ASTM A1000/A1000M-17(2023)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Carbon and Alloy Specialty Spring Quality
Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Carbon and Alloy Specialty Spring Quality
ABSTRACT
This specification covers round, shaped and flat rolled plain carbon and alloy steel spring wires, uniform in quality and temper, intended for the manufacture of mechanical springs that can withstand moderate fatigue stresses over some relatively low number of cycles. This wire shall be either in the annealed and cold-drawn or oil-tempered conditions. The steel may be made by any commercially accepted steel making process in either ingot cast or strand cast form. The percentage of the following elements: carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, and vanadium, shall conform to the chemical composition requirements and be determined by heat analysis. Tensile and wrap tests shall conform to the mechanical requirements such as tensile strength. Metallurgical requirements including eddy current testing for etched surface, decarburization, and inclusion content are detailed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers four different grades of round and shaped plain carbon and alloy steel spring wire, uniform in quality and temper, intended for the manufacture of mechanical springs that can withstand moderate fatigue stresses over some relatively low number of cycles. The quality level is between the commercial quality grades of wire such as Specifications A401/A401M, A231/A231M, and A229/A229M and the valve spring quality grades such Specifications as A230/A230M, A232/A232M, and A877/A877M. It is similar to the grade TD (referenced in EN 10270-2) intended for medium fatigue levels, such as required for clutch springs. This wire shall be either in the annealed and cold-drawn or quenched and tempered condition as specified by purchaser.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: A1000/A1000M − 17 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Specification for
Steel Wire, Carbon and Alloy Specialty Spring Quality
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A1000/A1000M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope A231/A231M Specification for Chromium-Vanadium Alloy
Steel Spring Wire
1.1 This specification covers four different grades of round
A232/A232M Specification for Chromium-Vanadium Alloy
and shaped plain carbon and alloy steel spring wire, uniform in
Steel Valve Spring Quality Wire
quality and temper, intended for the manufacture of mechanical
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
springs that can withstand moderate fatigue stresses over some
of Steel Products
relatively low number of cycles. The quality level is between
A401/A401M Specification for Steel Wire, Chromium-
the commercial quality grades of wire such as Specifications
Silicon Alloy
A401/A401M, A231/A231M, and A229/A229M and the valve
A700 Guide for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Methods
spring quality grades such Specifications as A230/A230M,
for Steel Products for Shipment
A232/A232M, and A877/A877M. It is similar to the grade TD
A751 Test Methods and Practices for Chemical Analysis of
(referenced in EN 10270-2) intended for medium fatigue
Steel Products
levels, such as required for clutch springs. This wire shall be
A877/A877M Specification for Steel Wire, Chromium-
either in the annealed and cold-drawn or quenched and
Silicon Alloys, Chrome-Silicon-Vanadium Alloy Valve
tempered condition as specified by purchaser.
Spring Quality
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
A941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Alloys, and Ferroalloys
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
terials
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
with the standard.
Determine Conformance with Specifications
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
2.2 European Standard:
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
EN 10270-2 Steel Wire for Mechanical Springs Part 2:
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Oil-Hardened and Tempered Springsteel Wire of Unal-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
loyed and Alloyed Steels
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.1 For definition of terms used in this specification, see
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Terminology A941.
A229/A229M Specification for Steel Wire, Quenched and
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Tempered for Mechanical Springs
3.2.1 commercial quality wire, n—wire that is fairly com-
A230/A230M Specification for Steel Wire, Carbon Valve
mon quality and intended for applications that are primarily
Spring Quality
static in nature, or not involving significant fatigue loading.
3.2.2 equivalent round diameter, n—diameter of a round
wire having equivalent cross sectional area to a given shaped
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
wire.
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.03 on Steel Rod and Wire. 3.2.3 shape factor, n—this value is used to obtain cross
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2023. Published September 2023. Originally
sectional area for shaped wires when multiplied by measured
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as A1000/A1000M – 17.
width and measured thickness.
DOI: 10.1520/A1000_A1000M-17R23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from European Committee for Standardization, rue de Stassart
the ASTM website. 36,B-1050 Brussels
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A1000/A1000M − 17 (2023)
TABLE 1 Permissible Variations in Wire Dimensions (Round and
3.2.4 round wire, n—wire having a circular cross section.
A
Flat)
3.2.5 flat wire, n—wire having two parallel flats, with either
SI Units
round or square edges.
Permissible Varia- Permissible Out-Of-
Dimension, mm
tions, ± mm Round, mm
3.2.6 shaped wire, n—wire other than round wire and flat
0.5 to 2.0, incl 0.02 0.02
wire.
