ASTM D3451-06(2012)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Testing Coating Powders and Powder Coatings
Standard Guide for Testing Coating Powders and Powder Coatings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides a useful summary to the selection and use of procedures for testing coating powders and powder coatings. It is applicable to both thermoplastic and thermoset coatings, unless indicated otherwise. By design this guide does not purport to address test methods or procedures developed specifically for the functional powder coating market, those coating powders for application to pipe or reinforced steel bars (rebar). Information on current test procedures for pipe and reinforced steel bar coating powders and powder coatings can be obtained through their respective ASTM Subcommittees, A01.05 and D01.48.
4.2 Selection of the methods to be followed and the interpretation of results must be governed by experience and the requirements in each individual case, together with agreement between the purchaser and seller. It should be noted that many of the methods used for characterizing a coating powder, such as gel time (Section 16) and inclined flow (Section 17), are primarily meant for the relative comparison of two coating powders, rather than to give a test value that can be interpreted as good or bad. Interpretation of the test results will depend on the specific application in question and will also often depend on the chemistry of the coating powder used.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing coating powders and powder coatings. The test methods included are listed in Table 1. Where more than one test method is listed for the same characteristic, no attempt is made to indicate superiority of one method over another. Selection of the methods to be followed must be governed by experience and the requirements in each individual case, together with agreement between the purchaser and the seller.
1.2 This guide also refers to methods developed specifically for the coating powder industry by the Powder Coating Institute, PCI, and the International Organization for Standards, ISO.
1.3 This guide describes the testing of coating powders as applied by electrostatic spray, fluidized bed, or any other applicable method.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D3451 − 06 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Guide for
Testing Coating Powders and Powder Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3451; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Related Coating Products
D610 Practice for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of procedures
Steel Surfaces
for testing coating powders and powder coatings. The test
D658 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
methods included are listed in Table 1. Where more than one
Coatings by Air Blast Abrasive (Withdrawn 1996)
test method is listed for the same characteristic, no attempt is
D660 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking of
made to indicate superiority of one method over another.
Exterior Paints
Selection of the methods to be followed must be governed by
D661 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Cracking of
experience and the requirements in each individual case,
Exterior Paints
together with agreement between the purchaser and the seller.
D662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of
1.2 This guide also refers to methods developed specifically
Exterior Paints
for the coating powder industry by the Powder Coating
D714 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of
Institute, PCI, and the International Organization for
Paints
Standards, ISO.
D772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scal-
1.3 This guide describes the testing of coating powders as ing) of Exterior Paints
D822 Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Expo-
applied by electrostatic spray, fluidized bed, or any other
applicable method. sures of Paint and Related Coatings
D870 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Using Water Immersion
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
D968 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
standard.
Coatings by Falling Abrasive
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D1014 Practice for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Paints and Coatings on Metal Substrates
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D1308 Test Method for Effect of Household Chemicals on
Clear and Pigmented Organic Finishes
2. Referenced Documents
D1474 Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Coatings
B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
D522 Test Methods for Mandrel Bend Test of Attached
D1654 Test Method for Evaluation of Painted or Coated
Organic Coatings
Specimens Subjected to Corrosive Environments
D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
D609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and
D1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and
Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting
D1731 Practices for Preparation of Hot-DipAluminum Sur-
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of faces for Painting
Subcommittee D01.51 on Powder Coatings.
