record images for review supports efficient quality control and comprehensive traceability.
Related Standards
Several standards are referenced and often used in conjunction with ASTM E1416-23 to ensure comprehensive practice in radioscopic and radiographic examination of weldments:
- ASTM E94: Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film
- ASTM E543: Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
- ASTM E747 & E1025: Practices for Image Quality Indicators (IQIs)
- ASTM E1000 & E1255: Guides for Radioscopy and Radioscopic System Components
- ASTM E1316: Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
- ASTM E1411: Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
- ASTM E1453 & E1475: Guides for Data Storage and Transfer
- ASTM E1647, E1742, E2002, E2033, E2698: Methods for Image Quality Measurement, Radiographic Techniques, and Digital Detector Arrays
International and Personnel Qualification Standards:
- ASNT SNT-TC-1A, ANSI/ASNT CP-189, NAS 410: Personnel Qualification and Certification in NDT
- ISO 9712: Qualification of NDT Personnel
Practical Value
Implementing ASTM E1416-23 helps organizations achieve:
- Consistent, documented radioscopic inspection processes for weldments.
- Enhanced detection of internal weld defects.
- Increased confidence in welded structures' safety and performance.
- Compliance with contractual and regulatory NDT requirements.
Following this practice supports efficient, high-quality, and safe inspection regimes in critical industries worldwide.
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM E1416-23 is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Weldments". This standard covers: ABSTRACT This test method covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this test method are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds. It applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a television monitor for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer. Unless otherwise specified by the applicable job order or contract, radioscopic examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure which includes: material and thickness range to be examined; equipment to be used, including specifications of source parameters and imaging equipment parameters; examination geometry, including source-to-object distance, object-to-detector-distance and orientation; image quality indicator designation and placement; test-object scan plan, indicating the range of motions and manipulation speeds through which the test object shall be manipulated in order to ensure satisfactory results; image-processing parameters; image-display parameters; and image storage. SCOPE 1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds. 1.2 This practice applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a display screen (monitor) for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer. 1.3 The radioscopic extent, the quality level, and the acceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract, purchase order, product specification, or drawings. 1.4 This practice can be used for the detection of discontinuities. This practice also facilitates the examination of a weld from several directions, such as perpendicular to the weld surface and along both weld bevel angles. The radioscopic techniques described in this practice provide adequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for special applications, specific techniques using more stringent requirements may be needed to provide additional detection capability. The use of specific radioscopic techniques shall be agreed upon between purchaser and supplier. 1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ABSTRACT This test method covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this test method are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds. It applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a television monitor for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer. Unless otherwise specified by the applicable job order or contract, radioscopic examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure which includes: material and thickness range to be examined; equipment to be used, including specifications of source parameters and imaging equipment parameters; examination geometry, including source-to-object distance, object-to-detector-distance and orientation; image quality indicator designation and placement; test-object scan plan, indicating the range of motions and manipulation speeds through which the test object shall be manipulated in order to ensure satisfactory results; image-processing parameters; image-display parameters; and image storage. SCOPE 1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds. 1.2 This practice applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a display screen (monitor) for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer. 1.3 The radioscopic extent, the quality level, and the acceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract, purchase order, product specification, or drawings. 1.4 This practice can be used for the detection of discontinuities. This practice also facilitates the examination of a weld from several directions, such as perpendicular to the weld surface and along both weld bevel angles. The radioscopic techniques described in this practice provide adequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for special applications, specific techniques using more stringent requirements may be needed to provide additional detection capability. The use of specific radioscopic techniques shall be agreed upon between purchaser and supplier. 1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM E1416-23 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 25.160.40 - Welded joints and welds. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM E1416-23 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM E1316-24, ASTM E1411-23, ASTM E1255-23, ASTM E1316-19b, ASTM E1316-19, ASTM E1032-19, ASTM E2698-18, ASTM E1025-18, ASTM E1316-18, ASTM E1316-17a, ASTM E1316-17, ASTM E1000-16, ASTM E1316-16a, ASTM E1411-16, ASTM E1316-16. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM E1416-23 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1416 − 23
Standard Practice for
Radioscopic Examination of Weldments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1416; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radio-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
scopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
this practice are intended to control the quality of the radio-
scopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability
2. Referenced Documents
or quality of welds.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 This practice applies only to the use of equipment for
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial
radioscopic examination in which the image is finally pre-
Radiographic Film
sented on a display screen (monitor) for operator evaluation.