Over 2.0 to 4.0, incl 0.03 0.03
Over 4.0 to 9.5, incl 0.04 0.04
Over 9.5 0.05 0.05
4. Ordering Information
Inch-Pound Units
Permissible Varia- Permissible Out-Of-
4.1 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specify
Dimension, in.
tions, ± in. Round, in.
all requirements that are necessary for material under this
0.020 to 0.075, incl 0.0008 0.0008
specification. Such requirements are permitted to include, but
Over 0.075 to 0.148, incl 0.001 0.001
Over 0.148 to 0.375, incl 0.0015 0.0015
are not limited to the following,
Over 0.375 0.002 0.002
4.1.1 Quantity (mass),
A
Permissible Variations in Wire Dimensions (Flat)
4.1.2 Name of material (chromium-silicon alloy steel spe-
SI Units
Thickness Width
cialty spring quality wire) and grade (Table 2 and Section 6),
Dimension, mm Permissible Varia- Permissible Varia-
4.1.3 Dimensions (Table 1 and Section 9),
tions, ± mm tions, ± mm
4.1.4 Condition—Annealed and Cold Drawn, or Quench
All 0.05 0.120
Inch-Pound Units
and Tempered (Section 7),
Thickness Width
4.1.5 Packaging (Section 15), and
Dimension, in. Permissible Varia- Permissible Varia-
4.1.6 ASTM designation and year of issue.
tions, ± in. tions, ± in.
All 0.002 0.005
4.2 The purchaser shall have the option to specify additional
A
For purposes of determining conformance with this specification, all specified
requirements, including but not limited to:
limits are absolute as defined in Practice E29.
4.2.1 Requirements for certifications, heat analysis or test
reports (see Sections 6.2 and 14),
4.2.2 Special packing, marking, and loading requirements
(see Section 15), and
4.2.3 Other special requirements, if any. 6.2 Heat Analysis—Each heat of steel shall be analyzed by
the supplier to determine the percentage of elements prescribed
NOTE 1—A typical ordering description is as follows: 20 000 kg
in Table 2. This analysis shall be made from a test specimen
quenched and tempered chromium-silicon alloy steel specialty spring
quality wire, size 6.00 mm in 1500 kg coils to Specification A1000/ preferably taken during the pouring of the heat. When
A1000M, Grade A dated _______, or for inch-pound units, or for
requested, this shall be reported to the purchaser and shall
inchpound units, 40 000 lb. quenched and tempered chromium-silicon
conform to the requirements of Table 2.
alloy steel specialty spring quality wire, size 0.250 in. in 3000 lb coils to
Specification A1000/A1000M, Grade A dated _______. 6.3 Product Analysis—An analysis may be made by the
purchaser from finished wire representing each heat of steel.
5. Materials and Manufacture
The average of all the separate determinations made shall be
within the limits specified in the analysis column.
5.1 The steel may be made by any commercially accepted
steel making process. The steel may be either ingot cast or
6.4 For referee purposes, Test Methods, Practices, and
strand cast.
Terminology A751 shall be used.
5.2 The finished wire shall be free from detrimental pipe
7. Mechanical Properties
and undue segregation.
7.1 Annealed and Cold Drawn—When purchased in the
6. Chemical Composition
annealed and cold-drawn condition, the wire shall have been
6.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements for chemical given a sufficient amount of cold working to meet the purchas-
composition specified in Table 2.
er’s coiling requirements and shall be in a suitable condition to
TABLE 2 Chemical Requirements
Analysis, %
Grade C Grade D
Grade A Grade B
Chromium- Chromium-Silicon-
Chromium-Silicon Carbon
Vanadium Vanadium
Carbon 0.51 to 0.59 0.55 to 0.75 0.60 to 0.70 0.55 to 0.68
Manganese 0.50 to 0.80 0.60 to 0.90 0.50 to 0.90 0.50 to 0.90
Phosphorus 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max
Sulfur 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max
Silicon 1.20 to 1.60 0.15 to 0.30 0.15 to 0.30 1.20 to 1.65
Chromium 0.60 to 0.80 . . . 0.35 to 0.60 0.50 to 0.80
Vanadium . . . . . . 0.10 to 0.25 0.08 to 0.25
“. . .” indicates that there is no requirement and that these elements are not required to be reported.
A1000/A1000M − 17 (2023)
A
TABLE 4 Tensile and % Reduction of Area Requirements
respond properly to heat treatment. In special cases the tensile
(Carbon) Grade B
strength or hardness, if desired, shall be stated in the purchase
SI Units
order.
% Reduction of area,
Diameter, mm MPa, min MPa, max
B
min
7.2 Quenched and Tempered:
7.2.1 Tensile Strength and % Reduction of Area, Round 0.5 1900 2070 . . .
1.0 1860 2030 . . .
Wire—When purchased in the quenched and tempered
2.0 1790 1960 . . .
condition, the tensile strength shall conform to the require-
2.5 1760 1900 45
3.0 1720 1860 45
ments prescribed in Tables 3-6. Minimum percent reduction in
4.0 1650 1790 40
area of round wire, sizes 2.34 mm [0.092 in.] and larger shall
4.5 1580 1720 40
conform to the requirements prescribed in Tables 3-6.
5.5 1510 1650 40
6.5 1480 1620 40
7.2.2 Tensile Strength and % Reduction of Area, Shaped and
8.0 1450 1590 40
Flat Wire—Tensile strength of shaped and flat wires shall
9.5 1410 1550 40
conform to Tables 3-6 based on the conversion to equivalent
12.5 1380 1520 35
16.0 1350 1490 30
round diameter. Percent reduction of area is not applicable to
Inch-Pound Units
flat wires. Minimum percent reduction in area of shaped wires
% Reduction of area,
Diameter, in. ksi, min ksi, max
B
with equivalent round wire diameters of 2.50 mm [0.105 in.]
min
0.020 275 300 . . .
and larger shall conform to the requirements prescribed in
0.040 270 295 . . .
