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ASTM E1114-03

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining the Focal Size of Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic Sources

Standard Test Method for Determining the Focal Size of Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic Sources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
One of the factors affecting the quality of a radiographic image is geometric unsharpness. The degree of geometric unsharpness is dependent upon the focal size of the source, the distance between the source and the object to be radiographed, and the distance between the object to be radiographed and the film. This test method allows the user to determine the focal size of the source and to use this result to establish source to object and object to film distances appropriate for maintaining the desired degree of geometric unsharpness.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the focal size of an iridium-192 radiographic source. The determination is based upon measurement of the image of the iridium metal source in a projection radiograph of the source assembly and comparison to the measurement of the image of a reference sample in the same radiograph.  
1.2  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Mar-2003
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1114-92(1997)e1 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Focal Size of Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic Sources
Effective Date
10-Mar-2003
Replaced By
ASTM E1114-09 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Size of Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic Sources
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009
Referred By
ASTM E2033-17 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Computed Radiography (Photostimulable Luminescence Method)
Effective Date
10-Mar-2003

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ASTM E1114-03 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Focal Size of Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic SourcesASTM E1114-03 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Focal Size of Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic Sources
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ASTM E1114-03 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Focal Size of Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic Sources
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1114–03
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Focal Size of Iridium-192 Industrial
1
Radiographic Sources
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1114; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope size of the source and to use this result to establish source to
object and object to film distances appropriate for maintaining
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the focal
the desired degree of geometric unsharpness.
size of an iridium-192 radiographic source. The determination
is based upon measurement of the image of the iridium metal
5. Apparatus
source in a projection radiograph of the source assembly and
5.1 Subject Iridium-192 Source, the focal size of which is to
comparison to the measurement of the image of a reference
be determined. The appropriate apparatus and equipment for
sample in the same radiograph.
the safe storage, handling, and manipulation of the subject
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
source,suchasaradiographicexposuredevice(alsoreferredto
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
as a gamma ray projector or camera), remote control, source
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
guide tube, and source stop are also required.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.2 Reference Sample (see Figs. 1-3)—The reference
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
sample shall be of material which is not radioactive. The
2. Referenced Documents recommendedmaterialisiridium.However,substitutessuchas
platinum, tungsten or other material of similar radiopacity may
2.1 ASTM Standards:
be used. The sample should be of the same geometric shape as
E 999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Ra-
2
the subject source, should be approximately the same size as
diographic Film Processing
2
the subject source, and should be positioned on or within a
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
shim or envelope to simulate the source capsule wall. The
E 1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for
2
resulting radiographic contrast, with reference to adjacent
Industrial Radiography
background density of the image of the reference sample,
3. Terminology should be approximately the same as that of the subject source.
The actual dimensions of the reference sample should be
3.1 Fordefinitionsoftermsrelatingtothistestmethod,refer
determined to the nearest 0.025 mm [0.001 in.].
to Terminology E 1316.
5.3 X-ray Generator, capable of producing a radiation
4. Significance and Use
intensity (roentgen per hour at one metre) at least ten times
greater than that produced by the subject source. Examples of
4.1 One of the factors affecting the quality of a radiographic
typical X-ray generator output requirements that satisfy this
image is geometric unsharpness. The degree of geometric
criterion are presented in Table 1.
unsharpness is dependent upon the focal size of the source, the
5.4 Film systems—Only film systems having cognizant
distance between the source and the object to be radiographed,
engineering organization approval or meeting the system class
and the distance between the object to be radiographed and the
requirements ofTest Method E 1815, for system classes I, II or
film. This test method allows the user to determine the focal
Special, shall be used. Selection of film systems should be
determined by such factors as the required radiographic quality
1
level, equipment capability, materials and so forth. The film
This test method is under the jurisdictioin of ASTM Committee E07 on
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
system selected shall be capable of demonstrating the required
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method.
image quality. No intensifying screens shall be used. Radio-
Current edition approved March 10, 2003. Published May 2003. Originally
e1 graphic films shall be processed in accordance with Guide
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as E 1114 – 92 (1997) .
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03. E 999.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1114–03
FIG. 1 Reference Sample in Standard Source Encapsulation
FIG. 2 Alternate Reference Sample Arrangement
FIG. 3 Alternate Reference Sample Arrangement
TABLE 1 Examples of Typical X-ray Generator Output
6. Procedure
192
Requirements for Related Iridium Source Activities
6.1 Set up the exposure a
...

