ASTM E175-82(1999)e1
(Terminology)Standard Terminology of Microscopy
Standard Terminology of Microscopy
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Designation:E175–82 (Reapproved 1999)
Standard Terminology of
Microscopy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
e NOTE—Keywords were added editorially March 2000.
Abbe condenser—see condenser, Abbe. aperture, effective—the diameter of the entrance pupil; it is
aberration—any error that results in image degradation. Such theapparentdiameterofthelimitingaperturemeasuredfrom
errors may be chromatic, spherical, astigmatic, comatic, the front.
distortion,orcurvatureoffield;andcanresultfromdesignor aplanatic—corrected for spherical aberration and coma.
execution, or both. apochromatic objective—a lens system whose secondary
achromatic—literally, color-free.Alens or prism is said to be chromatic aberrations have been substantially reduced. (See
achromatic when corrected for two colors. The remaining achromatic).
color seen in an image formed by such a lens is said to be axis, optical—thelineformedbythecoincidingprincipalaxes
secondary chromatic aberration. of a series of optical elements comprising an optical system.
achromatic objective—an objective that is corrected chro- It is the line passing through the centers of curvature of the
matically for two colors, and spherically for one, usually in optical surfaces.
the yellow-green part of the spectrum. axis, optic—the direction, or directions in an anisotropic
Airy disk—the image of a bright point object, as focused by a crystal along which light is not doubly refracted.
lens system. With monochromatic light, it consists of a balsam, Canada—aresinfromthebalsamfir Abies balsamea.
central point of maximum intensity surrounded by alternate Dissolved in xylene, toluene, or benzene it is used as a
circlesoflightanddarknesscausedbythereinforcementand mountant for permanent microscopical preparations. Its
interference of diffracted rays. The light areas are called refractive index may vary from 1.530 to 1.545 and its
maxima and the dark areas minima.The distribution of light softening point from room temperature to 100°C, these
from the center to the outer areas of the figure was properties varying with age and solvent content. If impure it
investigatedmathematicallybySirGeorgeAiry.Thediffrac- discolors with age.
tion disk forms a basis for determining the resolving power Bertrand lens—see lens, Bertrand.
of an ideal lens system. The diameter of the disk depends bisectrix, acute—in biaxial crystals, that principal axis of the
largely on the aperture of the lens. The diffraction of light ellipsoid of indexes which bisects the smaller angle between
causing theAiry disk is a factor limiting the resolution of a the optic axes.
well corrected optical system. bisectrix, obtuse—inbiaxialcrystals,thatprincipalaxisofthe
analyzer—an optical device, capable of producing plane ellipsoid of indexes which bisects the larger angle between
polarized light, used for detecting the state of polarization. the optic axes.
a˚ngström unit—a unit of linear measure named after A. J. calcite—a doubly refracting mineral used in the manufacture
−10
Ångström. It is 1 310 metres; 1 µm=10,000 Å. It is of polarizing prisms. It is uniaxial negative and in the
generally abbreviated asA. in the United States; elsewhere, trigonal diversion of the hexagonal system of crystals. Its
it is variously abbreviatedÅ , A., A.U., Å., or ÅU. indexes are e=1.486, v =1.658; its hardness is 3 on the
angular aperture—see aperture, angular. Mohr scale and specific gravity 2.711.
aperture, angular—theanglebetweenthemostdivergentrays Canada balsam—see balsam, Canada.
that can pass through a lens to form the image of an object. chromatic aberration—a defect in a lens or lens system as a
result of which the lens possesses different focal lengths for
radiation of different wavelengths.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-41on
collimation—the operation of controlling a beam of radiation
Laboratory Apparatus and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E41.01 on
so that if the light source were a point, the light rays would
Apparatus.
become parallel. The total bundle of rays diverge as the
Current edition approved March 3, 1982. Published May 1982. Originally
published as E 175–61 T. Last previous edition E 175–82(1995). source size increases.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E175–82 (1999)
coma—a lens aberration occurring in that part of the image micrurgy—theuseofamicromanipulatorincombinationwith
field that is some distance from the principal axis of the a microscope.
system. It results from different magnification in the various mirror, first or front surface—anopticalmirroronwhichthe
lens zones. Extra-axial object points appear as short comet- reflectingsurfaceisappliedtothefrontsurfaceofthemirror
likeimageswiththebrightersmallheadtowardthecenterof insteadoftotheback,thatis,tothefirstsurfaceofincidence.
the field (positive coma) or away from the center (negative moire patter—a pattern developed from interference or light
coma). blocking, when gratings, screens, or regularly spaced pat-
compensatin
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