iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM E1591-20

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models

Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended primarily for users and developers of mathematical fire growth models. It is also useful for people conducting fire tests, making them aware of some important applications and uses for small-scale fire test results. The guide thus contributes to increased accuracy in fire growth model calculations, which depend greatly on the quality of the input data.  
4.2 The emphasis of this guide is on ignition, pyrolysis and flame spread models for solid materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes data required as input for mathematical fire growth models.  
1.2 Guidelines are presented on how the data can be obtained.  
1.3 The emphasis in this guide is on ignition, pyrolysis and flame spread models for solid materials.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Mar-2020
ICS
13.220.01 - Protection against fire in general
Technical Committee
E05 - Fire Standards
Drafting Committee
E05.33 - Fire Safety Engineering
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM E537-20 - Standard Test Method for Thermal Stability of Chemicals by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Effective Date
01-Feb-2020
Refers
ASTM C835-06(2020) - Standard Test Method for Total Hemispherical Emittance of Surfaces up to 1400°C
Effective Date
01-Mar-2020
Referred By
ASTM E2280-21 - Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of Upholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health Care Facilities
Effective Date
01-Apr-2020
Referred By
ASTM E2061-23 - Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transportation Vehicles
Effective Date
01-Apr-2020
Referred By
ASTM E1355-23 - Standard Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire Models
Effective Date
01-Apr-2020
Referred By
ASTM D7309-21b - Standard Test Method for Determining Flammability Characteristics of Plastics and Other Solid Materials Using Microscale Combustion Calorimetry
Effective Date
01-Apr-2020

Buy Standard

ASTM E1591-20 - Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth ModelsASTM E1591-20 - Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models
PreviousNext
Guide
ASTM E1591-20 - Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models
English language
9 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview
REDLINE ASTM E1591-20 - Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth ModelsREDLINE ASTM E1591-20 - Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models
PreviousNext
Guide
REDLINE ASTM E1591-20 - Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models
English language
9 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1591 − 20 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
1
Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1591; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C1371Test Method for Determination of Emittance of
Materials Near Room Temperature Using Portable Emis-
1.1 This guide describes data required as input for math-
someters
ematical fire growth models.
D2395TestMethodsforDensityandSpecificGravity(Rela-
1.2 Guidelines are presented on how the data can be
tive Density) of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
obtained.
D3417Test Method for Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystalli-
1.3 The emphasis in this guide is on ignition, pyrolysis and zation of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
3
flame spread models for solid materials. (DSC) (Withdrawn 2004)
D5865Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Coke
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
D7309Test Method for Determining Flammability Charac-
standard.
teristics of Plastics and Other Solid Materials Using
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Microscale Combustion Calorimetry
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E176Terminology of Fire Standards
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E408Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Using Inspection-Meter Techniques
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E472Practice for Reporting Thermoanalytical Data (With-
1.6 Thisfirestandardcannotbeusedtoprovidequantitative
3
drawn 1995)
measures.
E537Test Method for Thermal Stability of Chemicals by
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
E793Test Method for Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystalliza-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
tion by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
E906Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Rates for Materials and Products Using a Thermopile
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Method
E967Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Differen-
2. Referenced Documents
tial Scanning Calorimeters and Differential ThermalAna-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
lyzers
C177Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
E968Practice for Heat Flow Calibration of Differential
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
Scanning Calorimeters
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
E1321Test Method for Determining Material Ignition and
C518Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission
Flame Spread Properties
Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
E1354Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release
C835Test Method for Total Hemispherical Emittance of Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-
Surfaces up to 1400°C
sumption Calorimeter
E1537Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni-
ture
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE05onFireStandards
E1623Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal
andisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE05.33onFireSafetyEngineering.
Parameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using an
Current edition approved April 1, 2020. Published May 2020. Originally
Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E1591–13. DOI:
10.1520/E1591-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1591 − 20
E2058Test Methods for Measurement of Material Flamma- 6.1.3.2 Cone Calorimeter (Test Method E1354), ICAL Ap-
bility Using a Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA) paratus (Test Method E1623), or the Fire Propagation Appa-
E2257Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and Ceiling ratus (Tes
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1591 − 13 E1591 − 20 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
1
Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1591; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide describes data required as input for mathematical fire growth models.
1.2 Guidelines are presented on how the data can be obtained.
1.3 The emphasis in this guide is on ignition, pyrolysis and flame spread models for solid materials.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the
Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
C518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
C835 Test Method for Total Hemispherical Emittance of Surfaces up to 1400°C
C1371 Test Method for Determination of Emittance of Materials Near Room Temperature Using Portable Emissometers
D2395 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
D3417 Test Method for Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
3
(Withdrawn 2004)
D5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke
D7309 Test Method for Determining Flammability Characteristics of Plastics and Other Solid Materials Using Microscale
Combustion Calorimetry
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
E408 Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces Using Inspection-Meter Techniques
3
E472 Practice for Reporting Thermoanalytical Data (Withdrawn 1995)
E537 Test Method for Thermal Stability of Chemicals by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
E793 Test Method for Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
E906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using a Thermopile Method
E967 Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Differential Scanning Calorimeters and Differential Thermal Analyzers
E968 Practice for Heat Flow Calibration of Differential Scanning Calorimeters
E1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition and Flame Spread Properties
E1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption
Calorimeter
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.33 on Fire Safety Engineering.
Current edition approved April 1, 2013April 1, 2020. Published May 2013May 2020. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20072013 as
E1591–07.–13. DOI: 10.1520/E1591-13.10.1520/E1591-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1591 − 20
E1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furniture
E1623 Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal Parameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using an
Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)
E2058 Test Methods for Measurement of Material Flammability Us
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM E1355-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire Models