D1732 Practices for Preparation of Magnesium Alloy Sur-
Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally
faces for Painting
approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D3451 – 06. DOI:
D1735 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings
10.1520/D3451-06R12.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3451 − 06 (2012)
TABLE 1 List of Test Methods
Section ASTM Method PCI Procedure ISO
Coating Powder Properties:
Sampling 6 D1898 8130-9
Compatibility 9 #2 8130-12
Lower explosion limit 10 8130-4
Particle size and distribution 11.2 D5861
Multiple sieve and analysis 11.4.1 D1921, E11 8130-13
Accelerated storage stability 12
Glass vial method 12.2 #1 8130-8
Pourability 13 D1895 8130-5
Fluidity 14
Cured weight loss for thermosetting coating powders 15 #9 8130-7
Gel time (stroke cure) 16 D4217 #6 8130-6
Flow test (incline method) 17 D4242 #7 8130-11
Specific gravity 18 D5965 #4 8130-2; 8130-3
Melting point determination 19
Application Properties:
Deposition/transfer efficiency of powder coating process 20 8130-10
Powder Coating Properties:
Abrasion resistance 22
Air blast abrasion tester 22.2 D658
Falling sand method 22.2 D968
Taber abraser 22.2 D4060
Adhesion 23
Tape adhesion 23.2 D3359
Chemical resistance 24
Household chemical resistance 24.2 D1308
Detergent resistance 24.3 D2248
Acid resistance 24.4 D3260
Stains or reagents on wood substrates 24.5 D3023
Chip resistance 25
Gravelmeter 25.2 D3170
Corner coverage 26.2 D2967
Elongation (flexibility) 27
Conical/cylindrical mandrel 27.2 D522
T-Bend 27.2 D4145
Film thickness 21.5
Nonmagnetic coatings on ferrous metals D7091
Nonmagnetic, nonconductive coatings on non-ferrous metals D7091
On nonmetal base D6132
Destructive method D1005
Hardness 28
Pencil 28.2 D3363
Knoop Indention 28.3 D1474
Impact resistance 29 D2794
Molting/blocking resistance 30 D3003
On Metal substrates 30.2 D3003
In Wood substrates 30.3 D2793
Print resistance 31 D2091
Optical properties 32
Guide To: 32.1 D5382
Color pigmented coatings 32.2
Visual 32.2.2 D1535
Instrumental 32.3.3 D2244, E308, E1164,
E1331, E1345, E1347,
E1349
Color difference 32.3
Visual 32.3.2 D1535, D1729, D2244
Instrumental 32.3.3 D2244, E308, E1164,
E1331, E1345, E1347,
E1349
Metamerism (visual) 32.4.1 D4086
Distinction of image (DOI) 32.5.1 D5767, E430
Hiding power/opacity 32.6.2 D6441 #3
Gloss 32.7.2 D523
Surface profile (orange peel) 32.8.2
Color/Gloss/Texture Standards 32.9
32.9.1
Preparation, Maintenance, and Distribution 32.9.2 D5531
Tolerances 32.9.3 D3134
Outdoor exposure (natural) 33 D1014, D4141
Adhesion 33.2.1 D3359
Blistering 33.2.2 D714
Chalking 33.2.3 D4214
Checking 33.2.4 D660
Cracking 33.2.5 D661
D3451 − 06 (2012)
TABLE 1 Continued
Section ASTM Method PCI Procedure ISO
Rusting 33.2.6 D610
Erosion 33.2.7 D662
Flaking 33.2.8 D772
Gloss 33.2.9 D523
Color 33.2.10 D1729, D2244, D4086
Accelerated artificial weathering 34.3 D822, D4587, D5031,
D6695, G141, G147,
G151, G152, G153,
G154, G155
Accelerated environmental exposures 35
Filiform corrosion 35.2.1 D2803
Salt spray 35.2.2 B117
SCAB corrosion 35.2.3
Water resistance 35.2.4
High humidity/100 % humidity 35.2.4.1 D1735, D2247
Condensation 35.2.4.2 D4585
Water immersion 35.2.4.3 D870
Using Water Fog Apparatus D3363 Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil Test
D1895 Test Methods forApparent Density, Bulk Factor, and D3960 PracticeforDeterminingVolatileOrganicCompound
Pourability of Plastic Materials (VOC) Content of Paints and Related Coatings
D1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics (Withdrawn 1998) D4017 Test Method for Water in Paints and Paint Materials
D1921 Test Methods for Particle Size (Sieve Analysis) of by Karl Fischer Method
Plastic Materials D4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
D2091 Test Method for Print Resistance of Lacquers Coatings by the Taber Abraser
D2092 Guide for Preparation of Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) D4086 Practice for Visual Evaluation of Metamerism
Steel Surfaces for Painting (Withdrawn 2008) D4141 Practice for Conducting Black Box and Solar Con-
D2201 Practice for Preparation of Zinc-Coated and Zinc- centrating Exposures of Coatings
Alloy-Coated Steel Panels for Testing Paint and Related D4145 Test Method for Coating Flexibility of Prepainted
Coating Products Sheet
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and D4214 Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalking
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color of Exterior Paint Films
Coordinates D4217 Test Method for Gel Time of Thermosetting Coating
D2247 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings in Powder
100 % Relative Humidity D4242 Test Method for Inclined Plate Flow for Thermoset-
D2248 PracticeforDetergentResistanceofOrganicFinishes ting Coating Powders
D2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings D4585 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings
D2454 PracticeforDeterminingtheEffectofOverbakingon Using Controlled Condensation
Organic Coatings D4587 Practice for Fluorescent UV-Condensation Expo-
D2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Differ- sures of Paint and Related Coatings
ence With a Gray Scale D5031 Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposure Tests of
D2793 Test Method for Block Resistance of Organic Coat- Paint and Related Coatings
ings on Wood Panel Substrates D5382 Guide to Evaluation of Optical Properties of Powder
