ASTM A231/A231M-18

Standard Specification for Chromium-Vanadium Alloy Steel Spring Wire

ABSTRACT
This specification covers round chromium-vanadium alloy steel spring wires having properties and quality intended for the manufacture of springs used at moderately elevated temperatures. Wires shall either be in the annealed and cold-drawn or oil-tempered condition as specified by the purchaser. The steel may either be ingot cast or strand cast, and the finished wire shall be free from detrimental pipe and undue segregation. Specimens shall undergo cast or heat analysis, and shall conform to required chemical compositions for carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, and vanadium. Wrap tests shall also be performed wherein mechanical properties shall be assessed for tensile strength requirements. Metallurgical properties, such as the surface condition and decarburization, shall be inspected as well. For all test procedures, one specimen shall be taken for each ten coils, or fraction thereof, in a lot. Each cast or heat in a given lot shall be tested.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers round and shaped chromium-vanadium alloy steel spring wire having properties and quality intended for the manufacture of springs used at moderately elevated temperatures. This wire shall be either in the annealed and cold-drawn or oil-tempered condition as specified by the purchaser.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2018
• ICS: 77.140.25 - Spring steels
• Technical Committee: A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
• Drafting Committee: A01.03 - Steel Rod and Wire

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM A231/A231M-15 - Standard Specification for Chromium-Vanadium Alloy Steel Spring Wire
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2018
• Refers: ASTM A700-14 - Standard Guide for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Methods for Steel Products for Shipment
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Refers: ASTM A370-17a - Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
• Effective Date: 15-Nov-2017
• Refers: ASTM A370-19 - Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2019
• Refers: ASTM A700-14(2019) - Standard Guide for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Methods for Steel Products for Shipment
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2019
• Refers: ASTM E8/E8M-15 - Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2015
• Refers: ASTM A370-15 - Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2015
• Refers: ASTM A941-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and Ferroalloys
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2015
• Refers: ASTM E8/E8M-16 - Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2016
• Refers: ASTM A370-17 - Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2017
• Refers: ASTM A941-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and Ferroalloys
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2017
• Referred By: ASTM A1000/A1000M-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Carbon and Alloy Specialty Spring Quality
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2018
• Referred By: ASTM F1508-96(2021) - Standard Specification for Angle Style, Pressure Relief Valves for Steam, Gas, and Liquid Services
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2018
• Referred By: ASTM F1370-92(2019)e1 - Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Water Systems, Shipboard
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2018

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:A231/A231M −18
Standard Specification for
1
Chromium-Vanadium Alloy Steel Spring Wire
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA231/A231M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* cal Analysis of Steel Products
A941TerminologyRelatingtoSteel,StainlessSteel,Related
1.1 This specification covers round and shaped chromium-
Alloys, and Ferroalloys
vanadium alloy steel spring wire having properties and quality
E8/E8MTest Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
intended for the manufacture of springs used at moderately
terials
elevatedtemperatures.Thiswireshallbeeitherintheannealed
E29Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
and cold-drawn or oil-tempered condition as specified by the
Determine Conformance with Specifications
purchaser.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3. Terminology
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3.1 Definitions:
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this specification, see
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
Terminology A941.
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
with the standard.
3.2.1 equivalent round diameter, n—diameter of a round
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in
wire having equivalent cross sectional area to a given shaped
brackets.
wire.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.2.2 round wire, n—wire having a circular cross section.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the 3.2.3 shape factor, n—this value is used to obtain cross
sectional area for shaped wires when multiplied by measured
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical width and thickness.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.2.4 shaped wire, n—wire having a non-circular cross
section.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Ordering Information
A370Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
4.1 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specify
of Steel Products
all requirements that are necessary for material under this
A510/A510MSpecification for General Requirements for
specification. Such requirements may include, but are not
Wire Rods and Coarse Round Wire, Carbon Steel, and
limited to, the following:
Alloy Steel
4.1.1 Quantity (mass),
A700Guide for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Methods
4.1.2 Name of material (chromium-vanadium alloy steel
for Steel Products for Shipment
wire),
A751Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-
4.1.3 Wire diameter (Table 1 and Section 9), and
4.1.4 ASTM designation and date of issue.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
4.2 Thepurchasershallhavetheoptiontospecifyadditional
Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
requirements, including but not limited to:
A01.03 on Steel Rod and Wire.
4.2.1 Requirements for certifications, heat analysis or test
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2018. Published September. Originally
reports (6.2 and Section 14),
approved in 1939. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as A231/A231M–15.
DOI: 10.1520/A0231_A0231M-18.
4.2.2 Special packing, marking, and loading requirements
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
(Section 15), and
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.2.3 Other special requirements, if any.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A231/A231M−18
A
TABLE 1 Tensile Requirements
5. Materials and Manufacture
SI Units 5.1 The steel may be made by any commercially accepted
steel–making process. The steel may be either ingot cast or
Reduction of Areas,
B
Diameter, mm MPa, min MPa, max
C,D strand cast.
min, %
5.2 The finished wire shall be free from detrimental pipe
0.50 2060 2260 . .
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: A231/A231M − 15 A231/A231M − 18
Standard Specification for
1
Chromium-Vanadium Alloy Steel Spring Wire
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A231/A231M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers round and shaped chromium-vanadium alloy steel spring wire having properties and quality
intended for the manufacture of springs used at moderately elevated temperatures. This wire shall be either in the annealed and
cold-drawn or oil-tempered condition as specified by the purchaser.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
A510/A510M Specification for General Requirements for Wire Rods and Coarse Round Wire, Carbon Steel, and Alloy Steel
A700 Guide for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Methods for Steel Products for Shipment
A751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
A941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and Ferroalloys
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this specification, see Terminology A941.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 equivalent round diameter, n—diameter of a round wire having equivalent cross sectional area to a given shaped wire.
3.2.2 round wire, n—wire having a circular cross section.
3.2.3 shape factor, n—this value is used to obtain cross sectional area for shaped wires when multiplied by measured width and
thickness.
3.2.4 shaped wire, n—wire having a non-circular cross section.
4. Ordering Information
4.1 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specify all requirements that are necessary for material under this
specification. Such requirements may include, but are not limited to, the following:
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.03
on Steel Rod and Wire.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015Sept. 1, 2018. Published November 2015September. Originally approved in 1939. Last previous edition approved in 20102015 as
A231/A231M – 10.A231/A231M – 15. DOI: 10.1520/A0231_A0231M-15.10.1520/A0231_A0231M-18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A231/A231M − 18
4.1.1 Quantity (mass),
4.1.2 Name of material (chromium-vanadium alloy steel wire),
4.1.3 Wire diameter (Table 1 and Section 9), and
4.1.4 ASTM designation and date of issue.
4.2 It The purchaser shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specify all requirements that are necessary for material under
this specification. Such requirements may include, but are not limited to, the following:have the option to specify additional
requirements, including but not limited to:
3.1.1 Quantity (mass),
3.1.2 Name of material (chromium-vanadium alloy steel wire),
4.2.1 Wire diameter Requir
...