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The process of model evaluation is critical to establishing both the acceptable uses and limitations of fire models. It is not possible to evaluate a model in total; instead, this guide is intended to provide a methodology for evaluating the predictive capabilities for a specific use. Validation for one application or scenario does not imply validation for different scenarios. Several alternatives are provided for performing the evaluation process including: comparison of predictions against standard fire tests, full-scale fire experiments, field experience, published literature, or previously evaluated models.  
5.2 The use of fire models currently extends beyond the fire research laboratory and into the engineering, fire service and legal communities. Sufficient evaluation of fire models is necessary to ensure that those using the models can judge the adequacy of the scientific and technical basis for the models, select models appropriate for a desired use, and understand the level of confidence which can be placed on the results predicted by the models. Adequate evaluation will help prevent the unintentional misuse of fire models.  
5.3 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with other guides under development by Committee E05. It is intended for use by:  
5.3.1 Model Developers—To document the usefulness of a particular calculation method perhaps for specific applications. Part of model development includes identification of precision and limits of applicability, and independent testing.  
5.3.2 Model Users—To assure themselves that they are using an appropriate model for an application and that it provides adequate accuracy.  
5.3.3 Developers of Model Performance Codes—To be sure that they are incorporating valid calculation procedures into codes.  
5.3.4 Approving Officials—To ensure that the results of calculations using mathematical models stating conformance to this guide, cited in a submission, show clearly that the model is used withi...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a methodology for evaluating the predictive capabilities of a fire model for a specific use. The intent is to cover the whole range of deterministic numerical models which might be used in evaluating the effects of fires in and on structures.  
1.2 The methodology is presented in terms of four areas of evaluation:  
1.2.1 Defining the model and scenarios for which the evaluation is to be conducted,  
1.2.2 Verifying the appropriateness of the theoretical basis and assumptions used in the model,  
1.2.3 Verifying the mathematical and numerical robustness of the model, and  
1.2.4 Quantifying the uncertainty and accuracy of the model results in predicting of the course of events in similar fire scenarios.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E2653-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine Precision Estimates for a Test Method with Fewer Than Six Participating Laboratories

