ASTM D6282-98(2005)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environmental Site Characterizations (Withdrawn 2014)
Standard Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environmental Site Characterizations (Withdrawn 2014)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Direct push methods of soil sampling are used for geologic investigations, soil chemical composition studies, and water quality investigations. Examples of a few types of investigations in which direct push sampling may be used include site assessments, underground storage tank investigations, and hazardous waste site investigations. Continuous sampling is used to provide a lithological detail of the subsurface strata and to gather samples for classification and index or for chemical testing. These investigations frequently are required in the characterization of hazardous waste sites. Samples, gathered by direct push methods, provide specimens necessary to determine the chemical composition of soils, and in most circumstances, contained pore fluids (3).
Direct push methods can provide accurate information on the characteristics of the soils encountered and of the chemical composition if provisions are made to ensure that discrete samples are collected, that sample recovery is maximized, and that clean decontaminated tools are used in the sample gathering procedure. For purposes of this guide, “soil” shall be defined in accordance with Terminology D653. Using sealed or protected sampling tools, cased boreholes, and proper advancement techniques can assure good representative samples. Direct push boreholes may be considered as a supplementary part of the overall site investigation or may be used for the full site investigation if site conditions permit. As such, they should be directed by the same procedural review and quality assurance standards that apply to other types of subsurface borings. A general knowledge of subsurface conditions at the site is beneficial.
Soil strata profiling to shallow depths may be accomplished over large areas in less time than with conventional drilling methods because of the rapid sample gathering potential of the direct push method. More site time is available for actual productive investigation as the time required for ancillar...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide addresses direct push soil samplers, which also may be driven into the ground from the surface or through prebored holes. The samplers can be continuous or discrete interval units. Samplers are advanced by a combination of static push, or impacts from hammers, or vibratory methods, or a combination thereof, to the depth of interest. The guide does not cover open chambered samplers operated by hand such as augers, agricultural samplers operated at shallow depths, or side wall samplers. This guide does not address single sampling events in the immediate base of the drill hole using rotary drilling equipment with incremental drill hole excavation. Other sampling standards, such as Test Methods D1586 and D1587 and Practice D3550 apply to rotary drilling activities. This guide does not address advancement of sampler barrel systems with methods that employ cuttings removal as the sampler is advanced. Other drilling and sampling methods may apply for samples needed for engineering and construction applications.
1.2 Guidance on preservation and transport of samples, as given in Guide D4220, may or may not apply. Samples for chemical analysis often must be subsampled and preserved for chemical analysis using special techniques. Practice D3694 provides information on some of the special techniques required. Additional information on environmental sample preservation and transportation is available in other references (1, 2). Samples for classification may be preserved using procedures similar to Class A. In most cases, a direct push sample is considered as Class B in Practice D4220 but is protected, representative, and suitable for chemical analysis. The samples taken with this practice do not usually produce Class C and D (with exception of thin wall samples of standard size) samples for testing for engineering properties, such as shear strength and compressibility. Guide D4700 has some information on mechanical...
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D6282 − 98(Reapproved 2005)
Standard Guide for
Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environmental Site
Characterizations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6282; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope for testing for engineering properties, such as shear strength
and compressibility. Guide D4700 has some information on
1.1 This guide addresses direct push soil samplers, which
mechanical soil sampling devices similar to direct push
also may be driven into the ground from the surface or through
techniques, however, it does not address most direct push
prebored holes. The samplers can be continuous or discrete
sampling methods. If sampling is for chemical evaluation in
interval units. Samplers are advanced by a combination of
the Vadose Zone, consult Guide D4700 for any special consid-
static push, or impacts from hammers, or vibratory methods, or
erations.
a combination thereof, to the depth of interest. The guide does
not cover open chambered samplers operated by hand such as 1.3 Field methods described in this guide, include the use of
discreet and continuous sampling tools, split and solid barrel
augers, agricultural samplers operated at shallow depths, or
side wall samplers. This guide does not address single sam- samplers and thin walled tubes with or without fixed piston
style apparatus.
plingeventsintheimmediatebaseofthedrillholeusingrotary
drilling equipment with incremental drill hole excavation.
1.4 Insertion methods described include static push, impact,
Other sampling standards, such as Test Methods D1586 and
percussion, other vibratory/sonic driving, and combinations of
D1587 and Practice D3550 apply to rotary drilling activities.
these methods using direct push equipment adapted to drilling
This guide does not address advancement of sampler barrel
rigs, cone penetrometer units, and specially designed
systems with methods that employ cuttings removal as the
percussion/direct push combination machines. Hammers pro-
samplerisadvanced.Otherdrillingandsamplingmethodsmay
viding the force for insertion include drop style, hydraulically
apply for samples needed for engineering and construction
activated, air activated and mechanical lift devices.
applications.