The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automati- Testing
cally performed by computer.
E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Group-
ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
1.3 The radioscopic extent, the quality level, and the accep-
Used for Radiology
tance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract,
E1000 Guide for Radioscopy
purchase order, product specification, or drawings.
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
1.4 This practice can be used for the detection of disconti-
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
nuities. This practice also facilitates the examination of a weld
dicators (IQI) Used for Radiography
from several directions, such as perpendicular to the weld
E1032 Practice for Radiographic Examination of Weldments
surface and along both weld bevel angles. The radioscopic
Using Industrial X-Ray Film
techniques described in this practice provide adequate assur-
E1255 Practice for Radioscopy
ance for defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
special applications, specific techniques using more stringent
E1411 Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
requirements may be needed to provide additional detection
E1453 Guide for Storage of Magnetic Tape Media that
capability. The use of specific radioscopic techniques shall be
Contains Analog or Digital Radioscopic Data
agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.
E1475 Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
Digital Radiological Examination Data
regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are
E1647 Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Ra-
for information only.
diology
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E1742 Practice for Radiographic Examination
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E2002 Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
E2033 Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Com-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
puted Radiography (Photostimulable Luminescence
Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.
Method)
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
E2698 Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Digital
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Detector Arrays
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2023. Published February 2023. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as E1416 – 16a. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E1416-23. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1416 − 23
2.2 Other Standard: 4.6 Collimation—Selection of appropriate collimation is
SMPTE RP 133 Specifications for Medical Diagnostic Im- dependent upon the geometry of the object being examined. It
aging Test Pattern for Television Monitors and Hard-Copy is generally useful to select collimation to limit the primary
Recording Cameras radiation beam to the weld and the immediately adjacent base
material in order to improve radioscopic image quality.
3. Terminology
4.7 Filters and Masking—Filters and masking may be used
3.1 Definitions:
to improve image quality from contrast reductions caused by
3.1.1 Definitions of terms applicable to this practice may be
low-energy scattered radiation. Guidance on the use of filters
found in Terminology E1316.
and masking can be found in Guide E94.
4.8 Image Quality Indicators (IQI)—Unless otherwise
4. Apparatus
specified by the applicable job order or contract, image quality
4.1 Success of the radioscopic process depends on the
indicators shall comply with the design and identification
overall system configuration and the selection of appropriate
requirements specified in Practices E747, E1025, E1647,
subsystem components. Guidance on the selection of sub-
E1742, or E2002.
system components and the overall system configuration is
4.9 Shims, Separate Blocks, or Like Sections—Shims, sepa-
provided in Guide E1000 and Practice E1255. Guidance on the
rate blocks, or like sections made of the same or radioscopi-
initial qualification and periodic re-qualification of the radio-
cally similar materials (as defined in Practice E1025) may be
scopic system is provided in Practice E1411. The suitability of
used to facilitate image quality indicator positioning as de-
the radioscopic system shall be demonstrated by attainment of
scribed in 9.10.3. The like section should be geometrically
the required image quality and compliance with all other
similar to the object being examined.
requirements stipulated herein; unless otherwise specified by
4.10 Location and Identification Markers—Lead numbers
the cognizant engineering organization, the default image
and letters should be used to designate the part number and
quality level shall be 2-2T.
location number. The size and thickness of the markers shall
4.2 Radiation Source (X-ray or Gamma-ray)—Selection of
depend on the ability of the radioscopic technique to discern
the appropriate source is dependent upon variables regarding
the markers on the images. As a general rule, markers from
the weld being examined, such as material composition and
0.06 to 0.12 in. (1.5 to 3 mm) thick will suffice for most low
thickness. The suitability of the source shall be demonstrated
energy (less than 1 MeV) X-ray and iridium radioscopy. For
by attainment of the required image quality and compliance
higher energy (greater than 1 MeV and cobalt ) radioscopy, it
with all other requirements stipulated herein. Guidance on the
may be necessary to use markers that are thicker (0.12 in. (3
selection of the radiation source may be found in Guide E1000
mm) thick or more). In cases where the system being used
and Practice E1255.
