ASTM D2881-03(2009)
(Classification)Standard Classification for Metal Working Fluids and Related Materials
Standard Classification for Metal Working Fluids and Related Materials
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Metal working may be divided into two general types of processes, metal deformation and metal removal or cutting. This classification lists the various types of fluid and non-fluid materials used to directly cool and lubricate in both types of metalworking processes. It is intended for use by those in metalworking or related industries who want to differentiate these materials. It is up to the user of this classification to determine the relevance of the items listed with respect their application.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification of metal working fluids and related materials is designed to standardize and consolidate the terminology, nomenclature, and classification of these products.
1.2 Metal working fluids includes both metal removal and forming fluids. These are the coolants and lubricants associated with both types of processes.
1.3 This classification implies no evaluation of product quality or suitability for a given metalworking operation.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:D2881 −03(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Classification for
Metal Working Fluids and Related Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2881; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.1.9 vitreous, adj—having the appearance and properties of
a glass; that is, a hard, amorphous, brittle structure.
1.1 This classification of metal working fluids and related
materials is designed to standardize and consolidate the
3. Significance and Use
terminology, nomenclature, and classification of these prod-
ucts.
3.1 Metal working may be divided into two general types of
processes, metal deformation and metal removal or cutting.
1.2 Metal working fluids includes both metal removal and
This classification lists the various types of fluid and non-fluid
forming fluids.These are the coolants and lubricants associated
materials used to directly cool and lubricate in both types of
with both types of processes.
metalworking processes. It is intended for use by those in
1.3 This classification implies no evaluation of product
metalworking or related industries who want to differentiate
quality or suitability for a given metalworking operation.
these materials. It is up to the user of this classification to
determine the relevance of the items listed with respect their
2. Terminology
application.
2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2.1.1 amorphous, adj—possessing neither a lattice nor crys-
4. Basis of Classification
talline arrangement of atoms.
4.1 Metal working fluids and related materials are divided
2.1.2 crystalline, adj—possessing a lattice or crystalline
into three broad categories: petroleum oil containing fluids,
structure; that is, a definite arrangement or pattern of atoms in
non-petroleum fluids, and solid and semi-solid materials.
space.
Under each of these broad categories, the types of fluids and
2.1.3 emulsifier, n—a surface active agent, or surfactant, that
materials related to each category are listed with a description.
is at least partially soluble in both liquids of an emulsion, and
4.1.1 Petroleum Oil-Containing Fluids:
thus stabilizes one in the other.
4.1.1.1 Soluble Oil:
2.1.4 emulsion, n—a relatively stable mixture of two immis-
(1) Generallycontains>30 %oilbeforedilutionwithwater
cible liquids held in suspension by small amounts of emulsi-
(2) Contains emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, and other
fiers.
additives
(3) Generally creates a macro-emulsion (average size >1.0
2.1.5 micelle, n—a colloidal aggregate of surfactant mol-
µm) when diluted with water
ecules that occurs at a well-defined concentration.
(4) Blended with water in its end use
2.1.6 petroleum oil, n—a naturally occurring hydrocarbon
4.1.1.2 Semi-synthetic Oil:
mix that was initially formed under pressure in the earth’s crust
(1) Generally contains≤30 % oil before dilution with water
and is liquid at room temperature.
(2) Contains emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, and other
2.1.7 straight oil, n—an oil, petroleum or synthetic, that
additives
essentially contains no water and is not emulsifiable nor
(3) Generally creates a micro-emulsion (
...
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