1.5 Direct push soil sampling is limited to soils and uncon-
1.2 Guidance on preservation and transport of samples, as
solidated materials that can be penetrated with the available
given in Guide D4220, may or may not apply. Samples for
equipment. The ability to penetrate strata is based on hammer
chemical analysis often must be subsampled and preserved for
energy, carrying vehicle weight, compactness of soil, and
chemical analysis using special techniques. Practice D3694
consistency of soil. Penetration may be limited or damage to
provides information on some of the special techniques re-
samplers and conveying devices can occur in certain subsur-
quired. Additional information on environmental sample pres-
faceconditions,someofwhicharediscussedin5.5.Successful
ervation and transportation is available in other references (1,
sample recovery also may be limited by the ability to retrieve
2). Samples for classification may be preserved using proce-
tools from the borehole. Sufficient retract force must be
dures similar to ClassA. In most cases, a direct push sample is
available when attempting difficult or deep investigations.
considered as Class B in Practice D4220 but is protected,
1.6 This guide does not address the installation of any
representative, and suitable for chemical analysis.The samples
temporary or permanent soil, groundwater, vapor monitoring,
taken with this practice do not usually produce Class C and D
or remediation devices.
(with exception of thin wall samples of standard size) samples
1.7 The practicing of direct push techniques may be con-
trolled by local regulations governing subsurface penetration.
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoilandRock
Certification, or licensing requirements, or both, may need to
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
be considered in establishing criteria for field activities.
Vadose Zone Investigations.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2005. Published February 2005. Originally
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D6282–98. DOI:
standard: however, dimensions used in the drilling industry are
10.1520/D6282-98R05.
2 given in inch-pound units by convention. Inch-pound units are
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
this standard. used where necessary in this guide.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6282 − 98(Reapproved 2005)
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D6282 − 98 (2005)
1.10 This guide offers an organized collection of informa- which is installed temporarily or permanently to counteract
tion or a series of options and does not recommend a specific caving, to advance the borehole, or to isolate the interval being
course of action. This document cannot replace education or monitored, or combination thereof.
experienceandshouldbeusedinconjunctionwithprofessional
3.1.5 caving/sloughing, n—the inflow of unconsolidated
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
material into an unsupported borehole that occurs when the
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
borehole walls lose their cohesive strength.
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
3.1.6 decontamination, n—the process of removing undesir-
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
able physical or chemical constituents, or both, from equip-
document be applied without consideration of a projects’s
ment to reduce the potential for cross-contamination.
many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
3.1.7 direct push sampling, n—sampling devices that are
document means only that the document has been approved
advanced into the soil to be sampled without drilling or
through the ASTM consensus process.
borehole excavation.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.8 extension rod, n—hollow steel rod, threaded, in vari-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ous lengths, used to advance and remove samplers and other
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
devices during direct pushing boring.Also known as drive rod.
Fluids
In some applications, small diameter solid extension rods are
D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-
used through hollow drive rods to activate closed samples at
Barrel Sampling of Soils
depth.
D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for
3.1.9 incremental drilling and sampling, n—insertion
Geotechnical Purposes
method where rotary drilling and sampling events are alter-
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
nated for incremental sampling. Incremental drilling often is
(Visual-Manual Procedure)
needed to penetrate harder or deeper formations.
D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,
3.1.10 percussion driving, n—insertion method where rapid
Drive Sampling of Soils
hammer impacts are performed to advance the sampling
D3694 Practices for Preparation of Sample Containers and
device. The percussion normally is accompanied with the
for Preservation of Organic Constituents
application of a static down-force.
D4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil
3.1.11 push depth, n—the depth below a ground surface
Samples
D4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone datum to which the lower end, or tip, of the direct-push
sampling device is inserted.
D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
Used at Waste Sites
3.1.12 sample interval, n—defined zone within a subsurface
D5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water
strata from which a sample is gathered.
Monitoring Wells
3.1.13 sample recovery, n—the length of material recovered
D5299 Guide for Decommissioning of Groundwater Wells,
divided by the length of sampler advancement and stated as a
Vadose Zone Monitoring Devices, Boreholes, and Other
percentage.
Devices for Environmental Activities
3.1.14 soil core, n—cylindrical shaped specimen of sedi-
D5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations
ments or other unconsolidated accumulations of solid particles
of Soil and Rock
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks
D6001 Guide for Direct-Push Ground Water Sampling for
and which may or may not contain organic matter recovered
Environmental Site Characterization
from a soil sampler.