provides a display of object position within the image, this
4.3 Manipulation System—Selection of the appropriate ma-
shall be acceptable as identification of object location. In case
nipulation system (where applicable) is dependent upon vari-
of digital storage of the images, digital markers and annota-
ables such as the size and orientation of the object being
tions in the image may be used if they are stored permanently
examined and the range of motions, speed of manipulation, and
with the image.
smoothness of motion. The suitability of the manipulation
system shall be demonstrated by attainment of the required
5. Materials
image quality and compliance with all other requirements
5.1 Recording Media—Recording media for storage of im-
stipulated herein. Guidance on the selection of the manipula-
ages shall be in a format agreed by the purchaser and supplier.
tion system may be found in Practice E1255.
This may include either analog or digital media.
4.4 Imaging System—Selection of the appropriate imaging
system is dependent upon variables such as the size of the
6. Basis of Application
object being examined and the energy and intensity of the
6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-
radiation used for the examination. The suitability of the
ment between the parties using or referencing this practice.
imaging system shall be demonstrated by attainment of the
6.2 Personnel Qualification:
required image quality and compliance with all other require-
6.2.1 If specified in the contractual agreement, personnel
ments stipulated herein. Guidance on the selection of an
performing examinations to this practice shall be qualified in
imaging system may be found in Guide E1000 and Practice
accordance with a nationally or internationally recognized
E1255.
NDT personnel qualification practice or standard and certified
4.5 Image Processing System—Where agreed between pur-
by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable. The
chaser and supplier, image processing systems may be used for
practice or standard used, and its applicable revision, shall be
noise reduction through image integration or averaging, con-
identified in the contractual agreement between the using
trast enhancement and other image processing operations.
parties.
6.3 Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Agencies—If
specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be
Available from The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
(SMPTE), www.smpte.org. qualified and evaluated as described in Specification E543. The
E1416 − 23
applicable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in 8.2 Radioscopic Coverage—Unless otherwise specified by
the contractual agreement. purchaser and supplier agreement, the extent of radioscopic
coverage shall include 100 % of the volume of the weld and the
6.4 Performance Measurement—The radioscopic system
adjacent base metal.
shall be qualified according to Practice E1411.
8.3 Examination Speed—For dynamic examination, the
6.4.1 Performance measurement intervals shall be accord-
speed of object motion relative to the radiation source and
ing to Practice E1411 unless otherwise specified.
detector shall be controlled to ensure that the required radio-
6.5 Time of Examination—The time of examination shall be
scopic quality level is achieved.
in accordance with 9.1 unless otherwise specified.
8.4 Radioscopic Image Quality—All images shall be free of
6.6 Procedures and Techniques—The procedures and tech-
artifacts that could mask or be confused with the image of any
niques to be utilized shall be as described in this practice unless
discontinuity in the area of interest. It may be possible to
otherwise specified. Specific techniques may be specified in the
prevent blemishes from masking discontinuities or being
contractual agreement.
confused with discontinuities by moving the object being
6.7 Extent of Examination—The extent of examination shall examined relative to the imaging device. If any doubt exists as
be in accordance with 8.3 unless otherwise specified.
to the true nature of an indication exhibited in the image, the
image shall be rejected and a new image of the area shall be
6.8 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance Criteria—Reporting cri-
made.
teria for the examination results shall be in accordance with
Section 10 unless otherwise specified. Acceptance criteria shall 8.5 Radioscopic Quality Level—Radioscopic quality level
be specified in the contractual agreement. shall be determined upon agreement between the purchaser and
supplier and shall be specified in the applicable job order or
6.9 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked Items—
contract. If no quality level is defined, 2-2T shall be the
Reexamination of repaired/reworked items is not addressed in
standard. Radioscopic quality shall be specified in terms of
this practice and if required shall be specified in the contractual
equivalent penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity and shall be measured
agreement.
using image quality indicators conforming to Practices E747,
E1025, or E1742. Additionally, for system unsharpness
7. Safety
measurement, the Practice E2002 duplex wire gauge shall be
7.1 Radioscopic procedures shall comply with applicable
used.
city, state, and federal safety regulations.