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 ASTM regulations require precision statements in all test methods in terms of repeatability and reproducibility. This practice is used when the number of participating laboratories or materials being tested, or both, in a precision study is less than the number specified by Practice E691. When possible, it is strongly recommended that a full Practice E691 standard protocol be followed to determine test method precision. Precision results produced by the procedures presented in this standard will not have the same degree of accuracy as results generated by a full Practice E691 protocol. This procedure will allow for the development of useful precision results when a full complement of laboratories is not available for interlaboratory testing.  
5.2 This practice is based on recommendations for interlaboratory studies and data analysis presented in Practice E691. This practice does not concern itself with the development of test methods but with a standard means for gathering information and treating the data needed for developing a precision statement for a test method when a complete Practice E691 interlaboratory study and data analysis are not possible.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the techniques for planning, conducting, analyzing, and treating results of an interlaboratory study (ILS) for estimating the precision of a test method when fewer than six laboratories are available to meet the recommended minimum requirements of Practice E691. Data obtained from an interlaboratory study are useful in identifying variables that require modifications for improving test method performance and precision.  
1.2 Precision estimates developed using this practice will not be statistically equivalent to precision estimates produced by Practice E691 because a small number of laboratories are used. The smaller number of participating laboratories will seriously reduce the value of precision estimates reported by this practice. However, under circumstances where only a limited number of laboratories are available to participate in an ILS, precision estimates developed by this practice will provide the user with useful information concerning precision for a test method.  
1.3 A minimum of three qualified laboratories is required for conducting an ILS using this practice. If six or more laboratories are available to participate in an ILS for a given test method, Practice E691 shall be used for conducting the ILS.  
1.4 Since the primary purpose of this practice is the development of the information needed for a precision statement, the experimental design in this practice will not be optimum for evaluating all materials, test methods, or as a tool for individual laboratory analysis.  
1.5 Because of the reduced number of participating laboratories, a Laboratory Monitor shall be used in the ILS. See Guide E2335.  
1.6 Field of Application—This practice is concerned with test methods that yield numerical values or a series of numerical values for different properties associated with the test method. The numerical values mentioned above are typically the result of calculations from a set of measurements.  
1.7 This practice includes design information suitable for use with the development of interlaboratory studies for test methods that have categorization (go-no-go) allocation test results. However, it does not provide a recommended statistical practice for evaluating the go-no-go data.  
1.8 This practice cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.9 This practice is issued under Committee E05, but it is generic in its statistical approach such that it is applicable to any other method.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to ...

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1529-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large Hydrocarbon Pool Fires on Structural Members and Assemblies

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are intended to provide a basis for evaluating the time period during which a beam, girder, column, or similar structural assembly, or a nonbearing wall, will continue to perform its intended function when subjected to a controlled, standardized fire exposure.  
5.1.1 In particular, the selected standard exposure condition simulates the condition of total continuous engulfment of a member or assembly in the luminous flame (fire plume) area of a large free-burning-fluid-hydrocarbon pool fire. The standard fire exposure is basically defined in terms of the total flux incident on the test specimen together with appropriate temperature conditions. Quantitative measurements of the thermal exposure (total heat flux) are required during both furnace calibration and actual testing.  
5.1.2 It is recognized that the thermodynamic properties of free-burning, hydrocarbon fluid pool fires have not been completely characterized and are variable depending on the size of the fire, the fuel, environmental factors (such as wind conditions), the physical relationship of the structural member to the exposing fire, and other factors. As a result, the exposure specified in these test methods is not necessarily representative of all the conditions that exist in large hydrocarbon pool fires. The specified standard exposure is based upon the best available information and testing technology. It provides a basis for comparing the relative performance of different assemblies under controlled conditions.  
5.1.3 Any variation to construction or conditions (that is, size, method of assembly, and materials) from that of the tested assembly is capable of substantially changing the performance characteristics of the assembly.  
5.2 Separate procedures are specified for testing column specimens with and without an applied superimposed load.  
5.2.1 The procedures for testing loaded columns stipulate that the load shall be applied axially. The applied load is to be the m...
SCOPE
1.1 The test methods described in this fire-test-response standard are used for determining the fire-test response of columns, girders, beams or similar structural members, and fire-containment walls, of either homogeneous or composite construction, that are employed in HPI or other facilities subject to large hydrocarbon pool fires.  
1.2 It is the intent that tests conducted in accordance with these test methods will indicate whether structural members of assemblies, or fire-containment wall assemblies, will continue to perform their intended function during the period of fire exposure. These tests shall not be construed as having determined suitability for use after fire exposure.  
1.3 These test methods prescribe a standard fire exposure for comparing the relative performance of different structural and fire-containment wall assemblies under controlled laboratory conditions. The application of these test results to predict the performance of actual assemblies when exposed to large pool fires requires a careful engineering evaluation.  
1.4 These test methods provide for quantitative heat flux measurements during both the control calibration and the actual test. These heat flux measurements are being made to support the development of design fires and the use of fire safety engineering models to predict thermal exposure and material performance in a wide range of fire scenarios.  
1.5 These test methods are useful for testing other items such as piping, electrical circuits in conduit, floors or decks, and cable trays. Testing of these types of items requires development of appropriate specimen details and end-point or failure criteria. Such failure criteria and test specimen descriptions are not provided in these test methods.  
1.6 Limitations—These test methods do not provide the following:  
1.6.1 Full information on the performance of assemblies constructed with components or of dimensions other than those ...