3. Terminology
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1 Definitions:
3.2.1 closed barrel sampler, n—a sampling device with a
3.1.1 General definitions for terminology used in this guide
piston or other secured device that is held to block the
are in accordance with Terminology D653. Definitions for
movement of material into the barrel until the blocking device
terms related to direct push water sampling for geoenviron-
is removed or released. Liners are required in closed barrel
mental investigations are in accordance with Guide D6001.
samplers.Also may be referred to as a protected type sampler.
3.1.2 assembly length, n—length of sampler body and riser
3.2.2 impact heads/drive heads, n—pieces or assemblies
pipes.
thatfittotopoftheabovegroundportionofthedirectpushtool
3.1.3 borehole, n—a hole of circular cross-section made in
assembly to receive the impact of the hammering device and
soil or rock.
transfer the impact energy to sampler extensions.
3.1.4 casing, n—pipe furnished in sections with either
3.2.3 open barrel sampler, n—sampling barrel with open
threaded connections or bevelled edges to be field-welded,
end allowing material to enter at any time or depth. Also may
be referred to as an unprotected type sampler.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.2.4 piston lock, n—device to lock the sampler piston in
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
place to prevent any entry of a foreign substance into the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. sampler chamber prior to sampling.
D6282 − 98 (2005)
3.2.5 single tube system, n—a system whereby single supplementary part of the overall site investigation or may be
extension/drive rods with samplers attached are advanced into used for the full site investigation if site conditions permit.As
the subsurface strata to collect a soil sample. such, they should be directed by the same procedural review
and quality assurance standards that apply to other types of
3.2.6 solid barrel sampler, n—a soil sampling device con-
subsurface borings.Ageneral knowledge of subsurface condi-
sisting of a continuous or segmented tube with a wall thickness
tions at the site is beneficial.
sufficient to withstand the forces necessary to penetrate the
strata desired and gather a sample. A cutting shoe and a
5.3 Soil strata profiling to shallow depths may be accom-
connecting head are attached to the barrel.
plished over large areas in less time than with conventional
drilling methods because of the rapid sample gathering poten-
3.2.7 split barrel sampler, n—a soil sampling device con-
tial of the direct push method. More site time is available for
sisting of the two half circle tubes manufactured to matching
actual productive investigation as the time required for ancil-
alignment, held together on one end by a shoe and on the other
lary activities, such as decontamination, rig setup, tool han-
by a connecting head.
dling, borehole backfill, and site clean-up is reduced over
3.2.8 two tube systems, n—a system whereby inner and
conventional drilling techniques. Direct push soil sampling has
outer tubes are advanced simultaneously into the subsurface
benefits of smaller size tooling, smaller diameter boreholes,
strata to collect a soil sample. The outer tube is used for
and minimal investigative derived waste.
borehole stabilization.The inner tube for sampler recovery and
insertion.
5.4 The direct push soil sampling method may be used as a
site characterization tool for subsurface investigation and for
4. Summary of Guide
remedial investigation and corrective action. The initial direct
push investigation program can provide good soil stratigraphic
4.1 Direct push soil sampling consists of advancing a
information depending on the soil density and particle size,
sampling device into subsurface soils by applying static
determine groundwater depth, and provide samples for field
pressure, by applying impacts, or by applying vibration, or any
screening and for formal laboratory analysis to determine the
combination thereof, to the above ground portion of the
chemical composition of soil and contained pore fluids. Use of
sampler extensions until the sampler has been advanced to the
this method, results in minimum site disturbance and no
desired sampling depth. The sampler is recovered from the
cuttings are generated.
borehole and the sample removed from the sampler. The
sampler is cleaned and the procedure repeated for the next
5.5 This guide may not be the correct method for investi-
desired sampling interval. Sampling can be continuous for full
gations in all cases. As with all drilling methods, subsurface
depth borehole logging or incremental for specific interval
conditions affect the performance of the sample gathering
sampling. Samplers used can be protected type for controlled
equipment and methods used. Direct push methods are not
specimen gathering or unprotected for general soil specimen
effective for solid rock and are marginally effective in partially
collection.
weathered rock or very dense soils. These methods can be
utilized to determine the rock surface depth. The presence or
5. Significance and Use
absence of groundwater can affect the performance of the
sampling tools. Compact gravelly tills containing boulders and
5.1 Direct push methods of soil sampling are used for
cobbles, stiff clay, compacted gravel, and cemented soi
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.