ASTM E1220-99
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Visible Penetrant Examination Using the Solvent-Removable Process
Standard Test Method for Visible Penetrant Examination Using the Solvent-Removable Process
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for visible penetrant examination utilizing the solvent-removable process. It is a nondestructive testing method for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, laminations, isolated porosity, through leaks, or lack of fusion and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance examination. It can be effectively used in the examination of nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and nonferrous, and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densified ceramics and certain nonporous plastics and glass.
1.2 This test method also provides a reference:
1.2.1 By which a visible penetrant examination method using the solvent-removable process recommended or required by individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain its applicability and completeness.
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications dealing with the visible, solvent-removable liquid penetrant examination of materials and parts. Agreement by the purchaser and the manufacturer regarding specific techniques is strongly recommended.
1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities and personnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.
1.3 This test method does not indicate or suggest standards for evaluation of the indications obtained. It should be noted, however, that after indications have been produced, they must be interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate code, specification, or a specific agreement to define the type, size, location, and direction of indications considered acceptable, and those considered unacceptable.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Notes 3, 10, and 13.
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Designation:E1220–99
Standard Test Method for
Visible Penetrant Examination Using
Solvent-Removable Process
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1220; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers procedures for visible pen-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
etrant examination utilizing the solvent-removable process. It
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
is a nondestructive testing method for detecting discontinuities
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
that are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold
statements, see Notes 9 and 11.
shuts, laminations, isolated porosity, through leaks, or lack of
fusion and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance
2. Referenced Documents
examination. It can be effectively used in the examination of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and nonferrous,
D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densified
eral Bomb Method)
ceramics and certain nonporous plastics and glass.
D 516 Test Methods for Sulfate Ion in Water
1.2 This test method also provides a reference:
D 808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petro-
1.2.1 By which a visible penetrant examination method
leum Products (Bomb Method)
using the solvent-removable process recommended or required
D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
by individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain its
(High-Temperature Method)
applicability and completeness.
E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications
E 433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-
dealing with the visible, solvent-removable liquid penetrant
tion
examination of materials and parts. Agreement by the pur-
E 543 Practice for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
chaser and the manufacturer regarding specific techniques is
Testing
strongly recommended.
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities and
2.2 ASNT Documents:
personnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Quali-
1.3 This test method does not indicate or suggest standards
fication and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
for evaluation of the indications obtained. It should be noted,
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-
however, that after indications have been produced, they must
fication of NDT Personnel
beinterpretedorclassifiedandthenevaluated.Forthispurpose
2.3 Military Standard:
there must be a separate code, specification, or a specific
MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-
agreement to define the type, size, location, and direction of
tion and Certification
indications considered acceptable, and those considered unac-
2.4 AIA Standard:
ceptable.
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
1.4 All areas of this test method may be open to agreement
Test Personnel
between the cognizant engineering organization and the sup-
2.5 DoD Contracts-Unless otherwise specified, the issues
plier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering
of the documents that are DoD adopted are those listed in the
organization.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
1 5
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlin-
Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. gate Plaza, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
Current edition approved June 10, 1999. Published August 1999. Originally AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
published as E 1220 – 87. Last previous edition E 1220 – 92. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
2 8
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Test Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250
Method SE-1220 in Section II of that Code. Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1220–99
issue of the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Speci- with solvent to remove the excess penetrant is prohibited.
fications and Standards) cited in the solicitation. Visible penetrant examination makes use of a penetrant that is
visible under normal lighting conditions. The penetrant is
2.6 Order of Precedence-In the event of conflict between usually red in color so that the indications produce a definite
the text of this test method and the references cited herein, the contrast with the white background of the developer. Visible
text of this test method takes precedence. penetrant indications must be viewed under adequate white
light (see 7.1.8.1).
6.3 Solvent Removers function by dissolving the penetrant,
3. Terminology
makingitpossibletowipethesurfacecleanandfreeofresidual
penetrant as described in 7.1.5.
