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ASTM D8281/D8281M-21

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining the Presence of Expanding Clays in Rock for Erosion Control Using Ethylene Glycol

Standard Test Method for Determining the Presence of Expanding Clays in Rock for Erosion Control Using Ethylene Glycol

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Rock for erosion control consists of individual pieces of natural quarried stone or large boulders and cobbles. The ability of these individual pieces of stone to resist deterioration due to weathering action affects the stability of the integral placement of rock for erosion control and hence, the stability of construction projects, structures, shorelines, and stream banks.  
5.2 Deterioration of stone in this test is one indicator that similar samples exposed to wet/dry and freeze/thaw cycles may break down in a water-soaked environment condition in service.  
5.3 This test method was developed to be used in conjunction with additional test methods listed in Practice D4992. This test method provides a quantitative value indicating potential resistance to weathering; however, the results of this test method are not to be used as the sole basis for the determination of rock durability.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent upon the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluation some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the testing for and quantitative determination of the presence of swelling clays of the smectite group in rock for erosion control. The test particles are intended to be representative of erosion control rock and its durability. The test is appropriate for breakwater stone, armor stone, riprap and gabion sized rock materials.  
1.2 Ethylene glycol is one of the materials that react with swelling clays to form an organoclay complex having a larger basal spacing than that of the clay mineral itself. Rock containing swelling clay of the smectite group will be expected to undergo expansive breakdown upon soaking in ethylene glycol. If the amount, distribution, state of expansion, and ability to take up glycol is such as to cause such breakdown to occur, it may be expected that similar breakdown may occur of similar rock samples exposed, for longer times, to wetting and drying or freezing and thawing in a water-soaked condition in service.  
1.3 The prepared size of the rock specimens may eliminate some of the internal features present in the gross structure. The test specimens may not be representative of the quality of the larger rock samples used in construction. Careful examination of the rock source and proper sampling are essential in minimizing this limitation.  
1.3.1 The test is time intensive and requires over two weeks to complete the sample preparation, testing and analysis portions of the procedure.  
1.4 The use of reclaimed concrete and materials other than natural rock is beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The slug unit is not given unless dynamic (F=ma) calculations are involved.  
1.5.2 The SI units presented for apparatus are substitutions of the inch-pound units, other similar SI units should be acceptable providing they meet the technical requirements established by the inch-po...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2021
ICS
91.100.15 - Mineral materials and products
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.17 - Rock for Erosion Control
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D8281/D8281M-21 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Presence of Expanding Clays in Rock for Erosion Control Using Ethylene GlycolASTM D8281/D8281M-21 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Presence of Expanding Clays in Rock for Erosion Control Using Ethylene Glycol
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ASTM D8281/D8281M-21 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Presence of Expanding Clays in Rock for Erosion Control Using Ethylene Glycol
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D8281/D8281M − 21
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Presence of Expanding Clays in Rock for
1
Erosion Control Using Ethylene Glycol
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8281/D8281M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope conformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in
units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance
1.1 This test method covers the testing for and quantitative
with this standard.
determination of the presence of swelling clays of the smectite
1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
group in rock for erosion control. The test particles are
when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound
intended to be representative of erosion control rock and its
(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass
durability. The test is appropriate for breakwater stone, armor
is slugs. The slug unit is not given unless dynamic (F=ma)
stone, riprap and gabion sized rock materials.
calculations are involved.
1.2 Ethylene glycol is one of the materials that react with
1.5.2 The SI units presented for apparatus are substitutions
swelling clays to form an organoclay complex having a larger
of the inch-pound units, other similar SI units should be
basal spacing than that of the clay mineral itself. Rock
acceptable providing they meet the technical requirements
containing swelling clay of the smectite group will be expected
established by the inch-pound apparatus.
to undergo expansive breakdown upon soaking in ethylene
1.5.3 It is common practice in the engineering/construction
glycol. If the amount, distribution, state of expansion, and
profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit
ability to take up glycol is such as to cause such breakdown to
of mass (lbm) and force (lbf). This practice implicitly com-
occur, it may be expected that similar breakdown may occur of
bines two separate systems of units: the absolute and the
similar rock samples exposed, for longer times, to wetting and
gravitational systems. It is scientifically undesirable to com-
drying or freezing and thawing in a water-soaked condition in
bine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a
service.
single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravita-
tional system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the
1.3 The prepared size of the rock specimens may eliminate
slug unit for mass. However, the use of balances or scales
some of the internal features present in the gross structure.The
3
recording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft
test specimens may not be representative of the quality of the
shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
larger rock samples used in construction. Careful examination
of the rock source and proper sampling are essential in 1.5.4 Calculations are done using only one set of units;
either SI or gravitational inch pound. Other units are permis-
minimizing this limitation.
sible provided appropriate conversion factors are used to
1.3.1 The test is time intensive and requires over two weeks
maintain consistency of units throughout the calculations, and
to complete the sample preparation, testing and analysis
similar significant digits or resolution, or both are maintained.
portions of the procedure.
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
1.4 The use of reclaimed concrete and materials other than
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
natural rock is beyond the scope of this test method.
Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
1.6.1 For purposes of comparing measured or calculated
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;
value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant
therefore,eachsystemshallbeusedindependentlyoftheother.
digits in the specified limits.
Combining values from the two systems may result in non-
1.6.2 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
significant digits that generally should be retai
...