  • Standard
    25 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    25 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1776-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Development of Fire-Risk-Assessment Standards

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended for use by those undertaking the development of fire-risk-assessment standards. Such standards are expected to be useful to manufacturers, architects, specification writers, and authorities having jurisdiction.  
4.2 As a guide, this document provides information on an approach to the development of a fire-risk-assessment standard; fixed procedures are not established. Limitations of data, available tests and models, and scientific knowledge can constitute significant constraints on the fire-risk-assessment procedure and associated standard.  
4.3 While the focus of this guide is on developing fire-risk-assessment standards for products, the general concepts presented also can be applied to processes, activities, occupancies, and buildings.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the development of fire-risk-assessment standards.  
1.2 This guide is directed toward development of standards that will provide procedures for assessing fire risks harmful to people, property, or the environment.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This standard is used to establish a means of combining the potential for harm in fire scenarios with the probabilities of occurrence of those scenarios. Assessment of fire risk using this standard depends upon many factors, including the manner in which the user selects scenarios and uses them to represent all scenarios relevant to the application. This standard cannot be used to assess fire risk if any specifications are different from those contained in the standard.  
1.5 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1546-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-Assessment Standards

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended for use by those undertaking the development of fire-hazard-assessment standards. Such standards are expected to be useful to manufacturers, architects, specification writers, and authorities having jurisdiction.  
4.2 As a guide, this document provides information on an approach to the development of a fire hazard standard; fixed procedures are not established. Limitations of data, available tests and models, and scientific knowledge may constitute significant constraints on the fire-hazard-assessment procedure.  
4.3 While the focus of this guide is on developing fire-hazard-assessment standards for products, the general concepts presented also may apply to processes, activities, occupancies, and buildings.  
4.4 When developing fire-risk-assessment standards, use Guide E1776. The present guide also contains some of the guidance to develop such a fire-risk assessment standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the development of fire-hazard-assessment standards.  
1.2 This guide is directed toward development of standards that will provide procedures for assessing fire hazards harmful to people, animals, or property.  
1.3 Fire-hazard assessment and fire-risk assessment are both procedures for assessing the potential for harm caused by something–the subject of the assessment–when it is involved in fire, where the involvement in fire is assessed relative to a number of defined fire scenarios.  
1.4 Both fire-hazard assessment and fire-risk assessment provide information that can be used to address a larger group of fire scenarios. Fire-hazard assessment provides information on the maximum potential for harm that can be caused by the fire scenarios that are analyzed or by any less severe fire scenarios. Fire-risk assessment uses information on the relative likelihood of the fire scenarios that are analyzed and the additional fire scenarios that each analyzed scenario represents. In these two ways, fire-hazard assessment and fire-risk assessment allow the user to support certain statements about the potential for harm caused by something when it is involved in fire, generally.  
1.5 Fire-hazard assessment is appropriate when the goal is to characterize maximum potential for harm under worst-case conditions. Fire-risk assessment is appropriate when the goal is to characterize overall risk (average severity) or to characterize the likelihood of worst-case outcomes. It is important that the user select the appropriate type of assessment procedure for the statements the user wants to support.  
1.6 Fire-hazard assessment is addressed in this guide and fire-risk assessment is addressed in Guide E1776.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.9 This standard is used to predict or provide a quantitative measure of the fire hazard from a specified set of fire conditions involving specific materials, products, or assemblies. This assessment does not necessarily predict the hazard of actual fires which involve conditions other than those assumed in the analysis.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    24 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    24 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E800-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Generated During Fires