D2794 Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings to Coatings
the Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact) D5531 GuideforPreparation,Maintenance,andDistribution
D2803 Guide for Testing Filiform Corrosion Resistance of of Physical Product Standards for Color and Geometric
Organic Coatings on Metal Appearance of Coatings
D2967 Test Method for Corner Coverage of Powder Coat- D5767 Test Methods for Instrumental Measurement of
ings Distinctness-of-Image Gloss of Coating Surfaces
D3003 Test Method for Pressure Mottling and Blocking D5861 Guide for Significance of Particle Size Measure-
Resistance of Organic Coatings on Metal Substrates ments of Coating Powders
D3023 Practice for Determination of Resistance of Factory- D5965 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Coating Pow-
Applied Coatings on Wood Products to Stains and Re- ders
agents D6132 TestMethodforNondestructiveMeasurementofDry
D3134 Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss Tolerances Film Thickness of Applied Organic Coatings Using an
D3170 Test Method for Chipping Resistance of Coatings Ultrasonic Gage
D3260 Test Method for Acid and Mortar Resistance of D6441 Test Methods for Measuring the Hiding Power of
Factory-Applied Clear Coatings on Extruded Aluminum Powder Coatings
Products D6695 Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposures of Paint and
D3359 Test Methods for Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test Related Coatings
D3451 − 06 (2012)
D7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry ISO 8130-13 Coating Powder – Part B; Particle size analysis
Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to by laser diffraction
Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coat- ISO 8130-14 Powder Coating Terminology
ings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals 5
2.3 PCI Recommended Procedures:
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
PCI #1 Accelerated Stability Test – Powder Coatings
Sieves
PCI #2 Compatibility of Powder Coatings
E284 Terminology of Appearance
PCI #3 Contrast Ratio – Powder Coatings
E308 PracticeforComputingtheColorsofObjectsbyUsing
PCI #4 Density of Powder Coating Materials
the CIE System
PCI #6 Gel Time Reactivity
E430 TestMethodsforMeasurementofGlossofHigh-Gloss
PCI #7 Inclined Plate Flow
Surfaces by Abridged Goniophotometry
PCI #9 Cured Weight Loss for Thermosetting Coating Pow-
E1164 PracticeforObtainingSpectrometricDataforObject-
ders
Color Evaluation
E1331 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by
3. Terminology
Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
3.1 Definitions:
E1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of
3.1.1 contrast ratio, n—a value related to the hiding powder
Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements
of a coating.
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry 3.1.1.1 Discussion—The ratio of the reflectance of the
E1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by
coating over black and white backgrounds at equal film
Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°)
thickness. In the coatings industry 98 % contrast ratio is by
Geometry
convention characterized as being visually opaque, for hiding
G141 Guide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Testing
power measurement purposes, although it is recognized that
of Nonmetallic Materials
visually (just as photometrically) the opacity is actually some-
G147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetal-
what less than complete. For the reported hiding power to be
lic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests
significant, the contrast ratio value must be reported at a
G151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials inAccel-
specific film thickness.
erated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light Sources
3.1.2 hiding power, n—the spreading rate of a coating at a
G152 Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc Light
specified level of hiding, which is conventionally 0.98 contrast
Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
ratio representing photometric “complete hiding.”
G153 Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc Light
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Practically speaking, hiding power is
Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
the extent to which a powder coating masks the color and
G154 Practice for Operating Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV)
pattern of the substrate at a given film thickness.
Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
G155 Practice for Operating XenonArc LightApparatus for
3.1.3 minimum explosive concentration (MEC), n—the
Exposure of Non-Metallic Materials
lower point for a range of concentrations of organic particles
suspended in air that can be ignited by a sufficient energy
2.2 ISO Standards:
source.
ISO 8130-1 Determination of particle size distribution by
sieving
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Also referred to as LEL or Lower
ISO 8130-2 Determination of density by gas comparison
Explosive Level.
pykometer (referee method)
3.1.4 orange peel, n—the appearance of irregularity of a
ISO8130-3 Determinationofdensitybyliquiddisplacement
surface resembling the skin of an orange.
pykometer
3.1.5 pourability, n—the ability of a dry coating to flow
ISO 8130-4 Calculation of lower explosion limit
uniformly
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.