8.6 Acceptance Level—Accept and reject levels shall be
stipulated by the applicable contract, job order, drawing, or
8. Requirements
other purchaser and supplier agreement.
8.1 Procedure Requirement—Unless otherwise specified by
8.7 Image-Viewing Facilities—Viewing facilities shall pro-
the applicable job order or contract, radioscopic examination
vide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will not
shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure.
cause troublesome reflection, shadows, or glare on the image.
Specific requirements regarding the preparation and approval
The image display performance, size, and placement are
of the written procedures shall be as agreed by purchaser and
important radioscopic system considerations. A test pattern
supplier. The production procedure shall address all applicable
similar to SMPTE RP133 shall be used to qualify the display.
portions of this practice and shall be available for review
8.8 Storage of Images—When storage is required by the
during interpretation of the images. The written procedure shall
applicable job order or contract, the images should be stored in
include the following:
a format stipulated by the
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1416 − 16a E1416 − 23
Standard Practice for
Radioscopic Examination of Weldments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1416; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this practice
are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds.
1.2 This practice applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a
display screen (monitor) for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully
automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer.
1.3 The radioscopic extent, the quality level, and the acceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract, purchase
order, product specification, or drawings.
1.4 This practice can be used for the detection of discontinuities. This practice also facilitates the examination of a weld from
several directions, such as perpendicular to the weld surface and along both weld bevel angles. The radioscopic techniques
described in this practice provide adequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for special
applications, specific techniques using more stringent requirements may be needed to provide additional detection capability. The
use of specific radioscopic techniques shall be agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for
information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology (X and
Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2016Feb. 1, 2023. Published January 2017February 2023. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as
E1416 - 16.E1416 – 16a. DOI: 10.1520/E1416-16A.10.1520/E1416-23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
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E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for
Radiology
E1000 Guide for Radioscopy
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
Used for Radiography
E1032 Practice for Radiographic Examination of Weldments Using Industrial X-Ray Film
E1255 Practice for Radioscopy
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1411 Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
E1453 Guide for Storage of Magnetic Tape Media that Contains Analog or Digital Radioscopic Data
E1475 Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of Digital Radiological Examination Data
E1647 Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Radiology
E1742 Practice for Radiographic Examination
E2002 Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy
E2033 Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Computed Radiography (Photostimulable Luminescence Method)
E2698 Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays
2.2 ASNT Standards:
ASNT Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
ANSI/ASNT CP-189-ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
2.3 National Aerospace Standard:
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel
2.2 Other Standards:Standard:
ISO 9712 Non-Destructive Testing—Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel
SMPTE RP 133 Specifications for Medical Diagnostic Imaging Test Pattern for Television Monitors and Hard-Copy Recording
Cameras
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Definitions of terms applicable to this practice may be found in Terminology E1316.
4. Apparatus
4.1 Success of the radioscopic process depends on the overall system configuration and the selection of appropriate subsystem
components. Guidance on the selection of sub-system components and the overall system configuration is provided in Guide E1000
and Practice E1255. Guidance on the initial qualification and periodic re-qualification of the radioscopic system is provided in
Practice E1411. The suitability of the radioscopic system shall be demonstrated by attainment of the required image quality and
compliance with all other requirements stipulated herein; unless otherwise specified by the cognizant engineering organization, the
default image quality level shall be 2-2T.
4.2 Radiation Source (X-ray or Gamma-ray)—Selection of the appropriate source is dependent upon variables regarding the weld
being examined, such as material composition and thickness. The suitability of the source shall be demonstrated by attainment of
the required image quality and compliance with all other requirements stipulated herein. Guidance on the selection of the radiation
source may be found in Guide E1000 and Practice E1255.
4.3 Manipulation System—Selection of the appropriate manipulation system (where applicable) is dependent upon variables such
as the size and orientation of the object being examined and the range of motions, speed of manipulation, and smoothness of
motion. The suitability of the manipulation system shall be demonstrated by attainment of the required image quality and
compliance with all other requirements stipulated herein. Guidance on the selection of the manipulation system may be found in
Practice E1255.