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ASTM E1316-23b(Terminology)
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3.1 The terms found in this standard are intended to be used uniformly and consistently in all nondestructive testing standards. The purpose of this standard is to promote a clear understanding and interpretation of the NDT standards in which they are used.
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1.1 This standard covers the terminology used in the standards prepared by the E07 Committee on Nondestructive Testing. These nondestructive testing (NDT) methods include: acoustic emission, electromagnetic testing, gamma- and X-radiology, leak testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, neutron radiology and gauging, ultrasonic testing, and other technical methods.  
1.2 Committee E07 recognizes that the terms examination, testing, and inspection are commonly used as synonyms in nondestructive testing. For uniformity and consistency in E07 nondestructive testing standards, Committee E07 encourages the use of the terms examination or inspection and their derivatives when describing the application of nondestructive test methods. In a specific standard, either examination or inspection shall be used consistently throughout the document. Similarly, E07 encourages the use of the term test and its derivatives when referring to the body of knowledge of a nondestructive testing method. There are, however, appropriate exceptions when the term test and its derivatives may be used to describe the application of a nondestructive test, such as measurements which produce a numeric result (for example, when using the leak testing method to perform a leak test on a component, or an ultrasonic measurement of velocity). Additionally, the term test should be used when referring to the NDT method, that is, Radiologic Testing (RT), Ultrasonic Testing (UT), and so forth. (Example: Radiologic Testing (RT) is often used to examine material to detect internal discontinuities.)
Note 1: The following sentences clarify this policy and illustrate its use:
(a) Nondestructive testing methods are used extensively for the examination or inspection of materials and components.
(b) The E07 Committee on Nondestructive Testing has prepared many documents to promote uniform usage of the nondestructive testing methods that are applied to examine or inspect materials and components.  
(c) Radiologic Testing (RT) is often used to inspect material to detect internal discontinuities.
(d) Magnetic Particle Testing (MT), Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT), and Visual Testing (VT) are often used to examine the surface of a component.
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1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This practice covers procedures for matrix array ultrasonic testing (MAUT) of monolithic composites, composite sandwich constructions, and metallic test articles. These procedures can be used throughout the life cycle of a part during product and process design optimization, on line process control, post-manufacturing inspection, and in-service inspection.  
1.2 In general, ultrasonic testing is a common volumetric method for detection of embedded or subsurface discontinuities. This practice includes general requirements and procedures which may be used for detecting flaws and for making a relative or approximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities and part anomalies. The types of flaws or discontinuities detected include interply delaminations, foreign object debris (FOD), inclusions, disbond/un-bond, fiber debonding, fiber fracture, porosity, voids, impact damage, thickness variation, and corrosion.  
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6.1 This guide provides procedures for the application of contact straight-beam examination for the detection and quantitative evaluation of discontinuities in materials.  
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1.4 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish the appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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5.1 The POD analysis method described herein is based on a well-known and well established statistical regression method. It shall be used to quantify the demonstrated POD for a specific set of examination parameters and known range of discontinuity sizes under the following conditions.  
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1.2.1 By which a liquid penetrant examination process recommended or required by individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain its applicability and completeness.  
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications and procedures dealing with the liquid penetrant testing of parts and materials. Agreement by the customer requesting penetrant testing is strongly recommended. All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization.  
1.2.3 For use in the organization of facilities and personnel concerned with liquid penetrant testing.  
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1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy for High Energy Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gauge is intended to provide a means for measuring image or detector unsharpness and basic spatial image or detector resolution as independently as practicable from the imaging system and contrast sensitivity limitations. When the duplex plate gauge is positioned directly on the film or the digital detector instead on the test object, then the determined image unsharpness UIm corresponds to the inherent film or detector unsharpness (Udetector) and the determined basic spatial image resolution SRbimage corresponds to the basic spatial detector resolution SRbdetector. SRbimage provides a value which depends on the combined effect of detector unsharpness and geometric unsharpness.  
5.2 Basis of Application:  
5.2.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the parties using or referencing this standard.
5.2.1.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing examinations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance with NAS410, EN 4179, ANSI/ASNT CP 189, ISO 9712, or SNT-TC-1A and certified by the employer or certifying agency as applicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may be used when specified on the contract or purchase order. The applicable revision shall be the latest unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement between parties.
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1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge used to determine the image unsharpness and the basic spatial resolution of film radiographs or of digital images taken with CR imaging plates, digital detector arrays (DDA), or radioscopic systems (for example, with X-ray image intensifiers) for applications with Se-75, Ir-192, Co-60 and high energy sources with tube potentials ≥ 300 kV. The IQI may be used at lower tube potentials too, if the expected unsharpness is > 200 µm (SRbimage or SRbdetector > 100 µm). For the measurement of lower unsharpness values, the usage of the gauge described in Practice E2002 is recommended.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively if the duplex wire IQI of Practice E2002 does not provide sufficient contrast resolution.  
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Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Eddy Current (EC) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of eddy current NDE test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provide a standard means to organize eddy current test parameters and results. The eddy current examination results may be displayed or analyzed on any device that conforms to the standard. Personnel wishing to view any eddy current examination data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of eddy current imaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying the image data transfer and archival storage in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052, an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and a data dictionary that are specific to eddy current test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from eddy current test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the eddy current technique parameters and inspection data are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard,  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance, or  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Ultrasonic Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of ultrasonic test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provides a standard means to organize ultrasonic test parameters and results. The ultrasonic test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any ultrasonic inspection data stored in DICONDE format may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of ultrasonic imaging equipment by specifying image data transfer and archival storage methods in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339. Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052 (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, transfer, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE test results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and data dictionary that are specific to ultrasonic test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from ultrasonic test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the ultrasonic technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard format regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 There are several factors affecting the quality of a CR image including the basic spatial resolution of the IP system, geometrical unsharpness, scatter and contrast sensitivity. There are several additional factors (for example, software and scanning parameters) that affect the accurate reading of images on exposed IPs using an optical scanner.  
4.2 This practice is to be used to establish a characterization of CR system by performance levels on the basis of a normalized SNR, interpolated basic spatial detector resolution and EPS. The CR system performance levels in this practice do not refer to any particular manufacturers’ imaging plates. A CR system performance level results from the use of a particular imaging plate together with the exposure conditions, standardized phantom, the scanner type, and software and the scanning parameters. This characterization system provides a means to compare differing CR technologies, as is common practice with film systems, which guides the user to the appropriate configuration, IP, and technique for the application at hand. The performance level selected may not match the imaging performance of a corresponding film class because of the difference in the spatial resolution and scatter sensitivity. Therefore, the user should always use IQIs for proof of contrast sensitivity and basic spatial resolution.  
4.3 The measured performance parameters are presented in a characterization chart. This enables users to select specific CR systems by the different characterization data to find the best system for his specific application.  
4.4 The quality factors can be determined most accurately by the tests described in this practice. Some of the system tests require special tools, which may not be available in user laboratories. Simpler tests are described for quality assurance and long term stability tests in Practice E2445.  
4.5 Manufacturers of industrial CR systems or certification agencies will use this practice. Users of i...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the manufacturing characterization of computed radiography (CR) systems, consisting of a particular phosphor imaging plate (IP), scanner, software, scanner operational parameters, and an image display monitor, in combination with specified metal screens for industrial radiography.  
1.2 The practice defines system tests to be used to characterize the systems of different suppliers and make them comparable for users.  
1.3 This practice is intended for use by manufacturers of CR systems or certification agencies to provide quantitative results of CR system characteristics for nondestructive testing (NDT) user or purchaser consumption. Some of these tests require specialized test phantoms to ensure consistency of results among suppliers or manufacturers. These tests are not intended for users to complete, nor are they intended for long term stability tracking and lifetime measurements. However, they may be used for this purpose, if so desired. Practice E2445 describes tests which are intended for users to observe the CR performance and test the long term stability.  
1.4 The CR system performance is described by the basic spatial resolution, contrast, signal and noise parameters, and the equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS). Some of these parameters are used to compare with DDA characterization and film characterization data (see Practice E2597 and Test Method E1815).
Note 1: For film system characterization, the signal is represented by the optical density of 2 (above fog and base) and the noise as granularity. The signal-to-noise ratio is normalized by the aperture (similar to the basic spatial resolution) of the system and is part of characterization. This normalization is given by the scanning circular aperture of 100 µm of the micro-photometer, which is defined in Test Method E1815 for film system characterization.  
1.5 The measurement of CR systems in this practice is restricted ...