3.1 Definitions—definitions relating to liquid penetrant ex-
6.4 Developers—Development of penetrant indications is
amination, which appear inTerminology E 1316, shall apply to
the process of bringing the penetrant out of open discontinui-
the terms used in this test method.
ties through blotting action of the applied developer, thus
4. Summary of Test Method increasing the visibility of the penetrant indications. Nonaque-
ous, wet developers and aqueous developers are the most
4.1 A liquid penetrant is applied evenly over the surface
commonly used developers in the visible, solvent-removable
being tested and allowed to enter open discontinuities. After a
penetrant process. Liquid film developers also are used for
suitable dwell time, the excess surface penetrant is removed by
special applications.
wiping and the surface is dried. If an aqueous developer is to
6.4.1 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers are normally supplied
be employed, the developer is applied prior to the drying step.
as suspensions of developer particles in a volatile solvent
A developer is then applied, drawing the entrapped penetrant
carrier and are ready for use as supplied. They are applied to
outofthediscontinuity,stainingthedeveloper.Thetestsurface
the surface by spraying after the excess penetrant has been
is then examined visually to determine the presence or absence
removed and the surface has dried. Nonaqueous, wet develop-
of indications.
ers form a white coating on the surface of the part when dried
4.2 Processing parameters, such as precleaning, penetration
and serve as a contrasting background for visible penetrants
time, etc., are determined by the specific materials used, the
(see 7.1.7.1(a)).
nature of the part under examination (that is, size, shape,
surface condition, alloy), and type of discontinuities expected.
NOTE 3—Caution: This type of developer is intended for application
by spray only.
5. Significance and Use
6.4.2 Aqueous Developers are normally supplied as dry
5.1 Liquidpenetrantexaminationmethodsindicatethepres-
powder particles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble)
ence, location, and, to a limited extent, the nature and magni-
in water. The concentration, use and maintenance shall be in
tude of the detected discontinuities. This test method is
accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations (see
intended primarily for portability and for localized areas of
7.1.7.1(b)).
examination, utilizing minimal equipment. Surface roughness
6.4.3 Liquid Film Developers are solutions or colloidal
may be a limiting factor. If so, an alternate process, such as
suspensions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. These
water-wash visible or post-emulsified penetrant should be
developerswillformatransparentortranslucentcoatingonthe
considered when grinding or machining is not practical.
surface of the part. Certain types of film developer will fix
indications and may be stripped from the surface and retained
6. Reagents and Materials
for record purposes (see 7.1.7.1(c)).
6.1 Visible, Solvent-Removable Liquid Penetrant Examina-
7. Procedure
tion Materials, (see Note 1) consist of a family of applicable
visible penetrant, solvent remover, as recommended by the
7.1 The following general procedure applies to the solvent-
manufacturer, and are classified as Type II Visible, Method
removable, visible penetrant examination method (see Fig. 1).
C—Solvent-Removable. Intermixing of materials from various
7.1.1 TemperatureLimits—Thetemperatureofthepenetrant
manufacturers is not recommended.
materials and the surface of the part to be processed should be
from 40 to 120°F (4 to 49°C). Where it is not practical to
NOTE 1—Refer to 8.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, and
comply with these temperature limitations, the procedure must
alkali metal content.
NOTE 2—Caution: While approved penetrant materials will not ad- be qualified at the temperature of intended use as described in
versely affect common metallic materials, some plastics or rubber may be
9.2.
swollen or stained by certain penetrants.