4.4 Imaging System—Selection of the appropriate imaging system is dependent upon variables such as the size of the object being
examined and the energy and intensity of the radiation used for the examination. The suitability of the imaging system shall be
Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518.Society of Motion Picture
and Television Engineers (SMPTE), www.smpte.org.
Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
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demonstrated by attainment of the required image quality and compliance with all other requirements stipulated herein. Guidance
on the selection of an imaging system may be found in Guide E1000 and Practice E1255.
4.5 Image Processing System—Where agreed between purchaser and supplier, image processing systems may be used for noise
reduction through image integration or averaging, contrast enhancement and other image processing operations.
4.6 Collimation—Selection of appropriate collimation is dependent upon the geometry of the object being examined. It is
generally useful to select collimation to limit the primary radiation beam to the weld and the immediately adjacent base material
in order to improve radioscopic image quality.
4.7 Filters and Masking—Filters and masking may be used to improve image quality from contrast reductions caused by
low-energy scattered radiation. Guidance on the use of filters and masking can be found in Guide E94.
4.8 Image Quality Indicators (IQI)—Unless otherwise specified by the applicable job order or contract, image quality indicators
shall comply with the design and identification requirements specified in Practices E747, E1025, E1647, E1742, or E2002.
4.9 Shims, Separate Blocks, or Like Sections—Shims, separate blocks, or like sections made of the same or radioscopically similar
materials (as defined in Practice E1025) may be used to facilitate image quality indicator positioning as described in 9.10.3. The
like section should be geometrically similar to the object being examined.
4.10 Location and Identification Markers—Lead numbers and letters should be used to designate the part number and location
number. The size and thickness of the markers shall depend on the ability of the radioscopic technique to discern the markers on
the images. As a general rule, markers from 0.06 to 0.12 in. (1.5 to 3 mm) thick will suffice for most low energy (less than 1 MeV)
192 60
X-ray and iridium radioscopy. For higher energy (greater than 1 MeV and cobalt ) radioscopy, it may be necessary to use
markers that are thicker (0.12 in. (3 mm) thick or more). In cases where the system being used provides a display of object position
within the image, this shall be acceptable as identification of object location. In case of digital storage of the images, digital markers
and annotations in the image may be used if they are stored permanently with the image.
5. Materials
5.1 Recording Media—Recording media for storage of images shall be in a format agreed by the purchaser and supplier. This may
include either analog or digital media.
6. Basis of Application
6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the parties using or referencing this practice.
6.2 Personnel Qualification —NDT personnel shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally recognized NDT personnel
qualification practice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS 410, ISO 9712, or a similar document. The
practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall be specified in the contractual agreement between the using
parties.Personnel Qualification:
6.2.1 If specified in the contractual agreement, personnel performing examinations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance
with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard and certified by the employer or
certifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standard used, and its applicable revision, shall be identified in the contractual
agreement between the using parties.
6.3 Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Agencies—If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified
and evaluated as described in PracticeSpecification E543. The applicable edition of PracticeSpecification E543 shall be specified
in the contractual agreement.
6.4 Performance Measurement—Radioscopic examination system performance parameters must be determined initially and
monitored regularly to ensure consistent results. The best measure of total radioscopic examination system performance can be
made with the system in operation, using a test object similar to the test part under actual operating conditions. This indicates the
use of an actual or simulated test object or calibration block containing actual or simulated features that must be detected reliably.
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Such a calibration block will provide a reliable indication of the radioscopic examination system’s capabilities. Conventional wire
or plaque-type image quality indicators (IQIs) may be used in place of, or in addition to, the simulated test object or calibration
block. Performance measurement methods are subject to agreement between the purchaser and the supplier of radioscopic
examination services; if no special agreements are done the performance shall be measured in accordance with The radioscopic
system shall be qualified according to 6.3.2, 6.3.3, 6.3.4 or combinations thereof, or Practice E1411 or Appendix X1 of E1255.