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Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Abrasiveness of Rock Using the CERCHAR Abrasiveness Index Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The CERCHAR test and associated CAI were developed at a time of more demand for application of mechanical excavation machines at the Laboratoire du Center d' Études et Recherches des Charbonnages de France (CERCHAR) (5). CAI is used to assess the abrasiveness of rock for mechanical excavation. Rock abrasiveness governs the performance of disc cutters, the rate of its replacement and therefore subsequent tunnel costs. Advances in methods of underground excavation, in particular the use of the tunnel boring machine (TBM), necessitates knowledge of rock abrasiveness. Abrasiveness expresses a behavioral characteristic of rock rather than a fundamental physical or mechanical property.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasiveness of rock by the CERCHAR Abrasiveness Index (CAI) method. The test method consists of measuring the wear on the tip of steel stylus with a cone shape and known Rockwell Hardness, caused by scratching against a freshly broken or saw cut rock surface for a prescribed 10 mm distance using one of the two test apparatus.  
1.2 This test method is intended for freshly broken rock surfaces; however, saw cut surfaces are covered for when a satisfactory rock surface cannot be obtained.  
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1.3.1 The Rockwell hardness (HR) value is based on the indentation hardness of a material. The Rockwell test, E18, measures the depth of penetration of an indenter under a large load (major load) compared to the penetration made by a preload (minor load). (3) There are different scales, denoted by a single letter (A to F), that use different loads or indenters. The result is a dimensionless number noted as HRA, HRB, HRC, etc., where the last letter is the respective Rockwell scale which in this test method is the scale C, which is for harden‐steel.  
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Standard Practice for Reclamation of Recycled Aggregate Base (RAB) Material

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Use of recycled aggregate base has become commonplace in transportation applications.  
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Standard Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used for Erosion Control

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The field examination, sampling, and petrographic examination in this practice along with appropriate laboratory testing may be used to determine the suitability of rock for erosion control. Factors to consider include identification and delineation of areas or zones of the rock, beds, and facies of unsuitable or marginal composition and properties due to weathering, alteration, structural weaknesses, porosity, and other potentially deleterious characteristics.  
4.2 Evaluate both the rock mass properties and the rock material properties.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is used to prepare rock specimens for durability testing and to evaluate any internal defects, such as cracks, that may not be apparent on the surfaces of broken blocks of rock. Such evaluation can also aid in the selection and location of slabs for testing as outlined in Practice D4992. In some cases, the need for further testing or evaluation may be eliminated.  
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4.1 Riprap is a commonly used form of scour protection and general slope protection. Riprap provides a long term solution when properly sized and installed. Riprap has structural flexibility so it will conform to irregular surfaces and adapt to minor subgrade settlement. It is often appropriate for use in conjunction with soil bioengineering (vegetation establishment) alternatives. In some environments, riprap may provide habitat for benthic organisms and fish.  
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1.1 This guide covers methods to place riprap with associated filters for erosion control purposes. This guide does not recommend a specific course of action because of the diverse methods and procedures that are capable of producing a functional product. This guide identifies favorable riprap qualities and recommends practices best suited to obtain those qualities. The production of rock, use of recycled materials, rock with cut dimensions, and engineering and revetment design are beyond the scope of this guide. Special forms of riprap, including hand placed riprap, grouted riprap, or keyed (plated) riprap that is tamped into place to smooth the surface, are also beyond the scope of this guide.  
1.2 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been developed and approved through the ASTM consensus process  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Specification for Ground Calcium Carbonate and Aggregate Mineral Fillers for use in Hydraulic Cement Concrete

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This specification covers ground calcium carbonate (GCC, a type of ground limestone) and other finely divided aggregate mineral filler (AMF) materials for use in concrete mixtures. It defines the types of GCC and AMF materials for use in concrete. If concrete in service is subject to sulfate exposure, fillers derived from ground limestone should not be used unless mitigation methods are used.
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A1.3 Significance and Use
A1.3.1 This test method provides analytical procedures to determine the major chemical constituents of limestone (see Note 1). The percentages of specific constituents that determine a material’s quality or fitness for use are of significance depending upon the purpose or end use of the material. Results obtained may be used in relation to specification requirements.
Note A1.1: This test method can be applied to other calcareous materials if provisions are made to compensate for known interferences.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification applies to ground calcium carbonate (GCC is a type of ground limestone) and other finely divided aggregate mineral filler (AMF) materials for use in concrete mixtures. The specification defines the types of GCC and AMF materials for use in concrete.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of hardness of all types of mineral surfacing for use on built-up roofs and is intended to provide an index of their ability to withstand physical breakdown in handling.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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ASTM
ASTM C73-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand-Lime Brick)

ABSTRACT
This specification covers brick made principally from sand and lime and intended for use in brick masonry. Two grades of brick are covered: grade SW - brick intended for use where exposed to temperature below freezing in the presence of moisture, grade MW - brick intended for use where exposed to temperature below freezing but unlikely to be saturated with eater. The brick shall conform to the physical requirements for the grade specified, as prescribed. All units shall be sound and free of cracks or other defects that interfere with the proper placement of the unit or significantly impair the strength or permanence of the construction.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers brick made principally from sand and lime and intended for use in brick masonry. Two grades of brick are covered:  
1.1.1 Grade SW—Brick intended for use where exposed to temperature below freezing in the presence of moisture.  
Note 1: As a typical example, brick used for foundation courses and parapets in the northeastern quarter of the United States should conform to Grade SW.  
1.1.2 Grade MW—Brick intended for use where exposed to temperature below freezing but unlikely to be saturated with water.  
Note 2: As a typical example, brick exposed in the face of the wall other than parapet or foundations, or brick intended for structures located in regions of the United States characterized by less severe frost action or by drier climate than is found in the northeastern quarter of the United States should conform to Grade MW.  
1.1.3 When the term brick is used in this specification, it is understood to mean brick or solid masonry units.  
1.2 If brick having a particular color, texture, finish, or uniformity is desired, these features shall be specified separately by the purchaser.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
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  • Technical specification
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off