ASTM A197/A197M-00(2006)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Cupola Malleable Iron
Standard Specification for Cupola Malleable Iron
ABSTRACT
This specification covers malleable irons for castings made by the cupola process. The chemical composition of the iron shall be such as to produce materials that meet the mechanical property requirements. The tensile test methods for malleable iron are presented in details. At least three tensile test specimens shall be cast from a representative ladle of iron from each 4-h pour period during the purchaser's castings were poured. Only one test specimen need be tested to qualify each pour period and heat treatment batch provided the requirements of this specification are met by the test specimen. The microstructure of the malleable iron shall consist of temper carbon nodules uniformly distributed in a ferritic matrix and shall be free from excessive pearlite, massive carbides, and primary graphite. All castings, on visual examination shall be sound and free from obvious shrinkage and porosity.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers malleable irons for castings made by the cupola process.
1.2 Without knowledge of casting geometry and process details, quantitative relationships cannot be stated between the properties of the iron in the various locations of a casting and those of a test bar cast from the same iron.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: A197/A197M – 00 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Specification for
Cupola Malleable Iron
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA197/A197M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope poured from the same lot of iron as the castings they represent
and shall be heat treated with those castings.
1.1 This specification covers malleable irons for castings
made by the cupola process.
5. Ordering Information
1.2 Without knowledge of casting geometry and process
5.1 The purchase order for castings ordered under this
details, quantitative relationships cannot be stated between the
specification shall state the specification designation and the
properties of the iron in the various locations of a casting and
year in which the specification was issued.
those of a test bar cast from the same iron.
5.2 Any options or special additions to the basic require-
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
ments of this specification shall be clearly and fully stipulated.
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
6. Chemical Composition
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall
6.1 The chemical composition of the iron shall be such as to
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
produce the mechanical properties required by this specifica-
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
tion.
cation.
7. Mechanical Requirements
2. Referenced Documents
2 7.1 Factors influencing the properties of castings and their
2.1 ASTM Standards:
relationship to those of test specimens and separate test
A247 Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of
castings are discussed in Appendix X1.
Graphite in Iron Castings
7.2 Tensile Test:
A644 Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
7.2.1 Tensile Test Specimens:
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
7.2.1.1 The tensile test specimens shall be cast to the form
3. Terminology and dimensions shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 using the same kind
of molding material used for the production castings.
3.1 Definitions—Definitions for many terms common to
7.2.1.2 All test specimens shall be suitably identified with
iron castings are found in Terminology A644.
the designation of the pour period.
4. Classification 7.2.1.3 All test specimens shall be heat treated in the same
production furnace and for the same cycles as the castings they
4.1 Iron produced for castings ordered under this specifica-
represent.
tion is classified in a single grade and is qualified by tests on
7.2.2 Tensile Test Method:
separately cast test bars. Separately cast test bars shall be
7.2.2.1 Perform the tensile test on unmachined specimens.
7.2.2.2 Gage Length—The gage length of the standard
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron
tensile specimen shall be 2.00 6 0.01 in. [50.0 6 0.03 mm].
Castings and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA04.02 on Malleable and
7.2.2.3 Cross-Sectional Area—The diameter used to com-
Ductile Iron Castings.
pute the cross-sectional area shall be the average between the
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2006. Published February 2006. Originally
largest and smallest diameters in that section of the 2-in. [50
approved in 1936. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as A197/A197M – 00.
DOI: 10.1520/A0197_A0197M-00R06.
mm] gage length having the smallest diameter and shall be
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
measured to the nearest 0.001 in. [0.02 mm]. No cast bar
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
having a mean diameter less than 0.590 in. [15 mm] shall be
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. accepted for test.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
A197/A197M – 00 (2006)
FIG. 1 Tension Test Specimen
NOTE 1—Modifications may be made in the dimensions indicated above for those details of the specimen outside of the gage length as required by
testing procedure and equipment.
FIG. 2 Alternative Unmachined Tension Test Specimen
7.2.2.4 Speed of Testing—After reaching a stress equivalent 0.5 % extension) or an offset of 0.2 % shall be taken as the
to approximately half of the anticipated yield stress, the speed yield stress, which shall be converted to yield strength by
of the moving head of the testing machine shall not exceed dividing by the original cross-sectional area of the gage length
0.50 in./min [12.5 mm/min] through the breaking load. found in accordance with 7.2.2.3. It shall be reported to the
7.2.2.5 Yield Strength—While the values for yield point and nearest100psi[1MPa].Inrefereework,yieldstrengthshallbe
yield strength are not identical, they are sufficiently close for determined at an offset of 0.2 % from the stress strain curve.
most applications to be used interchangeably. They shall be 7.2.2.6 Tensile Strength—The tensile strength shall be the
determined by an approved technique described in Test Meth- maximum load carried by the specimen during the test divided
ods E8 or by an equivalent method. If determined as yield by the original cross-sectional area of the gage length, as found
strength, that stress producing an extension under load of 0.01 in accordance with 7.2.2.3. It shall be reported to the nearest
in. [0.25 mm] over the 2-in. [50 mm] gage length (for example, 100 psi [1 MPa].
A197/A197M – 00 (2006)
7.2.2.7 Elongation—The elongation is the increase in gage 10. Dimensional Requirements
length after fracture of a tensile specimen, measured to the
10.1 The castings shall conform to the dimensions given on
nearest 0.01 in. [0.25 mm] expressed as a percentage of the
drawings furnished by the purchaser, or to the dimensions
original gage length. It shall be reported to the nearest 0.5 %.
establishedbythepatternequipmentsuppliedbythepurchaser.
7.2.3 Number of Tests and Retests:
7.2.3.1 At least three tensile test specimens shall be cast
11. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
from a representative ladle of iron from each 4-h pour period
11.1 The surface of the casting shall be clean, free from
during which the purchaser’s castings were poured.
sand, and have a workmanlike finish.
7.2.3.2 Only one test specimen need be tested to qualify
each pour period and heat treatment batch provided the
12. Identification Marking
requirementsofthisspecificationaremetbythattestspecimen.
12.1 When the size of the casting permits, each casting shall
7.2.3.3 If after testing, a specimen shows evidence of a
bear the identifying mark of the manufacturer and the part or
defect, another tensile test may be made on a companion
pattern number at a location shown on the covering drawing
specimen. Also, a retest shall be permitted whenever fracture
and if not shown on the drawing, at such a location at the
occurs outside the central 50 % of the gage length.
discretion of the producer that the identification will not
7.2.3.4 If the result of a valid test fails to conform to the
interfere with subsequent processing and service of the casting.
requirements of this specification, two retests shall be made. If
12.2 For steam service pressures in excess of 150 psi [1000
either of the retest fails to meet the specification, all the
KPa], the castings shall be marked with the manufacturer’s
castings from the pour period and the heat treat batch repre-
name or trademark, numerals to indicate the steam service
sented by these test specimens shall be rejected.
intended, and any other marks that will clearly indicate the
7.2.
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