ASTM D5183-05(2016)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determination of the Coefficient of Friction of Lubricants Using the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine
Standard Test Method for Determination of the Coefficient of Friction of Lubricants Using the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to determine the coefficient of friction of lubricating fluids under the prescribed test conditions. The user of this test method should determine to his own satisfaction whether results of this test method correlate with field performance or other bench test machines.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the coefficient of friction by means of the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine.2
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or in the former cm-kgf metric units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text the cm-kgf units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems can result in nonconformance to specification.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 7.3 – 7.6.
General Information
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Designation: D5183 − 05 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of the Coefficient of Friction of Lubricants
1
Using the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5183; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
4
1. Scope 2.2 ANSI Standard:
B3.12 Specification for Metal Balls
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the
coefficient of friction by means of the Four-Ball Wear Test
3. Terminology
2
Machine.
3.1 Definitions:
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or in the former
3.1.1 coeffıcient of friction, (µ)—the ratio of the tangential
cm-kgf metric units are to be regarded separately as the
force that is needed to start or to maintain uniform relative
standard. Within the text the cm-kgf units are shown in
motion between two contacting surfaces to the perpendicular
parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact
force holding them in contact.
equivalents, therefore each system must be used independently
of the other. Combining values from the two systems can result
4. Summary of Test Method
in nonconformance to specification.
4.1 Three12.7 mm(0.5 in.)diametersteelballsareclamped
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
together and covered with 10 mL of the wear-in lubricant. A
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
fourth 12.7 mm diameter ball, referred to as the “top ball” is
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
pressed with a force of 392 N (40 kgf) into the cavity formed
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
by the three clamped balls for three-point contact. The tem-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning
perature of the wear-in lubricant is regulated at 75 °C (167 °F),
statements are given in 7.3 – 7.6.
and then, the top ball is rotated at 600 r⁄min for 60 min.
4.2 Fluid is discarded and balls cleaned. The wear scar
2. Referenced Documents
diameter on each of the lower three balls is examined. If the
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
wear scars average 0.67 mm 6 0.03 mm, (0.026 in. 6
D4172 Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics of
0.001 in.) then the 10 mL of test fluid is added to the ball cup
Lubricating Fluid (Four-Ball Method)
with the worn-in test balls in place. The temperature of the test
lubricant is regulated at 75 °C (167 °F) and the top ball is
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
rotated at 600 r⁄min at 98.1 N (10 kgf) for 10 min.
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
4.3 The load is then increased by 98.1 N (10 kgf) at the end
Subcommittee D02.L0.11 on Tribological Properties of Industrial Fluids and
Lubricates.
of each successive 10 min interval up to the point where the
Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally approved
frictional trace indicates incipient seizure. The coefficient of
in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D5183 – 05 (2011). DOI:
friction is measured at the end of each 10 min interval.
10.1520/D5183-05R16.
2
The sole source of supply of the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine known to the
5. Significance and Use
committee at this time is Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554. If
you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM
5.1 Thistestmethodcanbeusedtodeterminethecoefficient
International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
1
of friction of lubricating fluids under the prescribed test
meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5183 − 05 (2016)
FIG. 1 Schematic of a Four-Ball Wear Test Machine
conditions.Theuserofthistestmethodshoulddeterminetohis
own satisfaction whether results of this test method correlate
with field performance or other bench test machines.
6. Apparatus
5
6.1 Four-Ball Test Machine —See Figs. 1-3.
NOTE 1—It is important to distinguish between the Four-Ball E.P. and
theFour-BallWearTestMach
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5183 − 05 (Reapproved 2011) D5183 − 05 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of the Coefficient of Friction of Lubricants
1
Using the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5183; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the coefficient of friction by means of the Four-Ball Wear Test
2
Machine.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or in the former cm-kgf metric units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within
the text the cm-kgf units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore each
system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems can result in nonconformance to
specification.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 7.3 – 7.6.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4172 Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics of Lubricating Fluid (Four-Ball Method)
4
2.2 ANSI Standard:
B3.12 Specification for Metal Balls
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 coeffıcient of friction, (μ)—the ratio of the tangential force that is needed to start or to maintain uniform relative motion
between two contacting surfaces to the perpendicular force holding them in contact.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Three 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) diameter steel balls are clamped together and covered with 10 mL 10 mL of the
wear-in lubricant. A fourth 12.7 mm 12.7 mm diameter ball, referred to as the “top ball” is pressed with a force of 392 N (40 kgf)
392 N (40 kgf) into the cavity formed by the three clamped balls for three-point contact. The temperature of the wear-in lubricant
is regulated at 75°C (167°F),75 °C (167 °F), and then, the top ball is rotated at 600600 r rpm for 60 min.⁄min for 60 min.
4.2 Fluid is discarded and balls cleaned. The wear scar diameter on each of the lower three balls is examined. If the wear scars
average 0.67 6 0.03 mm, (0.026 6 0.001 in.) then the 10 mL 0.67 mm 6 0.03 mm, (0.026 in. 6 0.001 in.) then the 10 mL of test
fluid is added to the ball cup with the worn-in test balls in place. The temperature of the test lubricant is regulated at 75°C
(167°F)75 °C (167 °F) and the top ball is rotated at 600600 r rpm at 98.1 N (10 kgf) for 10 min.⁄min at 98.1 N (10 kgf) for 10 min.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.L0.11 on TribiologicalTribological Properties of Industrial Fluids and Lubricates.
Current edition approved May 1, 2011July 1, 2016. Published August 2011July 2016. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20052011 as
D5183–05. DOI: 10.1520/D5183-05R11. – 05 (2011). DOI: 10.1520/D5183-05R16.
2
The sole source of supply of the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine known to the committee at this time is Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554. If you
are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of
1
the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5183 − 05 (2016)
FIG. 1 Schematic of a Four-Ball Wear Test Machine
4.3 The load is then increased by 98.1 N (10 kgf) 98.1 N (10 kgf) at the end of each successive 10 min 10 min interval up to
the point where t
...
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