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Because of the loss of life in fires from inhalation of fire gases, much attention has been focused on the analyses of these species. Analysis has involved several new or modified methods, since common analytical techniques have often proven to be inappropriate for the combinations of various gases and low concentrations existing in fire gas mixtures.  
4.2 In the measurement of fire gases, it is imperative to use procedures that are both reliable and appropriate to the unique atmosphere of a given fire environment. To maximize the reliability of test results, it is essential to establish the following:  
4.2.1 That gaseous samples are representative of the compositions existing at the point of sampling,  
4.2.2 That transfer and pretreatment of samples occur without loss, or with known efficiency, and  
4.2.3 That data provided by the analytical instruments are accurate for the compositions and concentrations at the point of sampling.  
4.3 This document includes a comprehensive survey that will permit an individual, technically skilled and practiced in the study of analytical chemistry, to select a suitable technique from among the alternatives. It will not provide enough information for the setup and use of a procedure (this information is available in the references).  
4.4 Data generated by the use of techniques cited in this document should not be used to rank materials for regulatory purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 Analytical methods for the measurement of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen halides, hydrogen cyanide, aldehydes, and hydrocarbons are described, along with sampling considerations. Many of these gases may be present in any fire environment. Several analytical techniques are described for each gaseous species, together with advantages and disadvantages of each. The test environment, sampling constraints, analytical range, and accuracy often dictate use of one analytical method over another.  
1.2 These techniques have been used to measure gases under fire test conditions (laboratory, small scale, or full scale). With proper sampling considerations, any of these methods could be used for measurement in most fire environments.  
1.3 This document is intended to be a guide for investigators and for subcommittee use in developing standard test methods. A single analytical technique has not been recommended for any chemical species unless that technique is the only one available.  
1.4 The techniques described herein can be used to determine the concentration of a specific gas in the total sample collected for analysis. These techniques do not determine the total amount of fire gases that would be generated by a specimen during a fire test.  
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assembles to heat and flame under controlled conditions but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    17 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    17 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1355-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire Models

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The process of model evaluation is critical to establishing both the acceptable uses and limitations of fire models. It is not possible to evaluate a model in total; instead, this guide is intended to provide a methodology for evaluating the predictive capabilities for a specific use. Validation for one application or scenario does not imply validation for different scenarios. Several alternatives are provided for performing the evaluation process including: comparison of predictions against standard fire tests, full-scale fire experiments, field experience, published literature, or previously evaluated models.  
5.2 The use of fire models currently extends beyond the fire research laboratory and into the engineering, fire service and legal communities. Sufficient evaluation of fire models is necessary to ensure that those using the models can judge the adequacy of the scientific and technical basis for the models, select models appropriate for a desired use, and understand the level of confidence which can be placed on the results predicted by the models. Adequate evaluation will help prevent the unintentional misuse of fire models.  
5.3 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with other guides under development by Committee E05. It is intended for use by:  
5.3.1 Model Developers—To document the usefulness of a particular calculation method perhaps for specific applications. Part of model development includes identification of precision and limits of applicability, and independent testing.  
5.3.2 Model Users—To assure themselves that they are using an appropriate model for an application and that it provides adequate accuracy.  
5.3.3 Developers of Model Performance Codes—To be sure that they are incorporating valid calculation procedures into codes.  
5.3.4 Approving Officials—To ensure that the results of calculations using mathematical models stating conformance to this guide, cited in a submission, show clearly that the model is used withi...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a methodology for evaluating the predictive capabilities of a fire model for a specific use. The intent is to cover the whole range of deterministic numerical models which might be used in evaluating the effects of fires in and on structures.  
1.2 The methodology is presented in terms of four areas of evaluation:  
1.2.1 Defining the model and scenarios for which the evaluation is to be conducted,  
1.2.2 Verifying the appropriateness of the theoretical basis and assumptions used in the model,  
1.2.3 Verifying the mathematical and numerical robustness of the model, and  
1.2.4 Quantifying the uncertainty and accuracy of the model results in predicting of the course of events in similar fire scenarios.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E2653-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine Precision Estimates for a Test Method with Fewer Than Six Participating Laboratories