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ASTM
ASTM E1815-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a relative means for classification of film systems used for industrial radiography. The film system consists of the film and associated processing system (the type of processing and processing chemistry). Section 9 describes specific parameters used for this test method. In general, the classification for hard X-rays, as described in Section 9, can be transferred to other radiation energies and metallic screen types, as well as screens without films. The usage of film system parameters outside the energy ranges specified may result in changes to a film/system performance classification.  
4.1.1 The film performance is described by contrast and noise parameters. The contrast is represented by gradient and the noise by granularity.  
4.1.2 A film system is assigned a particular class if it meets the minimum performance parameters: for Gradient G at  D – D0 = 2.0 and D – D0 = 4.0, and gradient/noise ratio at D – D0 = 2.0, and the maximum performance parameter: granularity σD at  D = 2.0.  
4.2 This test method describes how the parameters shall be measured and demonstrates how a classification table can be constructed.  
4.3 Manufacturers of industrial radiographic film systems and developer chemistry will be the users of this test method. The result is a classification table as shown by the example given in Table 2. Another table also includes speed data for user information. Users of industrial radiographic film systems may also perform the tests and measurements outlined in this test method, provided that the required test equipment is used and the methodology is followed strictly. (A) Family of films ranging in speed and image quality.  
4.4 The publication of classes for industrial radiography film systems will enable specifying bodies and contracting parties to agree to particular system classes, which are capable of providing known image qualities. See 8.2.  
4.5 ISO 11699–1 and European standard EN 584-1 describe the same m...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of the performance of film systems used for industrial radiography. This test method establishes minimum requirements that correspond to system classes.  
1.2 This test method is to be used only for direct exposure-type film exposed with lead intensifying screens. The performance of films exposed with fluorescent (light-emitting) intensifying screens cannot be determined accurately by this test method.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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