Tables 3-6.
0.080 260 285 . . .
7.2.3 Tensile Strength Variation—The maximum tensile
0.105 255 275 45
0.120 250 270 45
variation in a coil shall be 70 MPa [10 ksi].
0.156 240 260 40
0.177 235 255 40
A
TABLE 3 Tensile and % Reduction of Area Requirements
0.218 225 245 40
(Chrome Silicon) Grade A
0.250 215 235 40
0.312 210 230 40
SI Units
0.375 205 225 40
% Reduction of Area,
Diameter, mm MPa, min MPa, max 0.500 200 220 35
B
min
0.625 195 215 30
0.5 2100 2280 . . .
A
Tensile strength values for intermediate diameters shall be interpolated.
1.0 2070 2240 . . .
B
The reduction of area test is not applicable to wire under 2.34 mm (0.092 in.). For
1.5 2030 2210 . . .
intermediate diameters, the reduction of area requirement shall be that of the next
2.0 2000 2140 . . .
larger wire.
2.5 1965 2105 45
“. . .” indicates that there is no requirement.
3.0 1930 2070 45
4.0 1900 2040 40
4.5 1830 1970 40
5.0 1810 1950 40
7.2.4 Number of Tests—One test specimen shall be taken for
5.5 1790 1930 40
6.5 1760 1900 40
each five coils, or fraction thereof, in a lot. Each heat in a given
8.0 1730 1870 40
lot shall be tested.
9.5 1690 1830 40
7.2.5 Location of Tests—It shall be permissible to take test
11.0 1660 1800 35
12.5 1630 1770 35
specimens from either end of the coil.
14.0 1610 1750 30
7.2.6 Test Method—The tension test shall be made in
16.0 1590 1730 30
Inch-Pound Units accordance with Test Methods and Definitions A370. Any
% Reduction of Area,
tensile test specimen breaking in the tensile grips shall be
Diameter, in. ksi, min ksi, max
B
min
discarded and a new specimen tested if the specified mechani-
0.020 305 330 . . .
0.040 300 325 . . . cal properties are not achieved. For shaped wires, cross
0.060 295 320 . . .
sectional area shall be calculated either by using the procedure
0.080 290 310 . . .
in Test Methods E8/E8M for uniform but nonsymmetrical
0.105 284 304 45
0.120 280 300 45 cross-sections, or by measuring width and thickness and
0.156 275 295 40
multiplying by a shape factor. Reduction of area for shaped
0.177 265 285 40
wires shall be calculated by using this shape factor. Measure
0.200 263 283 40
0.218 260 280 40 the maximum and minimum dimension on the necked down
0.250 255 275 40
section and multiply by the shape factor to estimate the cross
0.312 250 270 40
sectional area for use in the standard reduction of area
0.375 245 265 40
0.438 240 260 35 calculation.
0.500 235 255 35
7.2.6.1 Upon agreement between purchaser and supplier,
0.562 233 253 30
the shape factor for the cross section design provided by the
0.625 231 251 30
wire mill shall be permissible to be adopted for use. In other
A
Tensile strength values for intermediate diameters shall be interpolated.
B
situations if the shape factor is not available from the wire mill,
The reduction of area test is not applicable to wire under 2.34 mm (0.092 in.). For
intermediate diameters, the reduction of area. requirement shall be that of the next
the shape factor shall be calculated by measuring the cross
larger wire.
sectional area in accordance with Test Methods E8/E8M and
“. . .” indicates that there is no requirement.
dividing by the width and thickness.
A1000/A1000M − 17 (2023)
A
TABLE 5 Tensile and % Reduction of Area Requirements
7.3 Wrap Test:
(Chrome Vanadium) Grade C
7.3.1 Grades A, B, and C—Round quenched and tempered
SI Units
wire 4.00 mm [0.157 in.] or smaller in diameter shall wrap on
% Reduction of Area,
Diameter, mm MPa, min MPa, max
itself as an arbor without breakage. Larger diameter wire up to
B
min
and including 8.00 mm [0.315 in.] shall wrap without breakage
1.0 1860 2030 . . .
2.0 1760 1930 . . . on a mandrel twice the wire diameter. The wrap test is not
3.0 1650 1790 45
applicable to wire over 8.00 mm [0.315 in.] in diameter or to
4.0 1620 1760 40
shaped and flat wires.
4.5 1590 1730 40
7.3.2 Grade D—The special high tensile chrome silicon
5.5 1520 1660 40
6.5 1480 1620 40
vanadium grade of round quench and tempered wire 4.00 mm
8.0 1450 1590 40
[0.157 in.] or smaller in diameter shall wrap on a mandrel twice
Inch-Pound Units
% Reduction of Area, the diameter without breakage. Larger d
...
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