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 ASTM regulations require precision statements in all test methods in terms of repeatability and reproducibility. This practice is used when the number of participating laboratories or materials being tested, or both, in a precision study is less than the number specified by Practice E691. When possible, it is strongly recommended that a full Practice E691 standard protocol be followed to determine test method precision. Precision results produced by the procedures presented in this standard will not have the same degree of accuracy as results generated by a full Practice E691 protocol. This procedure will allow for the development of useful precision results when a full complement of laboratories is not available for interlaboratory testing.  
5.2 This practice is based on recommendations for interlaboratory studies and data analysis presented in Practice E691. This practice does not concern itself with the development of test methods but with a standard means for gathering information and treating the data needed for developing a precision statement for a test method when a complete Practice E691 interlaboratory study and data analysis are not possible.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the techniques for planning, conducting, analyzing, and treating results of an interlaboratory study (ILS) for estimating the precision of a test method when fewer than six laboratories are available to meet the recommended minimum requirements of Practice E691. Data obtained from an interlaboratory study are useful in identifying variables that require modifications for improving test method performance and precision.  
1.2 Precision estimates developed using this practice will not be statistically equivalent to precision estimates produced by Practice E691 because a small number of laboratories are used. The smaller number of participating laboratories will seriously reduce the value of precision estimates reported by this practice. However, under circumstances where only a limited number of laboratories are available to participate in an ILS, precision estimates developed by this practice will provide the user with useful information concerning precision for a test method.  
1.3 A minimum of three qualified laboratories is required for conducting an ILS using this practice. If six or more laboratories are available to participate in an ILS for a given test method, Practice E691 shall be used for conducting the ILS.  
1.4 Since the primary purpose of this practice is the development of the information needed for a precision statement, the experimental design in this practice will not be optimum for evaluating all materials, test methods, or as a tool for individual laboratory analysis.  
1.5 Because of the reduced number of participating laboratories, a Laboratory Monitor shall be used in the ILS. See Guide E2335.  
1.6 Field of Application—This practice is concerned with test methods that yield numerical values or a series of numerical values for different properties associated with the test method. The numerical values mentioned above are typically the result of calculations from a set of measurements.  
1.7 This practice includes design information suitable for use with the development of interlaboratory studies for test methods that have categorization (go-no-go) allocation test results. However, it does not provide a recommended statistical practice for evaluating the go-no-go data.  
1.8 This practice cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.9 This practice is issued under Committee E05, but it is generic in its statistical approach such that it is applicable to any other method.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to ...