7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant Inspection—
6.2 Visible, Solvent-Removable Penetrants are designed so Satisfactory results can usually be obtained on surfaces in the
that excess surface penetrant can be removed by wiping with as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged conditions or for
dry, clean, lint-free material, and repeating the operation until ceramic in the densified condition. When only loose surface
most of the penetrant has been removed. The remaining traces residuals are present, these may be removed by wiping the
shall be removed by wiping the surface with clean, lint-free surface with clean lint-free cloths. However, precleaning of
material lightly moistened with the solvent remover. To mini- metals to remove processing residuals such as oil, graphite,
mize removal of penetrant from discontinuities, care should be scale, insulating materials, coatings, and so forth, should be
taken to avoid the use of excess solvent. Flushing the surface done using cleaning solvents, vapor degreasing or chemical
E1220–99
Incoming Parts
Alkaline Steam Vapor Degrease Solvent Wash Acid Etch
PRECLEAN
(See 7.1.3.1)
Mechanical Paint Stripper Ultrasonic Detergent
DRY
(See 7.1.3.2) Dry
PENETRANT Apply Solvent
APPLICATION Removable,
(See 7.1.4) Visible
Penetrant
REMOVE Solvent
(See 7.1.5) Wipe-Off
DRY
(See 7.1.6) Dry
DEVELOP Nonaqueous
(See 7.1.7) WetorLiquid
Aqueous
Film Developer
Developer
DRY
(See 7.1.6) Dry
EXAMINE
(See 7.1.8) Examine
Mechanical
Wash
Detergent
POST CLEAN
(See 7.1.10 and Practice
E165, Annex on Post
Dry
Cleaning)
Vapor Degrease Solvent Soak Ultrasonic Clean
Outgoing Parts
FIG. 1 Solvent-Removable Visible Penetrant Examination General Procedure Flowsheet
grinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examination is not
removing processes. Surface conditioning by grinding, ma-
recommended because of the potential for damage.
chining, polishing or etching shall follow shot, sand, grit and
vapor blasting to remove the peened skin and when penetrant
7.1.3 Removal of Surface Contaminants:
entrapment in surface irregularities might mask the indications
7.1.3.1 Precleaning—The success of any penetrant exami-
of unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise interfere with the
nation procedure is greatly dependent upon the surface and
effectiveness of the examination. For metals, unless otherwise
discontinuitybeingfreeofanycontaminantthatmightinterfere
specified, etching shall be performed when evidence exists that
with the penetrant process. All parts or areas of parts to be
previous cleaning, surface treatments or service usage have
inspectedmustbecleananddrybeforethepenetrantisapplied.
produced a surface condition that degrades the effectiveness of
If only a section of a part, such as a weld, including the
the examination. (See Annex on Mechanical Cleaning and
heat-affected zone is to be examined, all contaminants shall be
Surface Conditioning and Annex on Acid Etching in Test
removed from the area being examined as defined by the
Method E 165 for general precautions relative to surface
contracting parties. “Clean’’ is intended to mean that the
preparation.)
surface must be free of any rust, scale, welding flux, spatter,
NOTE 4—When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blasting
grease, paint, oily films, dirt, etc., that might interfere with
without subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.
penetration. All of these contaminants can prevent the pen-
NOTE 5—Caution: Sand or shot blasting may possibly close indica-
etrant from entering discontinuities (seeAnnex on Cleaning of
tions and extreme care should be used with grinding and machining
Parts and Materials in Test Method E 165 for more detailed
operations.
NOTE 6—For structural or electronic ceramics, surface preparation by cleaning methods).
E1220–99
NOTE 7—Caution: Residues from cleaning processes, such as strong
the penetrant must remain on the part to allow proper penetra-
alkalies pickling solutions and chromates in particular, may adversely
tion should be recommended by the penetrant manufacturer.
react with the penetrant and reduce its sensitivity and performance.
Table 1, however, provides a guide for selection of penetrant
7.1.3.2 Drying After Cleaning—It is essential that the area
dwell times for a variety of materials, their form, and types of
to be examined be thoroughly dry after cleaning, since any discontinuity. Unless otherwise specified, the dwell time shall
liquid residue will hinder the entrance of the penetrant. Drying
not exceed the maximum recommended by the manufacturer.
may be accomplished by warming the parts in drying ovens,
NOTE 10—For some specific applications in structural ceramics (for
with infrared lamps, forced hot or cold air, or exposure to
example, detecting parting lines in slip-cast material), the required
ambient temperature.
penetrant dwell time should be determined experimentally and may be
7.1.4 Penetrant Application—After the area to be examined
...
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