6.3.1 Performance Measurement Intervals—System performance measurement techniques should be standardized so that
performance measurement tests may be duplicated readily at specified intervals. Radioscopic examination performance should be
evaluated at sufficiently frequent intervals, as may be agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier of radioscopic
examination services, in order to minimize the possibility of time-dependent performance variations.
6.4.1 Measurement with IQIs—System performance measurements using IQIs shall be in accordance with accepted industry
standards describing the use of IQIs. The IQIs should be placed on the radiation source side of the test object, as close as possible
to the regionPerformance measurement intervals shall be according to Practice E1411 of interest. The use of wire IQIs should also
take into account the fact that the radioscopic examination may exhibit asymmetrical sensitivity, in which case the wire diameter
axis shall be oriented along the system’s axis of least sensitivity. Selection of IQI thickness should be consistent with the test part
radiation path length.unless otherwise specified.
6.3.3 Measurement With a Calibration Block—The calibration block may be an actual test part with known features that are
representative of the range of features to be detected, or it may be fabricated to simulate the test object with a suitable range of
representative features. Alternatively, the calibration block may be a one-of-a-kind or few-of-a-kind reference test object
containing known imperfections that have been verified independently. Calibration blocks containing known, natural defects are
useful on a single-task basis, but they are not universally applicable. A duplicate manufactured calibration block should be used
where standardization among two or more radioscopic examination systems is required. The calibration blocks should approximate
the test object as closely as is practical, being made of the same material with similar dimensions and features in the radioscopic
examination region of interest. Manufactured calibration blocks shall include features at least as small as those that must be
detected reliably in the actual test object in locations where they are expected to occur. It is permissible to produce the calibration
block in sections where features are internal to the test object. Calibration block details are a matter of agreement between the
purchaser and the supplier of radioscopic examination services.
6.3.3.1 Use of a Calibration Block—The calibration block shall be placed in the radioscopic examination system in the same
position as the actual test object. The calibration block may be manipulated through the same range of motions as are available
for the actual test object so as to maximize the radioscopic examination system’s response to the simulated imperfections.
6.3.3.2 Radioscopic Examination Techniques—Techniques used for the calibration block shall be identical to those used for actual
examination of the test part. Technique parameters shall be listed and include, as a minimum, radiation beam energy, intensity, focal
spot size, enlargement, digital image processing parameters, manipulation scan plan, and scanning speed.
6.3.4 Use of Calibrated Line Pair Test Pattern and Step Wedge—A calibrated line pair test pattern and step wedge may be used,
if desired, to determine and track the radioscopic system performance in terms of unsharpness and contrast sensitivity. The line
pair test pattern is used without an additional absorber to evaluate system unsharpness (see Practices E1411 and E2002). The step
wedge is used to evaluate system contrast sensitivity (see Practice E1647).
6.3.4.1 The step wedge must be made of the same material as the test part, with steps representing 100, 99, 98, 97, and 96 % of
both the thickest and thinnest material sections to be examined. The thinner steps shall be adjacent to the 100 % thickness in order
to facilitate discerning the minimum visible thickness step. Other thickness steps are permissible upon agreement between the
purchaser and the supplier of radioscopic examination services.
6.3.4.2 The line pair test pattern and step wedge tests shall be conducted in a manner similar to the performance measurements
for the IQI or calibration block. It is permissible to adjust the X-ray energy and intensity to obtain a usable line pair test pattern
image brightness. In the case of a radioisotope or X-ray generating system in which the energy or intensity cannot be adjusted,
additional filtration may be added to reduce the brightness to a useful level. Contrast sensitivity shall be evaluated at the same
energy and intensity levels as are used for the radioscopic technique.
6.3.4.3 A system that exhibits a thin section contrast sensitivity of 3 %, a thick section contrast sensitivity of 2 %, and an
unsharpness of 3 line pairs/mm may be said to have a quality level of 3 % – 2 % – 3 lp ⁄mm. A conversion table from duplex wire
read out to lp/mm can be found in Practices E1411 or E1255.
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6.3.4.4 The line pair test pattern and step wedge may be used to make more frequent periodic system performance checks than
are required in 6.3.1. Resolution and contrast sensitivity checks must be correlated with IQI or calibration block performance
measureme
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