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E3038-22a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Assessing and Qualifying Candidates as Inspectors of Firestop Systems and Fire-Resistive Joint Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This Practice is intended to provide a means for the AHJ or AA, or both, to verify evidence of a candidate’s experience, knowledge, and qualifications.  
5.2 This Practice is not intended to set forth individual credentials for an AHJ or AA, or both.  
5.3 This Practice is not intended to establish any performance criteria of firestop systems or fire-resistive joint systems.
Note 4: The performance criteria of a firestop system or fire-resistive joint system is found in many national and international test methods. Some of these methods include, but are not limited to, Test Method E814, UL 1479, ISO 10295-1, Test Method E1966, UL 2079, ISO 10295-2, Test Method E2307, Test Method E2837, etc.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to assist an authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) or authorizing authority (AA), or both, in establishing minimum qualifications for candidates who desire to conduct inspections in compliance with Practices E2174 and E2393.
Note 1: Authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) is defined in Practices E2174 and E2393.
Note 2: Authorizing authority (AA) is defined in Practices E2174 and E2393. Examples of the AA include, but are not limited to, the responsible architect, engineer, building owner, or their representative.  
1.2 This practice makes available a procedure for a candidate to provide evidence to the AHJ or AA, or both, of their specialized knowledge and technical competence related to the firestop industry.  
1.3 This practice determines the technical proficiency of a candidate based upon a minimum amount of education, experience, and knowledge possessed, which is needed to ensure candidate competence to conduct inspections in compliance with Practices E2174 and E2393.  
1.4 The purpose of this practice is to allow the AHJ or AA, or both, to assess the ability of the candidate to comprehend and use inspection documents to conduct inspections in compliance with Practices E2174 and E2393.
Note 3: Inspection document is defined in Practices E2174 and E2393. The firestop submittal, when approved for use, should have sufficient details, including, but not limited to, the firestop manufacturer’s product data, a design listing of the tested firestop, and when required a judgment (Alternative Means and Methods). The judgment is commonly referred to as an “Engineering Judgment” in the firestop industry. These judgments are not always issued by an engineer or a registered design professional.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1529-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large Hydrocarbon Pool Fires on Structural Members and Assemblies

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are intended to provide a basis for evaluating the time period during which a beam, girder, column, or similar structural assembly, or a nonbearing wall, will continue to perform its intended function when subjected to a controlled, standardized fire exposure.  
5.1.1 In particular, the selected standard exposure condition simulates the condition of total continuous engulfment of a member or assembly in the luminous flame (fire plume) area of a large free-burning-fluid-hydrocarbon pool fire. The standard fire exposure is basically defined in terms of the total flux incident on the test specimen together with appropriate temperature conditions. Quantitative measurements of the thermal exposure (total heat flux) are required during both furnace calibration and actual testing.  
5.1.2 It is recognized that the thermodynamic properties of free-burning, hydrocarbon fluid pool fires have not been completely characterized and are variable depending on the size of the fire, the fuel, environmental factors (such as wind conditions), the physical relationship of the structural member to the exposing fire, and other factors. As a result, the exposure specified in these test methods is not necessarily representative of all the conditions that exist in large hydrocarbon pool fires. The specified standard exposure is based upon the best available information and testing technology. It provides a basis for comparing the relative performance of different assemblies under controlled conditions.  
5.1.3 Any variation to construction or conditions (that is, size, method of assembly, and materials) from that of the tested assembly is capable of substantially changing the performance characteristics of the assembly.  
5.2 Separate procedures are specified for testing column specimens with and without an applied superimposed load.  
5.2.1 The procedures for testing loaded columns stipulate that the load shall be applied axially. The applied load is to be the m...
SCOPE
1.1 The test methods described in this fire-test-response standard are used for determining the fire-test response of columns, girders, beams or similar structural members, and fire-containment walls, of either homogeneous or composite construction, that are employed in HPI or other facilities subject to large hydrocarbon pool fires.  
1.2 It is the intent that tests conducted in accordance with these test methods will indicate whether structural members of assemblies, or fire-containment wall assemblies, will continue to perform their intended function during the period of fire exposure. These tests shall not be construed as having determined suitability for use after fire exposure.  
1.3 These test methods prescribe a standard fire exposure for comparing the relative performance of different structural and fire-containment wall assemblies under controlled laboratory conditions. The application of these test results to predict the performance of actual assemblies when exposed to large pool fires requires a careful engineering evaluation.  
1.4 These test methods provide for quantitative heat flux measurements during both the control calibration and the actual test. These heat flux measurements are being made to support the development of design fires and the use of fire safety engineering models to predict thermal exposure and material performance in a wide range of fire scenarios.  
1.5 These test methods are useful for testing other items such as piping, electrical circuits in conduit, floors or decks, and cable trays. Testing of these types of items requires development of appropriate specimen details and end-point or failure criteria. Such failure criteria and test specimen descriptions are not provided in these test methods.  
1.6 Limitations—These test methods do not provide the following:  
1.6.1 Full information on the performance of assemblies constructed with components or of dimensions other than those ...

  • Standard
    25 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    25 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off